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Ivano-Frankivsk
Івано-Франківськ Template:Uk icon
City of regional significance
Flag of Ivano-Frankivsk
Flag
Coat of arms of Ivano-Frankivsk
Coat of arms
Location of Ivano-Frankivsk in  Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Location of Ivano-Frankivsk in  Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Country Ukraine
Region Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast
Established1650
Subdivisions
List
  • city municipalities
  • town municipalities
  • rural municipalities
    -----
  • Total settlements:
    cities
  • urban-type settlements
  • villages
  • settlements
Government
 • MayorViktor Anushkevychus (UPP)
Elevation
244 m (801 ft)
Population
 (2013)
 • Total226,124
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal index
76000
Area code+380 342
Websitewww.mvk.if.ua

Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukrainian: Іва́но-Франкі́вськ [iˈvɑno frɐnˈkiwsʲk] ⓘ; formerly Stanyslaviv,[1] see below) is a historic city located in the western Ukraine.[2] It is the administrative centre of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast (province), and is designated as its own separate raion (city of regional significance) within the oblast, city municipality.

Built in the mid 17th century as a private fortress of the Potocki family, with the partition of Poland in 1772 Ivano-Frankivsk was passed to the Habsburg Empire, after which it became the property of the State authorities of the Austrian Empire. It was during that time that the fortress was transformed into one of the most prominent cities at the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains. After World War I, for a short stint it served as temporary capital of the West Ukrainian People's Republic, after the fall of which Stanisławów became part of the Second Polish Republic. At the dawn of World War II, the city was annexed by the Soviet Union, only to be occupied by Nazi Germany two years later. With the liberation of Ukraine in 1944, a Soviet regime was established in the city for the next 45 years. A few years before the fall of the Soviet Union, the blue-yellow flag was raised in the city as the symbol of an independent Ukraine.

A city visitor may find elements of various cultures intertwined within Ivano-Frankivsk, the Polish Rathaus, the Austrian city's business center, the Soviet panel multi-storied residential apartment buildings at the city's urban-rural fringe, and others. The city is third in population among other cities in the Carpathian Euroregion, yielding only to Lviv and Košice.

Name

Stanisławów was founded as a fortress in 1663 and was named after the Polish hetman Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki, although other sources claim it was named after his grandson (see History of Ivano-Frankivsk). In 1772, its name was transliterated into German as Stanislau when it became part of the Austrian Empire and later Austria-Hungary; however, after the revolution of 1848, the city carried three different linguistic renderings of its name: German, Polish, and Ruthenian (German: Stanislau, pronounced [ˈʃtaːnɪslaʊ̯]; Polish: Stanisławów, pronounced [staɲiˈswavuf]); Ukrainian: Станісла́вів, Stanyslaviv, pronounced [stɑnʲiˈslɑβ̞iw]). Other spellings used in the local press-media included: Russian: Станиславов and Yiddish: סטאַניסלאוו.

Austrian KK stamp bilingual cancelled in 1891 with German and Polish names

After World War II it was changed by the Soviet authorities into a simplified version Stanislav (Ukrainian: Станісла́в, pronounced [stɑnʲiˈslɑw]; Russian: Станисла́в, pronounced [stənʲɪˈslaf]). In 1962, on the city's 300th anniversary, it was renamed to honor the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko. Due to the city's over-sized name, unofficially it is sometimes called simply Franyk[3] by its residents. Even though Ivano-Frankivsk is the officially accepted name, the city's original name was never fully abandoned and/or forgotten and can be found throughout the city in all kinds of variations.

