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Weinstein effect

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The Weinstein effect is a global trend in which people come forward to accuse famous or powerful people, mostly men, of sexual misconduct.[1] The term came into use to describe a worldwide wave of these allegations that began in the United States in October 2017, when media outlets reported on numerous sexual abuse allegations against film producer Harvey Weinstein. Described as a "tipping point" or "watershed moment", the Weinstein allegations precipitated a "national reckoning" against sexual harassment.[2][3] USA Today wrote that 2017 was the year in which "sexual harassment became a fireable offense".[4]

Preceded by other sexual harassment cases earlier in the year, the reports on the Weinstein allegations and subsequent #MeToo campaign, which encouraged people to share their suppressed experiences of sexual misconduct, triggered a cascade of allegations across multiple industries that brought about the swift removal of many men in positions of power in the United States, while tarnishing and ending political careers of additional men, as it spread around the world. In the entertainment industry, allegations led to the dismissal of actors and directors alike.

Most prominently, actor Kevin Spacey, comedian Louis C.K., and filmmaker Brett Ratner had projects canceled following at least six allegations apiece. Over three hundred women accused filmmaker James Toback of sexual harassment. In journalism, allegations led to the firing of editors, publishers, executives and hosts, which included high-profile television figures such as Charlie Rose, Mark Halperin, and Matt Lauer. In politics, accusations of varying degrees of severity were made against politicians such as John Conyers, Al Franken, and Roy Moore. Celebrity chefs Mario Batali and John Besh, and some financial and public relations executives, were also removed.

Background

In July 2016, Fox News television host Gretchen Carlson filed a lawsuit against the station's chairman Roger Ailes, which led to his removal and encouraged journalists to pursue rumors about the conduct of Weinstein and political commentator Bill O'Reilly. Similar revelations and a lawsuit led to O'Reilly being fired in April 2017. Both Ailes and O'Reilly denied wrongdoing.[4]

Inception

Main article: Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations
Harvey Weinstein, the producer accused of sexual misconduct

On October 5, 2017, The New York Times broke the first reports of decades of sexual misconduct claims against film producer Harvey Weinstein. On October 10, 2017, journalist Ronan Farrow reported further allegations that Weinstein had sexually assaulted or harassed 13 women, and raped three.[5]

Weinstein was dismissed from The Weinstein Company shortly thereafter. Weinstein had previously suppressed these cases through confidential financial settlements and nondisclosure agreements, as was common for celebrity sexual harassment cases, before journalists aired the story. Over 80 accusers came forward against Weinstein, including many well-known actresses.[6]

Impact

United States

The Weinstein allegations precipitated an immediate "national reckoning" against sexual harassment and assault in the United States,[7] which became known as the Weinstein effect; on social media, it was widely known as "#pervnado".[8] Men and women aired claims of sexual misconduct in workplaces across multiple industries, leading to the swift international removal of many men in positions of power. On Twitter, the #MeToo campaign encouraged hundreds of thousands of people to share their stories.[9][4]

On November 25, 2017, the Los Angeles Police Department reported it was investigating 28 open sex crime cases involving Hollywood and media figures.[10] On January 1, 2018, a group of Hollywood women announced the creation of Time's Up to fight workplace sexual harassment and assault.[11]

Entertainment

By late October 2017, cases included, in the entertainment industry, Screen Junkies co-creator Andy Signore,[12][13] Amazon Studios director Roy Price, Agency for the Performing Arts talent agent Tyler Grasham, Nickelodeon's The Loud House creator Chris Savino, and actor Andy Dick.[14][15][7]

Over 300 women accused filmmaker James Toback of sexual harassment.[4] As of November 23, 2017, the Beverly Hills Police Department has opened 12 sexual assault cases in the entertainment industry, including cases against Weinstein and Toback.[16]

By early November, the number of accusations compounded exponentially:

  • On October 10, actor Terry Crews revealed that he had been groped by an unnamed Hollywood executive at a party in 2016, declining to speak out earlier for fear of retaliation.[17][18] On November 15, Crews identified his attacker as Adam Venit, head of the motion picture department of the talent company William Morris Endeavor.[19] Venit was suspended for a one-month period before returning to work.[20] Crews has filed a lawsuit against Venit and WME for sexual assault.[21]
  • On November 2, actor Corey Feldman announced that former assistant and actor Jon Grissom had sexually abused both Feldman and the late Corey Haim, Feldman's former close friend and costar.[22]
  • Actor Kevin Spacey was accused of sexual misconduct or assault by over a dozen men and announced that he was entering unspecified treatment; his projects were cancelled as a result.[23]
  • Actor Robert Knepper and Mad Men creator Matthew Weiner each received a single accusation of sexual misconduct, which both denied.[25][26][27] Four more women came forward to accuse Knepper the next month, to which he denied those allegations as well.[28]
  • Actor Dustin Hoffman was accused by actress Kathryn Rossetter of having repeatedly groped her during the 1983 Broadway revival of Death of a Salesman.[29] Two other women accused Hoffman of sexually assaulting them and one of exposing himself to a 17 year old on the 1985 television version of Death of a Salesman, two years after the stage version cited by Rossetter.[30][31] Actress Meryl Streep, who would later co-star with Hoffman in the film Kramer vs. Kramer, in a 1979 interview with Time Magazine described meeting him for the first time at an audition for a play he directed several years earlier: “He came up to me and said, ‘I’m Dustin—burp—Hoffman,’ and he put his hand on my breast. What an obnoxious pig, I thought."[32] In November 2017, a Streep representative told E! News this was not "an accurate rendering of that meeting", adding, "there was an offense and it is something for which Dustin apologized. And Meryl accepted that.”[33]
  • Comedian Louis C.K. confirmed multiple allegations of sexual misconduct and apologized; he was also dropped from his projects.[36][37]
  • On November 10, 2017, former actor and model Scott R. Brunton told The Hollywood Reporter that actor and LGBT activist George Takei sexually assaulted him in 1981; Takei has denied this.[39]
  • Entrepreneur Russell Simmons was accused by Keri Claussen Khalighi of sexually assaulting her in 1991, when she was 17 and he was 33 or 34.[40] Simmons denies that the encounter was non-consensual.[41]
  • Writer Jessica Teich accused Richard Dreyfuss of exposing himself to her and attempting to force her to perform fellatio on him; Dreyfuss denied the allegation.[43]
  • On November 17, 2017, it was reported Ryan Seacrest was under investigation for sexual harassment allegations by a former E! wardrobe stylist.[44]
  • On November 19, 2017, Jeffrey Tambor announced he would leave his role on Transparent after Van Barnes, a transgender actress and former Tambor assistant, and co-star Trace Lysette, also transgender, both accused him of sexual harassment. The show's creator Jill Soloway would not discuss the details of the scandal directly, instead advocating anti-harassment on-set rules.[46] Days later, makeup artist Tamara Delbridge also accused Tambor of sexual improprieties on the set of the 2001 film Never Again. Tambor said he did not recall the incident, but apologized "for any discomfort or offense I may have inadvertently caused her."[47]
  • Pinegrove cancelled their 2017-18 North American tour dates following accusations of “sexual coercion” against lead singer Evan Stephens Hall.[49]
  • On November 30, 2017, playwright Israel Horovitz was accused of sexual misconduct by nine women.[51]
  • On December 4, 2017, a woman by the name of Timothy Heller claimed former The Voice contestant Melanie Martinez had raped and sexually assaulted her during multiple sleepovers over the course of two days.[54][55][56]
  • The following day, December 5, 2017, actor Danny Masterson was fired from the Netflix series The Ranch after being accused of rape. Masterson's character was then written out of the series.[57]
  • Lee Trull, the Dallas Theater Center's Director of New Play Development, has been fired from his position after misconduct allegations.[58]
  • On December 7, 2017, Bryan Singer was sued for allegedly sexually assaulting a 17-year boy during a yacht party in the Seattle area in 2003 and promising the teenager acting roles if he would keep silent.[59]
  • On December 11, 2017, chef Mario Batali announced he was taking leave from his businesses after he was accused of sexual misconduct by four women.[61]
  • On December 14, 2017, Morgan Spurlock admitted to sexual misconduct and 'being part of the problem'.[62]
  • Chef John Besh was removed from his company after accusations from 25 women.[38]
  • On December 22, 2017, screenwriter Max Landis was accused of sexual abuse and sexual assault by Anna Akana on Twitter, hours before the release of the Netflix film Bright. Akana received considerable support and corroboration from fellow celebrities; among them comedian Mike Drucker, who accused Landis’ father, filmmaker John Landis, of using his power and influence to cover up multiple discretions. MAD Magazine editor Allie Goertz previously remarked that she could not imagine someone who is more scared in a post-Harvey Weinstein world than Landis.[68][69][70][71][72]
  • On January 5, 2018, Ben Vereen was accused of sexual assault by several women who were a part of the 2015 production of Hair.[73]
  • During the first week of January 2018, Paul Haggis was accused by four women of sexual misconduct, two accused him of rape.[74]
Producers
  • On October 17, The Mist producer Amanda Segel accused Bob Weinstein (Harvey's brother) of sexual harassment during the production of the series. His lawyer Bert Fields has denied the allegation.[75]

Journalism

In journalism, multiple men were accused of sexual misconduct and subject to firing or suspension.[38]

