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1998 Tour de France

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1998 Tour de France
Route of the 1998 Tour de France
Route of the 1998 Tour de France
Race details
Dates11 July – 2 August 1998
Stages21+Prologue
Distance3,877.1 km (2,409 mi)
Winning time92h 49' 46"[1]
Results
Winner  Marco Pantani (Italy) (Mercatone Uno)
  Second  Jan Ullrich (Germany)

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  Third  Bobby Julich (USA)

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Points  Erik Zabel (Germany)

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Mountains  Christophe Rinero (France)

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  Youth  Jan Ullrich (Germany)

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  Team

France You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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← 1997
1999 →

The 1998 Tour de France was the was the 85th Tour de France and took place between 11 July and 2 August 1998. The tour started in Ireland for the very first time.[2][3] The 1998 tour was marred by doping scandals throughout known as the Festina affair, starting with the arrest of Willy Voet, a soigneur in the French Festina team. A significant number of competitors in the race were implicated in doping later in their career, and the tour has been referred to as the Tour du Dopage (Tour of Doping).

In 2004, 60 remaining antidoping samples given by riders during the 1998 Tour, were tested retrospectively for recombinant EPO by using three recently developed detection methods. The results of these tests were published to have returned 44 positives and 9 negatives, with the remaining 7 samples not returning any result (presumably due to sample degradation). At first, the rider names with a positive sample were not made public, as it had only been conducted as scientific research.[4]

In July 2013, the antidoping committee of the French Senate however decided it would benefit the current doping fight to shed full light on the past, and so decided - as part of their "Commission of Inquiry into the effectiveness of the fight against doping" report - to publish all sample IDs along with the result of the retrospective test. This publication revealed, that the 9 negative samples belonged to 5 riders, while the 44 positive samples belonged to 33 riders - including race winner Marco Pantani, runner-up Jan Ullrich, third on the podium Bobby Julich, and points-competition winner Erik Zabel.[5][6] Bobby Julich, who finished third, had already admitted to doping in 2012.[7]

The 1998 edition of Tour de France was won by Marco Pantani, with podium placing of Jan Ullrich, the defending champion, and American Bobby Julich. Erik Zabel won his third consecutive green jersey in the points classification. Christophe Rinero claimed the polka dot jersey as the winner of the mountains classification.[8]

Teams and riders

Main article: List of teams and cyclists in the 1998 Tour de France

Because the 1997 Tour had seen many crashes in the first week, the organisation decided to reduce the number of teams from 22 to 21. 189 riders in 21 teams commenced the 1998 Tour de France, only 96 riders finished.[9] The first round of teams that were invited were the sixteen teams of the UCI Rankings on 1 January 1998, provided that they were still in the top 20 after transfers were factored into the calculation.[10] All these sixteen teams fulfilled this requirement:[11]

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Later, the organisation gave wildcards to four teams:[12]

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One team was added with a special invitation:[12]