Name change
  • 1662 founded as Stanisławów
  • 1772 transliteration change to Stanislau
  • 1919 transliteration change to Stanislaviv
  • 1919 transliteration change to Stanisławów
  • 1939 transliteration change to Stanislav
  • 1941 transliteration change to Stanislau
  • 1944 transliteration change to Stanislav
  • November 9, 1962 name change to Ivano-Frankivsk (as an honour to Ivan Franko)

History

Main article: History of Ivano-Frankivsk
Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki after whom the city was named.
Ivano-Frankivsk's Ratusha, the city's main landmark
Ivan Franko

Timeline

• 1650–1662: establishing a private fortress of Potocki and seeking the Magdeburg rights

• 1662–1772: Stanisławów, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (within the Kingdom of Poland),

• 1772–1809: Stanislau, Austrian Monarchy (within the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria),

• 1809–1815: Stanislav, Russian Empire,

• 1815–1918: Stanislau, Austrian Empire, then Austria–Hungary,

• November 1918 – May 1919: Stanyslaviv, West Ukrainian National Republic,

• May 1919 – September 1939: Stanisławów, Poland, seat of the Stanisławów Voivodship,

• October 1939 – June 1941: Stanyslaviv, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic,

• July 1941 – August 1944: Stanislau, seat of the Stanislau Kreis, Distrikt Galizien, Generalgouvernement,

• August 1944 – 1991: Stanislav, (renamed in 1962: Ivano-Frankivsk), oblast seat, Ukrainian SSR,

• Post–1991: Ivano-Frankivsk, independent Ukraine.

Climate and Geography

As is the case with most of Ukraine, the climate is moderate continental with warm summers, and fairly cold winters. The following climate data provided is for the past 62 years. The average number of days with precipitation is 170 spread almost equally throughout a year. Most precipitation takes place during the winter months and least - early fall. Thunderstorms occur mostly in summer months averaging around 25 annually.[4] Ivano-Frankivsk averages about 296 days of fog or misty days with about 24 per month.[4]

Climate data for Ivano-Frankivsk (1949-2011)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.1
(61.0) 		20.9
(69.6) 		29.0
(84.2) 		28.2
(82.8) 		32.2
(90.0) 		33.9
(93.0) 		37.1
(98.8) 		37.2
(99.0) 		34.0
(93.2) 		29.0
(84.2) 		22.1
(71.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		37.2
(99.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1) 		1.5
(34.7) 		6.6
(43.9) 		13.8
(56.8) 		19.4
(66.9) 		22.3
(72.1) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.8
(74.8) 		19.2
(66.6) 		13.6
(56.5) 		6.6
(43.9) 		1.1
(34.0) 		12.5
(54.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		1.7
(35.1) 		8.2
(46.8) 		13.6
(56.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		18.6
(65.5) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.4
(56.1) 		8.0
(46.4) 		2.7
(36.9) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		7.6
(45.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.1
(17.4) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		2.9
(37.2) 		7.9
(46.2) 		11.4
(52.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		12.4
(54.3) 		8.1
(46.6) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−0.8
(30.6) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		2.9
(37.2)
Record low °C (°F) −33.9
(−29.0) 		−31.0
(−23.8) 		−25.3
(−13.5) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		0.5
(32.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−4.0
(24.8) 		−14.2
(6.4) 		−19.3
(−2.7) 		−35.7
(−32.3) 		−35.7
(−32.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 26.3
(1.04) 		35.5
(1.40) 		34.5
(1.36) 		55.1
(2.17) 		78.4
(3.09) 		91.6
(3.61) 		101.0
(3.98) 		77.9
(3.07) 		64.1
(2.52) 		48.3
(1.90) 		31.7
(1.25) 		44.8
(1.76) 		689.2
(27.13)
Average precipitation days 19.6 18.0 18.4 13.1 13.6 13.2 11.3 8.7 11.4 11.7 13.8 17.7 170.5
Average snowy days 14 13 9 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 13 60
Average relative humidity (%) 83.4 80.5 74.9 68.0 70.2 73.2 74.6 75.4 78.5 80.9 84.8 86.6 77.6
Source 1: Climatebase.ru[5]
Source 2: Weatherbase[4]

The city is situated in the Carpathian region northeast of the mountain range, sitting approximately 120 metres (390 ft) above mean sea level.[6] One of the several main geographical features is the Vovchynets Hill also known as the Vovchynets Mountains. The hill reaches 300-350 metres (1,150 ft) above the sea level and is part of the Pokuttya Highland (Upland). Around the hill Bystrytsia River branches into Bystrytsia of Nadvirna, Bystrytsia of Solotvyn, and Vorona. The last two rivers serve a natural border between the Pokuttya Highland and Stanislav Basin. The Vovchynets Hill is located just outside and northeast of Ivano-Frankivsk. Located southeast from the Stanislav Basin in the direction of the Prut Valley is the Khorosnen (Prut-Bystrytsia) Highland. The highest point of that highland is the mount Hostra 425 metres (1,394 ft).

