Jump to content

Action film

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Bedev2112 (talk | contribs) at 21:46, 29 July 2013 (Punctuation, some sentence structure.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Action film is a film genre in which one or more heroes are thrust into a series of challenges that typically include physical feats, extended fight scenes, violence, and frantic chases. Action films tend to feature a resourceful character struggling against incredible odds which include life-threatening situations, a villain, or a pursuit which generally concludes in victory for the hero.[1][2][3]

While action films are a reliable source of revenue for movie studios, particularly if they feature well-known characters in history or fiction, relatively few garner critical praise. Possible explanations include their two-dimensional characters and the perceived lack of intellectual content in the genre.[4][5]

Advancements in CGI have made it cheaper and easier to create action sequences and other visual effects that required the efforts of professional stunt crews in the past. However, reactions to action films containing significant amounts of CGI have been mixed as films that use computer animations to create unrealistic, highly unbelievable events are often met with criticism.[6] While action has long been a recurring component in films, the "action film" genre began to develop in the 1970s along with the increase of stunts and special effects. The genre is closely associated with the thriller and adventure film genres, and it may also contain elements of spy fiction and espionage.[7]

History

Early action films

During the 1920s and 1930s, action-based films were often "swashbuckling" adventure films in which Douglas Fairbanks wielded swords in period pieces or Westerns.

The 1940s and 1950s saw "action" in a new form through war and cowboy movies. Alfred Hitchcock ushered in the spy-adventure genre while also establishing the use of action-oriented "set pieces" like the famous crop-duster scene and the Mount Rushmore finale in North by Northwest. The film, along with a war-adventure called The Guns of Navarone, inspired producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman to invest in their own spy-adventure, based on the novels of Ian Fleming.

The long-running success of the James Bond films or series (which dominated the action films of the 1960s) introduced a staple of the modern-day action film: the resourceful hero.  Such larger-than-life characters were a veritable “one-man army”; able to dispatch villainous masterminds after cutting through their disposable henchmen in increasingly creative ways. Such heroes are ready with one-liners, puns, and dry quips. The Bond films also utilized fast cutting, car chases, fist fights,a variety of weapons and gadgets, and elaborate action sequences

1970s

During 1970s, the Bond films faced competition as gritty detective stories and urban crime dramas began to evolve and fuse themselves with the new "action" style, leading to a string of maverick police officer films, such as Bullitt (1968), The French Connection (1971) and Dirty Harry (1971). Dirty Harry essentially lifted its star, Clint Eastwood, out of his cowboy typecasting, and framed him as the archetypal hero of the urban action film, proving that the modern world offered just as much glamour, excitement, and potential for violence as the Old West. Dirty Harry signaled the end of the prolific "cowboys and Indians" era of Western films. Restrictions on language, adult content, and violence had loosened up, and these elements became more widespread. The cross-breeding of genres (such as spy-films and war movies, or westerns and detective dramas) would become the norm in the 1980s. It should also be noted, however, that the 1970s saw the introduction of martial-arts films to western audiences.

Inspired by the success of James Bond were Asian-influenced martial-arts-themed action movies that exploded onto western cinema screens. Examples of which include Bruce Lee's Enter the Dragon (1973), and his imported films like Way of (or Return of) the Dragon (1972). The latter also introduced action fans to then-rising star Chuck Norris. Though Jackie Chan's Rush Hour is often credited as popularizing the martial arts action film in the United States, Chuck Norris had been blending martial arts with cops and robbers since Good Guys Wear Black (1977) and A Force of One (1979).

From Japan, Sonny Chiba starred in his first martial arts movie in 1973 called the Karate Kiba. His breakthrough international hit was The Street Fighter series (1974), which established him as the reigning Japanese martial arts actor in international cinema. He also played the role of Mas Oyama in Champion of Death, Karate Bearfighter, and Karate for Life (1975 - 1977). Chiba's action films were not only bounded by martial arts, but also action thriller (Doberman Cop and Golgo 13: Assignment Kowloon - both of 1977), jidaigeki (Shogun's Samurai - 1978, Samurai Reincarnation - 1981), and science fiction (G.I. Samurai - 1979).