Stages

See also: 1998 Tour de France, Stage 1 to Stage 11 and 1998 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 21
Stage results[9][13]
Stage Date Route Terrain Length Winner
P 11 July Dublin Individual time trial 5.6 km (3.5 mi)  Chris Boardman (GBR)
1 12 July Dublin – Dublin Plain stage 180.5 km (112.2 mi)  Tom Steels (BEL)
2 13 July Enniscorthy – Cork Plain stage 205.5 km (127.7 mi)  Ján Svorada (CZE)
3 14 July Roscoff – Lorient Plain stage 169.0 km (105.0 mi)  Jens Heppner (GER)
4 15 July Plouay – Cholet Plain stage 252.0 km (156.6 mi)  Jeroen Blijlevens (NED)
5 16 July Cholet – Châteauroux Plain stage 228.5 km (142.0 mi)  Mario Cipollini (ITA)
6 17 July La Châtre – Brive-la-Gaillarde Plain stage 204.5 km (127.1 mi)  Mario Cipollini (ITA)
7 18 July Meyrignac-l'Église – Corrèze Individual time trial 58.0 km (36.0 mi)  Jan Ullrich (GER)
8 19 July Brive-la-Gaillarde – Montauban Plain stage 190.5 km (118.4 mi)  Jacky Durand (FRA)
9 20 July Montauban – Pau Plain stage 210.0 km (130.5 mi)  Leon van Bon (NED)
10 21 July Pau – Luchon Stage with mountain(s) 196.5 km (122.1 mi)  Rodolfo Massi (ITA)
11 22 July Luchon – Plateau de Beille Stage with mountain(s) 170.0 km (105.6 mi)  Marco Pantani (ITA)
12 24 July Tarascon-sur-Ariège – Le Cap d'Agde Plain stage 222.0 km (137.9 mi)  Tom Steels (BEL)
13 25 July Frontignan la Peyrade – Carpentras Plain stage 196.0 km (121.8 mi)  Daniele Nardello (ITA)
14 26 July Valréas – Grenoble Hilly stage 186.5 km (115.9 mi)  Stuart O'Grady (AUS)
15 27 July Grenoble – Les Deux Alpes Stage with mountain(s) 189.0 km (117.4 mi)  Marco Pantani (ITA)
16 28 July Vizille – Albertville Stage with mountain(s) 204.0 km (126.8 mi)  Jan Ullrich (GER)
17 29 July Albertville – Aix-les-Bains Stage with mountain(s) 149.0 km (92.6 mi) No winner
18 30 July Aix-les-Bains – Neuchâtel Hilly stage 218.5 km (135.8 mi)  Tom Steels (BEL)
19 31 July La Chaux-de-Fonds – Autun Plain stage 242.0 km (150.4 mi)  Magnus Bäckstedt (SWE)
20 1 August Montceau-les-Mines – Le Creusot Individual time trial 52.0 km (32.3 mi)  Jan Ullrich (GER)
21 2 August Melun – Paris (Champs-Élysées) Plain stage 147.5 km (91.7 mi)  Tom Steels (BEL)

Classification leadership

Stage Winner General classification
 Mountains classification
 Points classification
 Young rider classification Team classification
 Combativity award
P Chris Boardman Chris Boardman N/A Chris Boardman Jan Ullrich Festina
1 Tom Steels Stefano Zanini Tom Steels
2 Ján Svorada Erik Zabel
3 Jens Heppner Bo Hamburger Pascal Hervé Ján Svorada George Hincapie You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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4 Jeroen Blijlevens Stuart O'Grady Stuart O'Grady
5 Mario Cipollini Erik Zabel
6 Mario Cipollini
7 Jan Ullrich Jan Ullrich Stefano Zanini Jan Ullrich You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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8 Jacky Durand Laurent Desbiens You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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9 Léon van Bon Jens Voigt
10 Rodolfo Massi Jan Ullrich Rodolfo Massi
11 Marco Pantani
12 Tom Steels
13 Daniele Nardello
14 Stuart O'Grady
15 Marco Pantani Marco Pantani
16 Jan Ullrich
17 – Christophe Rinero –
18 Tom Steels
19 Magnus Bäckstedt
20 Jan Ullrich
21 Tom Steels
Final Marco Pantani Christophe Rinero Erik Zabel Jan Ullrich You have called {{Contentious topics}}. You probably meant to call one of these templates instead:

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Jacky Durand
Jersey wearers when one rider is leading two or more competitions
Other notes
  • The white jersey wasn't actually awarded between 1989 and 1999 – the white column in this table represents the leader in the youth classification.

Results

There were several classifications in the 1998 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[14]

Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[14]

There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polkadot jersey.[14]

The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.[14]

For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.[15]

For the combativity classification, a jury gave points after each stage to the cyclists they considered most combative. The cyclist with the most votes in all stages lead the classification.