The closest neighboring city is Tysmenytsia less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the east. Other cities that lie in the radius of 25 to 30 km (16 to 19 mi) are Tlumach (east), Nadvirna (south), Kalush (west), and Halych (north). The city also administers five adjacent villages that surround it: Mykytyntsi, Krykhivtsi, Vovchynets, Uhornyky, and Khryplyn.

Population and demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1732 3,300—    
1792 5,448+65.1%
1849 11,000+101.9%
1869* 14,786+34.4%
1880 18,626+26.0%
1900* 27,012+45.0%
1910* 29,850+10.5%
1914 64,000+114.4%
1921 51,391−19.7%
1931 60,626+18.0%
2007 222,538+267.1%
2008 223,634+0.5%
2009 224,401+0.3%
2012 242,549+8.1%

Note: Historical population record is taken out of Ivano-Frankivsk portal Template:Uk icon, more recent - the Regional Directorate of Statistics Template:Uk icon. There is also other information on a population growth such as the Jewishgen.org. With asterisk there are identified years of approximate data. In the 18th century, differentiation among Poles and Ukrainians was by religious background rather than ethnic (Catholics vs. Orthodox).

1732 Population
  • Slavs – 1,518
  • Jews – 1,420
  • Armenians – 333
  • not known – 29
1792 Population
  • Slavs – 2,526
  • Jews – 2,412
  • Armenians – 510
1869 Population
  • Jews – 8,088
  • Poles – 4,221
  • Ukrainians – 2,236
  • others – 186
  • Armenians – 55
1880 Population
  • Jews – 10,023
  • Poles – 5,584
  • Ukrainians – 2,794
  • Germans – 135
  • Armenians – 90
1900 Population
  • Jews – 13,826
  • Poles – 8,334
  • Ukrainians – 4,606
  • Germans – 149
  • Armenians – 58
  • Czech – 39
1910 Population
  • Jews – 15,161
  • Poles – 9,065
  • Ukrainians – 5,624
1921 Population
  • Poles – 21,581
  • Jews – 20,208
  • Ukrainians – 8,441
  • Germans – 1,076
  • others – 74
  • Czech – 11

Infrastructure

Ivano-Frankivsk Railway Station
Public transportation

The city of Ivano-Frankivsk has an extensive network of public transport including buses, trolleybuses, and taxis. There are nine trolleybus routes and about 52 for regular buses. Some of the routes run beyond the city into nearby villages.

Railway transportation

There is one railway terminal that serves the Ivano-Frankivsk train station. There are also smaller rail stations in adjacent villages, including Uhryniv and Khryplyn. All of them are part of Lviv Railways.

Bus transportation

Until 2008, the railway terminal also housed a bus terminal which provided several inter-city bus routes, including some to international destinations. In 2000, construction began on a new bus terminal next to the railway terminus on Zaliznychna Street. Inauguration of the new bus terminal took place on 22 May 2010. At the opening ceremony the mayor of the city, Viktor Anushkevichus, noted that the new bus terminal was only partially completed, and for a period it would be necessary to offload passengers at the Pryvokzalna Square, which is already saturated with traffic. He also emphasised the need for another bus station on the outskirts of the city.[7]

Ivano-Frankivsk International Airport
Airways transportation

The city is served by the Ivano-Frankivsk International Airport, which was granted international status in 1992. The airport shares its facilities with the 114 Brigade of the Ukrainian Air Force. Since 2002 the airport has been leased to the private enterprise company Yavson, and from 2005 the Public limited company Naftokhimik Prykarpattia, a (subsidiary of Ukrnafta). The contract with Naftokhimik Prykarpattia expires in 2013.

Lodging

There are many lodging options in Ivano-Frankivsk. Ivano-Frankivsk has one four-star hotel ("Park Hotel") and three three-star hotels ("Nadia", "Auscoprut", "Pid Templem").