1980s

The 1980s would see the action film take over Hollywood to become a dominant form of summer blockbuster. "The action era" was popularized by actors such as Sylvester Stallone, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Bruce Willis, and Chuck Norris.[8][9] Steven Spielberg and George Lucas even paid their homage to the Bond-inspired style with the mega-hit Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981).[10] In 1982, veteran actor Nick Nolte and rising comedian Eddie Murphy smashed box office records with the action-comedy 48 Hrs, credited as the first "buddy-cop" movie.[11] That same year, Sylvester Stallone starred in First Blood, the first installment in the popular Rambo film series. The film proved to be successful and was followed with a sequel in 1985, Rambo: First Blood Part II, which became the most successful film in the series and made the character John Rambo a pop culture icon.

Later, the 1988 film, Die Hard, was particularly influential on the development of the action genre. In the film, Bruce Willis plays a New York police detective who inadvertently becomes embroiled in a terrorist take-over of a Los Angeles office building high-rise.[12] The film set a pattern for a host of imitators, like Under Siege (1992), which used the same formula in a different setting. By the end of the 1980s, the influence of the successful action film could be felt in almost every genre.[13]

1990s

Like the Western genre, spy-movies, as well as urban-action films, were starting to parody themselves, and with the growing revolution in CGI (computer generated imagery), the "real-world" settings began to give way to increasingly fantastic environments.[14] This new era of action films often had budgets unlike any in the history of motion pictures.[15] The success of the many Dirty Harry and James Bond sequels had proven that a single successful action film could lead to a continuing action franchise. Thus, the 1980s and 1990s saw a rise in both budgets and the number of sequels a film could generally have.[16] This led to an increasing number of filmmakers to create new technologies that would allow them to beat the competition and take audiences to new heights.[17] The success of Tim Burton's Batman (1989) led to a string of financially successful sequels. Within a single decade, they proved the viability of a novel sub-genre of action film: the comic-book movie.[18]

2000s

While action films continue to flourish as the medium-budget genre movie, it is remarkable how well it has fused with tent-pole pictures.[19] For example, 2009's Star Trek had several science fiction tropes and concepts like time travel through a black hole. However, most of the film was structured around action sequences, many of them quite conventional (hand-to-hand, shooting). While the original Star Wars featured this kind of fighting, there was just as much emphasis on star-ship chases and dog fights in outer space. It was action with a science fiction twist. The trend with Star Trek and even the grittier Dark Knight Trilogy, is that hand-to-hand fighting and Asian martial-arts techniques are now widely used in science fiction and superhero movies.

As for the 21st century action star, Jason Statham might be the most obvious Western example, though he still has not led a summer tent-pole.[20] His dedication to being an action star is nonetheless notable, considering former action staple Channing Tatum is carefully trekking into drama territory after starring in Dear John. The dearth of new action heroes is a popular topic of conversation, so much so that Sylvester Stallone's The Expendables and The Expendables 2 parody the aging crop of 1980s superstars.

Hong Kong action cinema

Main article: Hong Kong action cinema

Currently, action films requiring extensive stunt work and special effects tend to be expensive. As such, they are regarded as mostly a large-studio genre in Hollywood, although this is not the case in Hong Kong action cinema, where action films are often modern variations of martial arts films. Because of their roots and lower budgets, Hong Kong action films typically center on physical acrobatics, martial arts fight scenes, stylized gun-play, and dangerous stunt work performed by leading stunt actors. On the other hand, American action films typically feature big explosions, car chases, stunt doubles and CGI special effects.