General classification

Final general classification (1–10)[9]
Rank Name Team Time
1  Marco Pantani (ITA) Mercatone Uno 92h 49' 46"
2  Jan Ullrich (GER) Telekom +3' 21"
3  Bobby Julich (USA) Cofidis +4' 08"
4  Christophe Rinero (FRA) Cofidis +9' 16"
5  Michael Boogerd (NED) Rabobank +11' 26"
6  Jean-Cyril Robin (FRA) US Postal Service +14' 57"
7  Roland Meier (SUI) Cofidis +15' 13"
8  Daniele Nardello (ITA) Mapei +16' 07"
9  Giuseppe Di Grande (ITA) Mapei +17' 35"
10  Axel Merckx (BEL) Polti +17' 39"

Points classification

Final points classification (1–10)[9]
Rank Rider Team Points
1  Erik Zabel (GER) Telekom 327
2  Stuart O'Grady (AUS) Gan 230
3  Tom Steels (BEL) Mapei 221
4  Robbie McEwen (AUS) Rabobank 196
5  George Hincapie (USA) US Postal Service 151
6  François Simon (FRA) Gan 149
7  Bobby Julich (USA) Cofidis 114
8  Jacky Durand (FRA) Casino 111
9  Alain Turicchia (ITA) Asics-CGA 99
10  Marco Pantani (ITA) Mercatone Uno 90

Mountains classification

Final mountains classification (1–10)[9]
Rank Rider Team Points
1  Christophe Rinero (FRA) Cofidis 200
2  Marco Pantani (ITA) Mercatone Uno 175
3  Alberto Elli (ITA) Casino 165
4  Cédric Vasseur (FRA) Gan 156
5  Stéphane Heulot (FRA) Française des Jeux 152
6  Jan Ullrich (GER) Telekom 126
7  Bobby Julich (USA) Cofidis 98
8  Michael Boogerd (NED) Rabobank 92
9  Leonardo Piepoli (SUI) Saeco 90
10  Roland Meier (SUI) Cofidis 89

Team classification

Final team classification (1–10)[9]
Rank Team Time
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Young rider classification

Final young rider classification (1–5)[9]
Rank Rider Team Time
1  Jan Ullrich (GER) Telekom 92h 53' 07"
2  Christophe Rinero (FRA) Cofidis +5' 55"
3  Giuseppe Di Grande (ITA) Mapei +14' 14"
4  Kevin Livingston (USA) Cofidis +30' 42"
5  Jörg Jaksche (GER) Polti +32' 20"

Combativity classification

Final combativity classification (1–3)[9]
Rank Rider Team Points
1  Jacky Durand (FRA) Casino 94
2  Andrea Tafi (ITA) Mapei 51
3  Stéphane Heulot (FRA) Française des Jeux 49

Doping

1998 marks the year cycling was fundamentally shattered by doping, as before stage 7, the entire Team Festina was made to withdraw after their masseur Willy Voet was found at the Belgian border to have his car full of large quantities of syringes and controlled substances including narcotics, erythropoietin (EPO), growth hormones, testosterone and amphetamines. Festina included notable riders such as Richard Virenque (2nd in the previous year), Alex Zülle and Christophe Moreau. As result of the Festina affair, the riders staged a sit-down protest during stage 17 as a reaction to the treatment. Tour directors later nullified the results of the stage. The Spanish teams pulled out of the race at the urging of the ONCE-Eroski team, led by Laurent Jalabert, the French National Champion. Not all Festina-riders immediately confessed. While riders like Zülle and Moreua admitted the use of performance-enhancing drugs, and received a six-month ban, Virenque maintained his innocence until 2000, when he famously admitted in court.