Streets

Full list of renamed streets Template:Uk icon

Grushevs'kogo Street
Sichovyh Striltsiv Street

All street names reflecting the city's Soviet or Russian past have been returned to their former names, or given new names of national historic importance, or other non-controversial names. For example, Gagarin Street (connecting the city with its suburbs) became Vovchynets Street, Suvorov Street is now Harbar Street, and Soviet Street is Nezalezhnist (Independence) Street.

Around 100 other streets were renamed.

Important transportation arteries
  • Independence Street (vulytsya Nezalezhnosti) / Tysmenytsya Road (doroha Tysmenetska)
  • Halych Road (vulytsya Halytska)
  • Hetman Mazepa Street (vulytsya Hetmana Mazepy) / Krykhivtsi Road (doroha Krykhivetska)
  • Yevhen Konovalets Road (vulytsya Yevhena Konovaltsya)
  • Vovchynets Street (vulytsya Vovchynetska)
  • Vasyl Stefanyk Shore Drive (naberezhna Vasylya Stefanyka)

Routes

The city of Ivano-Frankivsk is located on the intersection of three major national (Ukraine) routes: H 18, H 09, and H 10. There also is one important regional route T09-06. All the H-routes eventually connect to Template:Highway E (Europe).

Vitovskoho Street

City Squares

The Market Square in Ivano-Frankivsk

The city has seven main city squares four of them located in the "old town" part of the city.

  • Viche Maidan
  • Market Square
  • Sheptytsky Square
  • Pryvokzalna Square
  • Mickiewicz Square (Mickiewicz Park)
  • Liberation Square
  • European Square

Rural-urban fringe districts

As a lot of regional centers in Ukraine and the former Soviet Union, Ivano-Frankivsk is also notorious for its rural-urban fringe panel building residential districts.

  • BAM
  • Kaskad
  • Positron
  • Budivelnykiv

Administration

Both city and oblast administrations as well as the regional council are all located in a massive white building on the Hrushevsky Street locally known as Bily Dim or Bily Budynok. In front of the building is a big open space bordered by Shpytalna Street on the north-east, Hrushevsky Street on the south-east, and Melnychuk Street on the south-west. Next to the building is located a memorial to the Unification of the Western Ukraine with the rest of Ukraine. The main feature of the memorial is a tall marble stele, on the both sides of which are located statues: kamenyar (west) and kobzar (east).

City's Council

The city's council currently consists of 60 deputies. The political representation of the V convocation by political blocs was elected as such: Our Ukraine 22 (Our Ukraine 9, Rukh 8, United Centre 1, Industrialists and Entrepreneurs 2, no affiliation 2), BYuT 17 (Batkivschyna 14, USDP 2, no affiliation 1), Ukrainian People's Party 14 (UPP 3, CUN 1, United Centre 3, Sobor 1, no affiliation 6), Party of Regions 4 (Party of Regions 3, no affiliation 1), PORA 3 (PORA 2, no affiliation 1).

Recent city mayors

  • Bohdan Borovych (OUN) July 1994 – June 1998
  • Zinoviy Shkutiak (Our Ukraine) March 1998 – 26 March 2006
  • Viktor Anushkevychus (UPP) 26 March 2006 – present (reelected in 2010)

Education

The city has over 25 public schools of general education for grades 1 through 11. There are also some privately owned schools and lyceums. The city also has several professional public institutes.

There also numerous sports schools: Fitness Sport Association "Ukraine" - 5 schools, MVK - 3 schools, Fitness Sport Association "Spartak" - 2 schools, Fitness Sport Association "Kolos" - 1 school, others.

Universities

Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University

The city has six universities, the Ivano-Frankivsk Institute of Management that is a local campus of the Ternopil National Economic University, and the Ivano-Frankivsk Institute of Management and Economics "Halytska Akademia". All of those universities are state funded.

