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Coordinates: 76°55′13″S 156°46′25″E / 76.92028°S 156.77361°E / -76.92028; 156.77361
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Features of ALH84001 that have been interpreted as suggesting the presence of microfossils include:
Features of ALH84001 that have been interpreted as suggesting the presence of microfossils include:


* The structures resemble some modern terrestrial bacteria and their appendages. Though some are much smaller than any known extant Earth microbes, others are of the order of 100–200&nbsp;nm in size (within the size limits of hypothetical [[nanobacteria]]) and some are 1–2 microns in diameter.<ref name="impact" /> The smallest structures are too small to contain all the systems required by modern life.<ref name="disbelief" />
* The structures resemble some modern terrestrial bacteria and their appendages. Though some are much smaller than any known extant Earth microbes, others are of the order of 100–200&nbsp;nm in size, within the size limits of [[Pelagibacter ubique]], the most common bacteria on Earth, which ranges from 120-200 nm, as well as hypothetical [[nanobacteria]]. RNA organisms, which are expected to have lived on Earth during the time period when ALH84001 was ejected from Mars, may also have been as small or smaller than these structures, as modern RNA viruses and viroids are often as little as a few dozen nanometers. Some of the structures are even larger, 1–2 microns in diameter.<ref name="impact" /> The smallest structures are too small to contain all the systems required by modern life.<ref name="disbelief" />
* Some of the structures resemble [[colony (biology)|colonies]] and [[biofilm]]s.<ref name="impact" /> However, there are many instances of morphologies that suggested life and were later shown to be due to inorganic processes.<ref name="impact" />
* Some of the structures resemble [[colony (biology)|colonies]] and [[biofilm]]s.<ref name="impact" /> However, there are many instances of morphologies that suggested life and were later shown to be due to inorganic processes.<ref name="impact" />
* The meteorite contains [[magnetite]] crystals of the unusual rectangular prism type, and organized into domains all about the same size, indistinguishable from magnetite produced biologically on Earth and not matching any known non-biological magnetite that forms naturally on Earth.<ref name="impact" /> The magnetite is embedded in the carbonate. If found on Earth it would be a very strong biosignature. However, in 2001, scientists were able to explain and produce carbonate globules containing similar magnetite grains through an inorganic process simulating conditions ALH84001 likely experienced on Mars.<ref name="disbelief" />
* The meteorite contains [[magnetite]] crystals of the unusual rectangular prism type, and organized into domains all about the same size, indistinguishable from magnetite produced biologically on Earth and not matching any known non-biological magnetite that forms naturally on Earth.<ref name="impact" /> The magnetite is embedded in the carbonate. If found on Earth it would be a very strong biosignature. However, in 2001, scientists were able to explain and produce carbonate globules containing similar magnetite grains through an inorganic process simulating conditions ALH84001 likely experienced on Mars.<ref name="disbelief" />

Revision as of 05:20, 22 August 2019

Allan Hills 84001
Meteorite fragment ALH84001
TypeAchondrite
ClanMartian meteorite
GroupletOrthopyroxenite
CompositionLow-Ca Orthopyroxene, Chromite, Maskelynite, Fe-rich carbonate[1]
Shock stageB
Weathering gradeA/B
CountryAntarctica
RegionAllan Hills, Far Western Icefield
Coordinates76°55′13″S 156°46′25″E / 76.92028°S 156.77361°E / -76.92028; 156.77361[1]
Observed fallNo
Found date1984
TKW1930.9 g
Related media on Wikimedia Commons

Allan Hills 84001 (commonly abbreviated ALH84001[1]) is a fragment of a Martian meteorite that was found in the Allan Hills in Antarctica on December 27, 1984, by a team of American meteorite hunters from the ANSMET project. Like other members of the shergottite–nakhlite–chassignite (SNC) group of meteorites, ALH84001 is thought to have originated on Mars. However, it does not fit into any of the previously discovered SNC groups. Its mass upon discovery was 1.93 kilograms (4.3 lb).

In 1996, a group of scientists claimed to have found evidence for microscopic fossils of bacteria in the meteorite, suggesting that these organisms also originated on Mars. The claims immediately made headlines worldwide, culminating in then-U.S. president Bill Clinton giving a speech about the potential discovery.[2] These claims were controversial from the beginning, and the wider scientific community ultimately rejected the hypothesis once all the unusual features in the meteorite had been explained without requiring life to be present. Despite there being no convincing evidence of Martian life, the initial paper and the enormous scientific and public attention caused by it are considered turning points in the history of the developing science of astrobiology.[3]

History and description

ALH84001 on display at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History

ALH84001 is thought to be one of the oldest Martian meteorites, proposed to have crystallized from molten rock 4.091 billion years ago.[4] Based on chemical analyses, it is thought to have originated on Mars[5][6] during a period when liquid water existed on the planet's surface.[7][8]