Hong Kong action cinema was at its peak from the 1970s to 1990s, when its action movies were experimenting with and popularizing various new techniques that would eventually be adopted by Hollywood action movies. This began in the early 1970s with the martial arts movies of Bruce Lee, which led to a wave of Bruceploitation movies that eventually gave way to the comedy kung fu films of Jackie Chan by the end of the decade. During the 1980s, Hong Kong action cinema re-invented itself with various new movies. These included the modern martial arts action movies featuring physical acrobatics and dangerous stunt work of Jackie Chan and his stunt team, as well as Sammo Hung and Yuen Biao; the wire fu and wuxia films of Tsui Hark, Yuen Woo-Ping, Jet Li and Donnie Yen; the gun fu, heroic bloodshed and Triad films of John Woo, Ringo Lam and Chow Yun-Fat; and the girls with guns films of Moon Lee and Michelle Yeoh.

Sub-genres

  • Action comedy - A sub-genre involving action and humor.[21] The sub-genre became a popular trend in the 1980s when actors who were known for their background in comedy, such as Eddie Murphy, began to take roles in action films. The action scenes within the genre are generally light-hearted and rarely involve death or serious injury.[22] Comedy films such as Dumb & Dumber and Big Momma's House, that contain action-laden sub-plots, are not considered part of the genre. Action scenes have a more integral role in action comedies.[21] Examples of action comedies include 48 Hrs. (1982), Beverly Hills Cop (1984), Midnight Run (1988) and Bad Boys (1995).[21][22]

Notable individuals

Actors

Actor Sylvester Stallone starred as a troubled Vietnam war vet who becomes a "one man army" in the popular Rambo action films.
Main article: List of action film actors

Actors from the 1950s and 1960s, such as John Wayne, Steve McQueen and Lee Marvin, passed the torch in the 1970s to actors such as Bruce Lee, Tom Laughlin, Charles Bronson, Chuck Norris, Clint Eastwood and Sonny Chiba. In the 1980s, Mel Gibson and Danny Glover had a popular string of "buddy cop" films in the Lethal Weapon franchise. Beginning in the mid-1980s, actors such as the burly ex-bodybuilder Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone wielded automatic weapons in a number of action films. Stern-faced martial artist Steven Seagal made a number of films. Bruce Willis played a Western-inspired hero in the popular Die Hard series of action films.[36]

In the 1990s and 2000s, Asian actors Chow Yun-fat, Jet Li, and Jackie Chan appeared in a number of different types of action films, and US actors Wesley Snipes and Vin Diesel both had many roles. As well, several female actors had major roles in action films, such as Michelle Yeoh, Lucy Liu and ex-model Milla Jovovich. While Keanu Reeves and Harrison Ford both had major roles in action science fiction films (The Matrix and Blade Runner, respectively), Ford branched out into a number of other action genres, such as action-adventure films. US actor Matt Damon, who was nominated for an Academy Award for his sensitive portrayal of a math genius working as a janitor in Good Will Hunting [37], later metamorphosed into an action hero with the car-chase and gunfire-filled Jason Bourne franchise. European action actors such as Belgian-born Jean-Claude Van Damme (Bloodsport, Hard Target, Timecop), Moroccan-born Jean Reno (Ronin), Swedish-born Dolph Lundgren (Showdown in Little Tokyo, Universal Soldier, The Expendables), Irish-born Colin Farrell (SWAT, Daredevil, Miami Vice), and English-born Jason Statham (The Transporter, The Expendables, Crank), appeared in a number of action films in the 1990s and 2000s.

Directors

Notable action film directors from the 1960s and 1970s include Sam Peckinpah, whose 1969 Western The Wild Bunch was controversial for its bloody violence and nihilist tone.[38] Influential and popular directors from the 1980s to 2000s include James Cameron (for the first two Terminator films, Aliens, True Lies); Andrew Davis (Code of Silence, Above the Law, Under Siege); John Woo (Hong Kong action films such as Hard Boiled and US-made English-language films such as Hard Target, Broken Arrow and Face/Off); John McTiernan (the first and third Die Hard films, Predator, The Last Action Hero); Ridley Scott (Black Rain, Black Hawk Down); The Wachowski Brothers (The Matrix trilogy), Andrzej Bartkowiak (Romeo Must Die, Exit Wounds, Cradle 2 the Grave, Street Fighter: The Legend of Chun-Li), Robert Rodriguez (Mexico trilogy, From Dusk till Dawn, Machete) and Michael Bay (the first two Bad Boys films, The Rock, Transformers trilogy); Louis Leterrier (the first two Transporter films, Unleashed). For a longer list, see the List of action film directors article.