  • NPR news chief Michael Oreskes resigned at the request of NPR's president and chief executive after multiple women said that Oreskes had made unwanted sexual advances to them when Oreskes was Washington bureau chief at the New York Times in the 1990s, and after a current NPR employee made a similar complaint in 2015.[87]
  • After television host Charlie Rose was accused by eight women of sexual misconduct and harassment, the networks CBS and PBS suspended him. He was later fired, on November 21, 2017.[88][89]
  • On November 21, 2017, Dylan Byers posted a tweet saying that the sexual harassment scandals in media and entertainment were draining those industries "of talent". The tweet was later deleted.[90][91]
  • On November 28, 2017, NPR's chief editor David Sweeney separated from the company after three female journalists made formal complaints against him for sexual harassment. NPR did not provide the full details of the allegations but revealed he'd unexpectedly kissed one of the women in a company car, tried to kiss another woman while out for drinks to talk about her career, and NPR editor Lauren Hodges said he repeatedly sent her gifts and gave her unwanted attention when he was her supervisor. NPR said Sweeney was let go after a formal internal review.[92]
  • Radio host John Hockenberry was accused of harassment, unwanted touching and bullying by several female colleagues.[93][94]
  • On December 6, 2017, Lorin Stein, editor of The Paris Review resigned after an internal investigation was opened about unwanted sexual behavior at work including inappropriate touching. He acknowledged he had abused his position and had several inappropriate relations with subordinates including interns and writers for the magazine, however he maintains that all sexual relations and contact was consensual.[98] He resigned from Farrar, Straus and Giroux.[99]
  • On December 11, 2017, journalist Ryan Lizza's employment was terminated by The New Yorker. Lizza claimed he had been in a "respectful relationship" with the accuser, but the newspaper and the accuser's lawyer rejected that characterization.[100]
  • On December 11, 2017, the NFL Network and ESPN suspended five on-air commentators and a senior executive after allegations of sexual harassment. Jami Cantor, a former NFL Network employee, accused NFL Network analysts Marshall Faulk, Ike Taylor and Heath Evans of sexually harassing and groping her.[101] ESPN suspended Donovan McNabb and Eric Davis for sending inappropriate comments to Cantor.[102] McNabb and Davis were officially fired on January 5, 2018.[103]
  • On December 11, 2017, Los Angeles TV station KTTV fired Steve Edwards, longtime co-host of the station’s morning show Good Day L.A., after he was accused of inappropriate sexual behavior by several current and former co-workers.[105]
  • On December 13, 2017, author and talk host Tavis Smiley was suspended by PBS for allegations regarding sex with employees and creating a hostile work environment. [106]

Judges

  • On December 8, 2017, Federal appeals court judge Alex Kozinski was accused of misconduct by six women including former clerks and junior staffers.[98] A week later, the Washington Post published a story with 9 more allegations against Kozinski, including prominent accusers such as a professor and a former judge. Four of the women say he touched or kissed them without permission. Kozinski announced his immediate retirement a few days later.[108]

Politics

Main article: 2017 United States political sexual scandals

Numerous elected officials and politicians also faced allegations.

  • Longtime U.S. Representative John Conyers, dean of the Michigan delegation, was discovered to have settled a wrongful dismissal complaint in 2015, leveled by a former staffer who said she was fired for refusing his sexual advances. The complainant received a $27,000 settlement paid from Conyers' office budget.[109] Several other women have come forward with allegations of inappropriate sexual conduct by Conyers.[110][111] Conyers stepped down from his position as the ranking Minority member of the House Committee on the Judiciary following the allegations,[112] and later resigned.[113]
  • U.S. Representative Ruben Kihuen of Nevada is accused by his former campaign finance director of repeated and unwanted sexual advances to the point she resigned her position; Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi called on Kihuen to resign.[114]
  • Radio newscaster Leeann Tweeden accused U.S. Senator Al Franken, a Democrat, of Minnesota of forcibly kissing her in 2006 and presented a photo that appeared to show him groping her breasts as she slept; Franken issued an apology.[115] Three other women came forward to accuse Franken of inappropriately touching them at political fundraisers in 2007 and 2008, and at the Minnesota State Fair 2010.[116][117] On December 7, Franken announced his intention to resign from the Senate, later giving January 2 as the effective date of his resignation from office.[118]
  • On November 9, multiple women alleged that Roy Moore, a candidate for the December 2017 Senate special election in Alabama, had made unwanted advances or sexual assaults on them. The alleged incidents occurred when Moore was in his early thirties and they were in their teens. One girl had been younger than 16 (the age of consent in Alabama) at the time.[119] Moore initially admitted he had known two of the accusers but otherwise denied the allegations. The allegations were a major cause of Moore's unexpected defeat.[120]
  • Republican Congressman Blake Farenthold has said he won't run for re-election and has been pressured to retire early after it was revealed he'd used $84,000 of tax money to settle a 2014 claim for sexual harassment and a hostile work environment. His former communications director alleged he made unwanted sexual advances toward her, and also made sexual comments to others about her including talking to her coworkers about his "sexual fantasies" and "wet dreams" about her. When she complained about chief of staff Bob Haueter creating a hostile work environment, she was informed that was just his nature. She was fired a month after making the complaint, though no actions were taken against Haueter. There is a current House Ethics Committee investigation into the event.[121]
  • Republican Congressman Trent Franks resigned after it was reported he repeatedly asked two female employees to bear his children as surrogates.[98]
  • On December 4, 2017, California Democratic state assemblyman Matt Dababneh was accused of pushing Pamela Lopez into a Las Vegas hotel bathroom, exposing his penis and masturbating in front of her. Another woman accused him of creating a sexually demeaning work environment by regularly making derogatory remarks. A few days after the allegations went public, Lopez said she'd heard from other women with allegations against Dababneh that ranged from sexual harassment to assault. Soon after, he announced he would resign at the end of the year. He said it wasn't about the allegations, for which he maintains his innocence, but he said he simply no longer felt passionate about lawmaking.[122]