  1. Vasyl Stefanyk Subcarpathian National University
  2. Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (University of Oil and Gas)
  3. Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University
  4. King Daniel of Galicia Ivano-Frankivsk University of Law
  5. Ivano-Frankivsk Theological Academy of Greek-Catholic Church
  6. West Ukrainian University of Economics and Law

Culture and sports

See also: Coat of arms of Ivano-Frankivsk

National Landmarks

The Regional Art Museum is located in the building of Church of Virgin Mary.
A part of vulytsia Nezalezhnosti called stometrivka
  • the Church of the Holy Resurrection (Greek Catholic Cathedral),
  • the Church of Virgin Mary (at the moment used as museum of Sacred Art of Galicia)
  • Latin Collegiate
  • the Armenian church (presently used by one of the Ukrainian Orthodox Churches).
  • City Brewery
Cathedral of Holy Resurrection

Other attractions

  • Market Square with the city's old town hall, today hosting an ethno-cultural museum.
  • Shevchenko Park – a big park that consists of an amusement park, a big lake with swans, couple of full-size football fields, and many others interesting places worth of seeing.
  • Bily Budynok – a big white building in the middle of the city and next to the Market place. It is the main administration building of Ivano-Frankivsk and the Ivano-Frankivsk oblast. In front of the building there are two full-size sculptural monuments of Franko and Shevchenko.
  • Bazaar – a huge area that covers the old market and the new market with couple of supermarket stores locally known as the universal stores.
  • 100 m (328.08 ft) stretch (stometrivka) – unofficial local name for part of Independence Street that consists of series of shopettes and restricted to pedestrian traffic only.

Architecture

  • Stanislav fortress compound and Potocki palace
  • Cathedral of the Holy Resurrection, locally known as Katedra (Greek-Catholic Cathedral)
  • Jesuit Kostel – the second building of Jesuits after they were forced to surrender Katedra
  • Fara – also known as the Collegiate Church of Virgin Mary and Saint Stanislaus (today - the Regional Art Museum)
  • Ratusha – former city hall
  • Battle of Grunwald monument – commemorating the defeat of the Teutonic Order in 1410
  • Monument to Adam Mickiewicz (1930), it was reconstructed in 1989, located on Adam Mickewicz Square next to a regional concert (philharmony) hall. It is the oldest surviving monument in the city and was built on 20 November 1898 (sculptor Tadeusz Błotnicki).
  • Monument to Stepan Bandera and Museum of the Insurgent Army at the European Square was awarded the best architectural project of 2007 designed by a local architecture company "Atelie Arkhitektury"[8][9]

Theaters

  • Academic Regional Music-Drama Theater of Franko
  • Academic Regional Puppet Theater of Pidhiryanka
  • Regional Concert Philharmony
  • Cinema theater "Lumier" (previously of Franko)
  • Cinema theater "Cosmos"
Former
  • Cinema theater "Patriot"
  • Cinema theater of Shevchenko (previously "Pioneer")
  • "Videotech"
  • Cinema theater of Gorky
  • Cinema theater "Komsomolets"
  • Cinema theater of Shevchenko (original)
  • Summer cinema theater "Trembita"

City Parks

Night Life

    • Bomba
    • Panorama Plaza
    • Pasage Gartenberg
    • Kilimanjaro
    • eL Dorado
House of sport association "Sokol", 1895

Sports

Ivano-Frankivsk is home to a number of sports teams. Most notably it was home to the football club FC Spartak Ivano-Frankivsk (Prykarpattya) that participated on the national level since the 1950s. Since 2007 the club only fields its youth team Spartak-93 and competes in the Children-Youth Football League of Ukraine. The former president of Spartak Anatoliy Revutskiy reorganized the local university (University of Nafty i Hazu) team in 2007 into the new "FSK Prykarpattia" with support of the city mayor Anushkevichus making it the main football club in the region and replacing Spartak. Previously during the interbellum period, the city was home to another football club based on the local Polish garrison and called Rewera Stanisławów (1908). That club competed at a regional level that had evolved at that period. With the start of the World War II that club was disbanded. During the Soviet period among several others there was another club "Elektron" that successfully participated at a regional level around the 1970s.