At the time of the race there was no official test for EPO. In 2004, 60 remaining antidoping samples given by riders during the 1998 Tour, were tested retrospectively for recombinant EPO by using three recently developed detection methods. More precisely the laboratory compared the result of test method A: "Autoradiography - visual inspection of light emitted from a strip displaying the isoelectric profile for EPO" (published in the Nature journal as the first EPO detection method in June 2000[16]), with the result of test method B: "Percentage of basic isoforms - using an ultra-sensitive camera that by percentage quantify the light intensity emitted from each of the isoelectric bands" (pioneered at the Olympics in September 2000, with values above 80% classified as positive, but the laboratory applying a 85% threshold for retrospective samples - to be absolutely certain that no false-positives can occur when analyzing on samples stored for multiple years). For those samples with enough urine left, these results of test method A+B were finally also compared with the best and latest test method C: "Statistical discriminant analysis - taking account all the bands profile by statistical distinguish calculations for each band" (which feature both higher sensitivity and accuracy compared to test method B[17]).[6]

The results of test method A applied retrospectively in 2004, were published to have returned 44 positives and 9 negatives, while the last 7 samples did not return any readable results due to sample degradation. At first, the rider names with a positive sample were not made public, as it had only been conducted as scientific research.[18] In July 2013, the antidoping committee of the French Senate however decided it would benefit the current doping fight to shed full light on the past, and so decided - as part of their "Commission of Inquiry into the effectiveness of the fight against doping" report - to publish all sample IDs along with the result of the retrospective test. This publication revealed, that the 9 negative samples belonged to 5 riders, while the 44 positive samples belonged to 33 riders - including race winner Marco Pantani, runner-up Jan Ullrich, third on the podium Bobby Julich, and points-competition winner Erik Zabel.[5][6]

Prior of the published retrospective test, Bobby Julich had already admitted: "to use EPO several times from August 1996 until July of 1998".[7] George Hincapie, who tested negative twice, had also admitted to using EPO during the 1998 Tour de France, saying in his affidavit to the USADA that: "During the Tour that year I recall using testosterone pills and hGH to recover after stages of the race and using EPO."[19] After the release of the retrospective test report, the following riders also admitted their EPO use:

  • Erik Zabel admitted to have had an extensive doping use throughout 1996 to 2004, and confirmed using EPO in Tour De France 1998.[20][21]
  • Stuart O'Grady admitted using EPO during 2 weeks ahead of the Tour de France 1998 prologue, but claimed never using it again after the Festina affair.[22]
  • Jacky Durand admitted using EPO in July 1998, and pointed out that doping back then was a standard practice among all riders in the peloton.[23]
  • Jeroen Blijlevens admitted he started to use EPO in Tour De France 1997, and continued to use the drug in Tour De France 1998.[24]
  • Laurent Jalabert's lawyer released this statement on behalf of the rider: "...he followed the prescriptions of the medical staff at his successive teams. Although no element of law has been officially notified to him, Laurent Jalabert today assumes responsibility for it and bears the consequences. He regrets that through the excesses of a past period, the image of contemporary cycling and that of the Tour de France have again been besmirched when he has always worked to promote them."[25]

Riders in the top 10 of the final general classification, accused of doping

Chris Boardman was the only rider to wear the yellow jersey in 1998 who has not been accused of doping.[26] Of the top ten riders to finish the 1998 Tour, eight were later accused or convicted or doping, including winner Marco Pantani, who was sent home at the penultimate day of the 1999 Giro d'Italia, wearing the leader's pink jersey, after a test showed a high level of red blood cells. Second placed Jan Ullrich was involved in the 2006 Operacion Puerto surrounding doctor Eufemiano Fuentes. He later admitted having worked with Fuentes. He was also named by Jef d'Hont as part of the doping practices at Team Telekom during the 1990s.