In September 2005, Vicky Hamilton of the University of Hawaii at Manoa presented an analysis of the origin of ALH84001 using data from the Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Odyssey spacecraft orbiting Mars. According to the analysis, Eos Chasma in the Valles Marineris canyon appears to be the source of the meteorite.[9] The analysis was not conclusive, in part because it was limited to areas of Mars not obscured by dust.[citation needed]

The theory holds that ALH84001 was blasted away from the surface of Mars by the impact of another meteor about 17 million years ago,[10] and fell on Earth roughly 13,000 years ago.[11] These dates were established by a variety of radiometric dating techniques, including samarium–neodymium (Sm–Nd), rubidium–strontium (Rb–Sr), potassium–argon (K–Ar), and carbon-14 dating.[12][13] Other meteorites that have potential biological markings have generated less interest because they do not contain rock from a "wet" Mars; ALH84001 is the only meteorite originating from a time period during which Mars is suspected to have supported liquid water.[3]

In October 2011 it was reported that isotopic analysis indicated that the carbonates in ALH84001 were precipitated at a temperature of 18 °C (64 °F) with water and carbon dioxide from the Martian atmosphere. The carbonate carbon and oxygen isotope ratios imply deposition of the carbonates from a gradually evaporating subsurface water body, probably a shallow aquifer meters or tens of meters below the surface.[8]

Hypothetical biogenic features

Electron microscopy revealed chain structures resembling living organisms in meteorite fragment ALH84001

On August 6, 1996, a team of researchers led by NASA scientists including lead author David S. McKay published an article in Science claiming that the meteorite may contain trace evidence of life from Mars.[3][14] Under a scanning electron microscope, structures were visible that some scientists interpreted as fossils of bacteria-like lifeforms. The structures found on ALH84001 are 20–100 nanometres in diameter, similar in size to theoretical nanobacteria, but smaller than any cellular life known at the time of their discovery. If the structures had been fossilized lifeforms, as was proposed by the so-called biogenic hypothesis of their formation, they would have been the first solid evidence of the existence of extraterrestrial life, aside from the chance of their origin being terrestrial contamination.[15]

The announcement of possible extraterrestrial life caused considerable controversy. When the discovery was announced, many immediately conjectured that the fossils were the first true evidence of extraterrestrial life—making headlines around the world, and even prompting President of the United States Bill Clinton to make a formal televised announcement to mark the event.[16]

McKay argued that likely microbial terrestrial contamination found in other Martian meteorites does not resemble the microscopic shapes in ALH84001. In particular, the shapes within ALH84001 look intergrown or embedded in the indigenous material, while likely contamination does not.[17] While it has not yet conclusively been shown how the features in the meteorite were formed, similar features have been recreated in the lab without biological inputs by a team led by D.C. Golden.[18] McKay says these results were obtained using unrealistically pure raw materials as a starting point,[3] and "will not explain many of the features described by us in ALH84001." According to McKay, a plausible inorganic model "must explain simultaneously all of the properties that we and others have suggested as possible biogenic properties of this meteorite."[18] The rest of the scientific community disagreed with McKay.[3]

In January 2010, a team of scientists at Johnson Space Center, including McKay, argued that since their original paper was published in November 2009, the biogenic hypothesis has been further supported by the discovery of three times the original amount of fossil-like data, including more "biomorphs" (suspected Martian fossils), inside two additional Martian meteorites, as well as more evidence in other parts of the Allan Hills meteorite itself.[19]

However, the scientific consensus is that "morphology alone cannot be used unambiguously as a tool for primitive life detection."[20][21][22] Interpretation of morphology is notoriously subjective, and its use alone has led to numerous errors of interpretation.[20]

Features of ALH84001 that have been interpreted as suggesting the presence of microfossils include:

  • The structures resemble some modern terrestrial bacteria and their appendages. Though some are much smaller than any known extant Earth microbes, others are of the order of 100–200 nm in size, within the size limits of Pelagibacter ubique, the most common bacteria on Earth, which ranges from 120-200 nm, as well as hypothetical nanobacteria. RNA organisms, which are expected to have lived on Earth during the time period when ALH84001 was ejected from Mars, may also have been as small or smaller than these structures, as modern RNA viruses and viroids are often as little as a few dozen nanometers. Some of the structures are even larger, 1–2 microns in diameter.[10] The smallest structures are too small to contain all the systems required by modern life.[3]
  • Some of the structures resemble colonies and biofilms.[10] However, there are many instances of morphologies that suggested life and were later shown to be due to inorganic processes.[10]
  • The meteorite contains magnetite crystals of the unusual rectangular prism type, and organized into domains all about the same size, indistinguishable from magnetite produced biologically on Earth and not matching any known non-biological magnetite that forms naturally on Earth.[10] The magnetite is embedded in the carbonate. If found on Earth it would be a very strong biosignature. However, in 2001, scientists were able to explain and produce carbonate globules containing similar magnetite grains through an inorganic process simulating conditions ALH84001 likely experienced on Mars.[3]
  • It contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrated in the regions containing the carbonate globules, and these have been shown to be indigenous. Other organics such as amino acids do not follow this pattern and are probably due to Antarctic contamination. However, PAHs are also regularly found in asteroids, comets and meteorites, and in deep space, all in the absence of life.[3][23]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Meteoritical Bulletin Database: Allan Hills 84001".
  2. ^ "President Clinton Statement Regarding Mars Meteorite Discovery". www2.jpl.nasa.gov. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Crenson, Matt (2006-08-06). "After 10 years, few believe life on Mars". Associated Press on USA Today. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
  4. ^ Lapen, T. J.; et al. (2010). "A Younger Age for ALH84001 and Its Geochemical Link to Shergottite Sources in Mars". Science. 328 (5976): 347–351. Bibcode:2010Sci...328..347L. doi:10.1126/science.1185395. PMID 20395507.
  5. ^ "Martian (OPX) Meteorites". The Meteoritical Society. Lunar And Planetary Institute. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  6. ^ "Information on the Allan Hills 84001". The Meteoritical Society. Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  7. ^ "The ALH84001 Meteorite". NASA. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2014-05-07. Orange carbonate grains, 100 to 200 microns across, indicate that the meteorite was once immersed in water.
  8. ^ a b "Carbonates in the Martian meteorite Allan Hills 84001 formed at 18 ± 4 °C in a near-surface aqueous environment". PNAS.
  9. ^ "Birthplace of famous Mars meteorite pinpointed". New Scientist. Retrieved March 18, 2006.
  10. ^ a b c d e "Evidence for ancient Martian life" (PDF).
  11. ^ "How could ALH84001 get from Mars to Earth?". Lunar and Planetary Institute. LPI. 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  12. ^ Nyquist, L. E.; Wiesmann, H.; Shih, C.-Y.; Dasch, J. (1999). "Lunar Meteorites and the Lunar Crustal SR and Nd Isotopic Compositions". Lunar and Planetary Science. 27: 971. Bibcode:1996LPI....27..971N.
  13. ^ Borg, Lars; Connelly, J. N.; Nyquist, L. E.; Shih, C. Y.; Wiesmann, H; Reese, Y (1999). "The Age of the Carbonates in Martian Meteorite ALH84001". Science. 286 (5437): 90–94. Bibcode:1999Sci...286...90B. doi:10.1126/science.286.5437.90. PMID 10506566. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ McKay, David S.; Gibson Jr., E. K.; Thomas-Keprta, Kathie L.; Vali, H; Romanek, C. S.; Clemett, S. J.; Chillier, X. D.; Maechling, C. R.; Zare, R. N. (1996). "Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001". Science. 273 (5277): 924–930. Bibcode:1996Sci...273..924M. doi:10.1126/science.273.5277.924. PMID 8688069. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ McSween, H. Y. (1997). "Evidence for life in a martian meteorite?". GSA Today. 7 (7): 1–7. PMID 11541665.
  16. ^ Clinton, Bill (1996-08-07). "President Clinton Statement Regarding Mars Meteorite Discovery". NASA. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
  17. ^ Thomas-Keprta, K. L.; Clemett, S. J.; McKay, D. S.; Gibson, E. K.; Wentworth, S. J. (2009). "Origins of magnetite nanocrystals in Martian meteorite ALH84001" (PDF). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 73 (21): 6631–6677. Bibcode:2009GeCoA..73.6631T. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.05.064. Retrieved 2014-05-07.
  18. ^ a b "NASA – Press Release #J04-025". Nasa.gov. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  19. ^ "Spaceflight Now | Breaking News | Three Martian meteorites triple evidence for Mars life". spaceflightnow.com. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
  20. ^ a b Garcia-Ruiz, Juan-Manuel Garcia-Ruiz (December 30, 1999). "Morphological behavior of inorganic precipitation systems – Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology II". SPIE Proceedings. Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology II. Proc. SPIE 3755: 74. doi:10.1117/12.375088. It is concluded that "morphology cannot be used unambiguously as a tool for primitive life detection."
  21. ^ Agresti; House; Jögi; Kudryavstev; McKeegan; Runnegar; Schopf; Wdowiak (3 December 2008). "Detection and geochemical characterization of Earth's earliest life". NASA Astrobiology Institute. NASA. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-15. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Schopf, J. William; Kudryavtsev, Anatoliy B.; Czaja, Andrew D.; Tripathi, Abhishek B. (28 April 2007). "Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils" (PDF). Precambrian Research. 158 (3–4): 141–155. Bibcode:2007PreR..158..141S. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ Habitability on Early Mars and the Search for Biosignatures with the ExoMars Rover. Astrobiology journal. Volume 17, Numbers 6 and 7, page 485. 2017 Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1533

References

Further reading

  • Sawyer, Kathy (2006). The Rock from Mars: A Detective Story on Two Planets. Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6010-9.
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