Other

  • Steve Jurvetson stepped down from his role at DFJ Venture Capital after the firm conducted an investigation into allegations of sexual harassment.[123]

International

The Weinstein effect has reached international scale. In Europe, allegations of sexual misconduct against many British politicians became a public scandal involving dozens of women accusers across decades and political parties. It led to the resignations of Defense Secretary Michael Fallon and Welsh minister Carl Sargeant (who took his own life, four days after his dismissal).[130]

  • Australian television presenter Don Burke was accused of sexual misconduct by several women. He denied these and said, “The Harvey Weinstein saga in Hollywood started a witch hunt.”[132]
  • The allegations against Weinstein prompted Björk to accuse Lars von Trier of sexually harassing her during the production of Dancer in the Dark. von Trier said "That was not the case. But that we were definitely not friends, that’s a fact.”[133]
  • In November 2017, 2,000 women working in the Swedish music industry signed an open letter claiming that they had been sexually abused during their careers. The signatories included singers Robyn and Zara Larsson and the folk duo First Aid Kit.[134]
  • In the Philippines, artists and online personalities expressed messages of support to Weinstein's victims.[135] Several netizens came forward to share their experiences with artists and local band members who allegedly committed sexual misconduct.[136]
  • Ramin Gray, artistic director of the ATC Theatre, was accused of sexual harassment by eight women after calling the search for "the Weinstein of British theatre" an honourable one.[137]
  • In France,[140] political organizations close to the Socialist Party, in particular the Union Nationale des Étudiants de France (UNEF), were accused of systemic sexual harassment. The French daily newspaper Le Monde published in late 2017 two articles on alleged sexual harassment and predation supported by former UNEF presidents, Jean-Baptiste Prévost and Emmanuel Zemmour.[141][142] In an editorial, more than 80 UNEF female members and militants came forward to accuse the Union of "sexual violence".[143]
  • In Norway, Trond Giske, the deputy leader of the Norwegian Labour Party, resigned from his political positions on 7 January 2018 after being accused of an extensive pattern of sexual assault and sexual harrassment of young women, and of taking advantage of his political positions to make unwanted sexual advances.[144] The accusations came in the context of the international debate in the aftermath of the Weinstein affair, and dominated Norwegian media for several weeks from December 2017.[145]
  • In India, law student Raya Sarkar set up a Google Docs, accepting anonymous testimonials to sexual abuse taking place within universities in India. Up to 59 academics from 29 colleges were named, some of whom were prominent figures. Raya Sarkar's list sparked a debate on whether anonymous name-and-shame campaigns were just, and on whether due process could be subverted. Several prominent academics, including Ayesha Kidwai and Nivedita Menon, issued a letter of response to Raya's list - and were criticized for defending due process.

Analysis

American journalists in conversation at NPR spoke of the series of allegations feeling like a tipping point for societal treatment of sexual misconduct.[146] They distinguished the moment from prior sexual misconduct public debates by the public trust in the accusers, who in this case were celebrities familiar to the public, rather than the accusers in prior cases, in which the accusers were unknown and became famous for their testimony. Social media provides a platform for women to share their experiences and encouragement at a scale that had not existed during prior public debates.[146] The state of California is considering legislation to ban secret sexual harassment settlements.[4]

Two columnists of the USA Today expressed doubt that the trend of public opinion would hold, citing open, public cases with few consequences: R. Kelly, Bill Cosby, and Donald Trump.[4] The Weinstein effect also caused multiple sources to question the place of Bill Clinton within the Democratic Party due to the sexual assault allegations against him.[147][148][149]

See also

References

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Further reading

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