Producers

  • Avi Lerner (born 13 October 1947) is a film producer, primarily of American action movies.
  • Boaz Davidson (Hebrew: בועז דוידזון, born 8 November 1943) is an Israeli film director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Tel Aviv, Israel and studied film in London.
  • Bob Weinstein (born October 18, 1954) is an American film producer. He is the founder and head of Dimension Films, former co-chairman of Miramax Films, and current head, with his brother Harvey Weinstein, of The Weinstein Company.
  • Don Simpson (October 29, 1943 – January 19, 1996) was an American film producer, screenwriter, and actor. Simpson, along with his producing partner Jerry Bruckheimer, produced such hit films as Flashdance (1983), Beverly Hills Cop (1984), Top Gun (1986), and The Rock (1996). Their films would go on to earn $3 billion.
  • Harvey Weinstein (born March 19, 1952) is an American film producer and film studio executive. He is best known as co-founder of Miramax Films. He and his brother Bob have been co-chairmen of The Weinstein Company, their film production company, since 2005. He won an Academy Award for producing Shakespeare in Love, and garnered seven Tony Awards for producing a variety of winning plays and musicals including The Producers, Billy Elliot the Musical, and August: Osage County.
  • Jerry Bruckheimer (born September 21, 1945) is an American film and television producer. He is known as the producer with many machine guns in his films and has achieved great success in the genres of action, drama, and science fiction. His best known television series are CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, CSI: Miami, CSI: NY, Without a Trace, Cold Case, and The Amazing Race. Some of his best known films include Beverly Hills Cop, Flashdance, Top Gun, The Rock, Con Air, Armageddon, Bad Boys, Enemy of the State, Black Hawk Down, Pearl Harbor, Pirates of the Caribbean, and the National Treasure franchise. He also serves as a Director at ZeniMax Media.
  • Jerry Weintraub (born September 26, 1937) is an American film producer and former chairman and CEO of United Artists. He now lives in Palm Desert, California.
  • Joel Silver (born July 14, 1952) is an American film producer, known for action films like Lethal Weapon and Die Hard. He is owner of Silver Pictures and co-founder of Dark Castle Entertainment.
  • Menahem Golan (born May 31, 1929) (Hebrew: מנחם גולן) is an Israeli director and producer. He has produced movies for stars such as Sean Connery, Sylvester Stallone, Chuck Norris, Jean-Claude Van Damme, and Charles Bronson, and was known for a period as a producer of comic book-style movies like Masters of the Universe, Superman IV: The Quest for Peace, Captain America, and his aborted attempt to bring Spider-Man to the silver screen. Using the pen name of Joseph Goldman, Golan has also written and "polished" film scripts. He was co-owner of Golan-Globus with his cousin Yoram Globus. Golan produced about 200 films, directed 44, and won 8 times the Violin David Awards and The Israel Prize in Cinema.
  • Yoram Globus (born 21 October 1941), is an Israeli film producer who is famous for his association with Cannon Films Inc., a company he ran with his cousin Menahem Golan.
  • The Wachowskis (born Laurence Wachowski; June 21, 1965) and Andrew Paul "Andy" Wachowski (born December 29, 1967), known together professionally as The Wachowskis, and formerly as the Wachowski Brothers, are Polish-American film directors, screenwriters, and producers.