Complete overview of the top ten's doping allogations:

Rank Name Team Time Notes
1 Marco Pantani Mercatone Uno 92h 49' 46" Retrospectively tested positive for EPO use in July 1998.[6][5]
Forced to take a two-week break from racing in 1999 Giro for irregular blood values.[27] Died of cocaine overdose in 2004.
2 Jan Ullrich Telekom +3' 21" Retrospectively tested positive for EPO use in July 1998.[6][5]
Implicated in the later Telekom affair. Involved in Operación Puerto, where he was banned retroactively in 2011, for using blood doping throughout 1 May 2005 until his last active day in June 2006.[28] Admitted in 2013, to have used blood doping throughout 1 May 2005 until June 2006.[29]
3 Bobby Julich Cofidis +4' 08" Retrospectively tested positive for EPO use in July 1998.[6][5]
Accused of doping by teammate Philippe Gaumont in the book Prisonnier du dopage. Admitted in 2012, to have used EPO several times from August 1996 until July 1998.[7][30]
4 Christophe Rinero Cofidis +9' 16" Accused of doping by teammate Philippe Gaumont in the book Prisonnier du dopage
5 Michael Boogerd Rabobank +11' 26" Retrospectively tested positive for EPO use in July 1998.[6][5]
Accused by Floyd Landis of blood doping.[31] Allegedly involved in Humanplasma affair.[32] Admitted use of cortisonen at talkshow.[33] Admitted use of cortisonen again, and EPO and transfusions.[34]
6 Jean-Cyril Robin US Postal +14' 57"
7 Roland Meier Cofidis +15' 13"

Retrospectively tested positive for EPO use in July 1998.[6][5]
Tested positive for EPO in 2001.[35]

8 Daniele Nardello Mapei +16' 07"
9 Giuseppe Di Grande Mapei +17' 35" Sentenced to six months imprisonment for violating antidoping laws in Italy in 2005[36]
10 Axel Merckx Polti +17' 39" Retrospectively tested positive for EPO use in July 1998.[6][5]
Named in Giardini Margherita investigation in Italy, 1998.[37] Client of Michele Ferrari[38]

See also

References

  1. ^ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique" (in French). Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-09. Retrieved 30 September 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Irish start for Tour de France: Cycling". Independent. 3 April 1997. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  3. ^ "1998 Tour de France Map". Sports Illustrated. 10 July 1998. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  4. ^ "1998 plane sur le centième Tour de France [1998 flat on the hundredth Tour de France]" (in French). Dernière Heure. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h "Cipollini, Livingston among 1998 Tour riders positive for EPO". VeloNews. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Rapport Fait au nom de la commission d'enquête sur l'efficacité de la lutte contre le dopage (Annexe 6: Résultats test EPO Tour De France 1998 et 1999)" (PDF). N° 782, Sénat Session Extraordinaire de 2012-2013 (in French). French Senate. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  7. ^ a b c "Exclusive: Bobby Julich doping confession". CyclingNews. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  8. ^ "Pirate takes yellow treasure". BBC Sport. 2 August 1998. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h "85ème Tour de France 1998" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  10. ^ "News for October 26, 1997: Team Selection Criteria for the Tour de France 1998". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. 26 October 1997. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  11. ^ "News for February 6, 1998: Tour 1998". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. 6 February 1998. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  12. ^ a b "News for June 19, 1998: In the Tour de France". Cyclingnews. Future Publishing Limited. 619 June 1998. Retrieved 21 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  13. ^ Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC Top Ten". CVCC. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. Retrieved 15 Aug 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ a b c d Christian, Sarah (2 July 2009). "Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success". RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  15. ^ Chauner, David (1990). The Tour de France Complete Book of Cycling. Villard. ISBN 0679729364. Retrieved 17 April 2012. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Françoise Lasne & Jacques de Ceaurriz (8 June 2000). "Recombinant erythropoietin in urine". Nature 405, p.635 (8 June 2000). Nature journal. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  17. ^ Françoise Lasne; et al. (13 June 2006). "Detection of recombinant human erythropoietin in urine for doping analysis - Interpretation of isoelectric profiles by discriminant analysis" (PDF). Electrophoresis 2007, 28, p.1875–1881. Electrophoresis. Retrieved 29 July 2013. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  18. ^ "1998 plane sur le centième Tour de France [1998 flat on the hundredth Tour de France]" (in French). Dernière Heure. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
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External links

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