The city also is the home to a futsal team, PFC Uragan Ivano-Frankivsk, that competes in the Ukrainian Futsal Championship. They are the current the Ukrainian champions having won the 2010/11 season playoffs and therefore took part in the 2011–12 UEFA Futsal Cup for the first time. The city had an Ice hockey team, HC Vatra Ivano-Frankivsk, which previously played in the Ukrainian Hockey Championship.

Ivano-Frankivsk is also the hometown of Ukrainian gymnasts one of them Dariya Zgoba who won gold on the Uneven Bars in the 2007 European Championships as well as a finalist on the Beijing Olympics and another - Yana Demyanchuk, who won gold on the balance beam at the 2009 European Championships.

Other clubs include:

Main Stadiums and Sport Complexes
  • MCS Rukh, a sport complex consisting of the major arena and two auxiliary fields next to it
  • Yunist Stadium (Youth)
  • Hirka Stadium, property of the Ivano-Frankivsk Locomotive Maintenance Plant
  • Nauka Stadium (Science), belongs to Prykarpattia National University of Stefanyk
  • Stadium of Oil and Gaz University
  • Sport-Recreational Center "Tsunami", contains an ice arena for the city hockey events and an aquapark[10]

City's radio, television, press media

Press
Radio
Television

Notable people

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine

Twin towns – Sister cities

Ivano-Frankivsk is twinned with 22 cities and one county:[12]

Local orientation
Regional orientation

See also

References

Bibliography

  • "Endure, Defy and Remember", by Joachim Nachbar, 1977
  • Evans, Andrew (1 March 2007). Ukraine: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-181-4. Retrieved 7 March 2010.
  • "False papers: deception and survival in the Holocaust", by Robert Melson, Univ. of Illinois Press, 2000. Dr. Melson is a professor of political science at Purdue, whose grandfather owned the Mendelsohn factory in Stanislawow.
  • "I'm not even a grown up, the diary of Jerzy Feliks Urman", translated by Anthony Rudolf and Joanna Voit, ed. by Anthony Rudolf. London: Menard Press, 1991. 11-yr old in Stanislaw commits suicide to avoid capture by Nazis.
  • "Living Longer than Hate", by C.S. Ragsdale
  • Mokotoff, Gary; Amdur Sack, Sallyann; Sharon, Alexander (November 2002). Where once we walked: a guide to the Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust. Avotaynu. ISBN 978-1-886223-15-8. Retrieved 8 March 2010.

Notes

  1. ^ The Sad End of the Orange Revolution, Der Spiegel (14 January 2010)
  2. ^ "The City of Ivano-Frankivsk". sbedif.if.ua. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
  3. ^ Informational portal of the Region Template:Uk icon
  4. ^ a b c "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine". Weatherbase. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  5. ^ "Ivano-Frankivsk Ukraine Climate Data". Climatebase. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  6. ^ "UKRAINE : general data". Populstat.info. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
  7. ^ Template:Uk icon Reporter. Ivano-Frankivsk weekly. 25 May 2010
  8. ^ Template:Uk icon About "Atelie Arkhitektury"
  9. ^ Template:Uk icon Photos of the memorial-museum at skyscrapercity.com forum
  10. ^ Template:Uk icon Tsunami main website
  11. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська". mvk.if.ua (in Ukrainian). Retrieved March 7, 2010.
  13. ^ "Serwis informacyjny UM Rzeszów – Informacja o współpracy Rzeszowa z miastami partnerskimi". www.rzeszow.pl. Retrieved February 2, 2010. [dead link]
  14. ^ "Zielona Góra Miasta partnerskie". Urząd Miasta Zielona Góra. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
  15. ^ "Rybnik Official Website – Twin Towns". (in English) © 2008 Urząd Miasta Rybnika, ul. Bolesława Chrobrego 2, 44–200 Rybnik. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
  16. ^ "Побратимские связи г. Бреста". city.brest.by (in Russian). Retrieved March 8, 2010.
  17. ^ Побратимские связи г. Бреста.
  18. ^ "Miasta Partnerskie Opola". Urzad Miasta Opola (in Polish). Retrieved 2013-08-01.
  19. ^ "Miasta Partnerskie Lublina". Urząd Miasta Lublin [City of Lublin] (in Polish). Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2013-08-07. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
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