See also

Sources

References

  1. ^ Marin, Rick (May 9, 1993). "FILM; Battle of the Action Heroes". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-30.
  2. ^ Maslin, Janet (December 2, 1984). "FILM VIEW; SHORT ON TALK, BIG AT THE BOX OFFICE". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
  3. ^ "A New Generation Of Macho Men". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
  4. ^ Welkos, Robert W. (November 26, 1996). "Wanted: Actor to Take Action; With Arnold, Sly and Seagal getting older, movie producers are desperately seeking new stars". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
  5. ^ "Hollywood's New Action Toys". The New York Magazine. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
  6. ^ "Action Top rated Most Viewed - AllMovie". Allrovi.com. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
  7. ^ Rainer, Peter (June 27, 1993). "FILM COMMENT : Endangered Species : The American action-fantasy epic is in danger of becoming terminally musclebound and knuckle-headed". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-27.
  8. ^ Broeske, Pat H. (January 10, 1993). "FILM; Wanted: New Action Stars". The New York Times. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
  9. ^ "New Hunks Move Over, Arnold. A New Bread Of Tough-talking Hero Is Ready To Take On The Bad Guys - And For Less Money". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 2010-12-31.
  10. ^ Sager, Dane. "What The Film!? - RAIDERS OF THE LOST ARK". Under The Gun Review. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
  11. ^ "48 Hrs". The Numbers: Box Office Data, Movie Stars, Idle Speculation.
  12. ^ "Die Hard". Rotten Tomatoes.
  13. ^ Greydanus, Steven D. "Die Hard". Decent Films Guide.
  14. ^ VREESWIJK, Simon. "A History of CGI in Movies". Stikky Media.
  15. ^ "The History of Film The 1990s The Era of Mainstream Films and "Indie" Cinema, the Rise of Computer-Generated Imagery, the Decade of Re-makes, Re-releases, and More Sequels". AMC Filmsite.
  16. ^ Robbins, Shawn. "Analysis: Why Action Franchises Really Do 'Die Hard'". Box Office: The Business of Movies.
  17. ^ Anders, Charlie Jane. "What's the next technology that will change the way you watch movies?". io9.
  18. ^ Bowes, Danny. "Big Screen Batman: Batman (1989)". Tor.com.
  19. ^ Binder, Jack. "Summer 2012 Studio Tentpole Film Budget List". Film Budget Inc. Blog.
  20. ^ Webster, Andy (January 18, 2013). "Action Star With Savoir-Faire and a Killer Kick". New York Times.
  21. ^ a b c Sarno, Gergory G. (2005). "Chapter 1: Elements of Action Comedy". Lights! Camera! Action!: Crafting an Action Script. iUniverse. pp. 3–5. ISBN 978-0-595-36057-4. Retrieved September 22, 2009. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ a b "Action >> Action Comedy". Allmovie. Macrovision Inc. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  23. ^ "Underworld (2003) - Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast". AllMovie. 2003-09-19. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
  24. ^ "Horror Films". Filmsite.org. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
  25. ^ "2012 - Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards - AllRovi". Allmovie.com. 2009-11-13. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  26. ^ "The Day After Tomorrow - Cast, Reviews, Summary, and Awards - AllRovi". Allmovie.com. 2004-05-28. Retrieved 2011-08-03.
  27. ^ "Street Fighter (1994) - Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast". AllMovie. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
  28. ^ "The Fifth Element (1997) - Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast". AllMovie. 1997-05-07. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
  29. ^ "The Spying Game: British Cinema and the Secret State", 2009 Cambridge Film Festival, pp54-57 of the festival brochure.
  30. ^ "Geoffrey Macnab, "Spy movies - The guys who came in from the cold"". The Independent. 2009-10-02. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
  31. ^ "Thriller and Suspense Films". Filmsite.org. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
  32. ^ "The Bourne Ultimatum (2007) - Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast". AllMovie. 2007-08-03. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
  33. ^ http://www.allmovie.com/subgenre/action-thriller-d509
  34. ^ Broeske, Pat H.; Wells, Jeffrey (December 1, 1995). "The 'Hard' Stuff". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
  35. ^ "Superman: The Movie (1978) - Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast". AllMovie. Retrieved 2013-01-31.
  36. ^ Broeske, Pat H. (January 10, 1993). "FILM; Wanted: New Action Stars". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
  37. ^ "Matt Damon". Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  38. ^ "Sam Peckinpah".
Look up action movie in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Action_film&oldid=566342424"