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In the [[United States Senate elections, 2018|gubernatorial elections]], Democrats won control of seven governorships. 87 of the 99 state legislative chambers held regularly-scheduled elections in 2018, and the Democratic Party gained control of at least 350 state legislative seats and seven state legislative chambers. As a result of these elections, Democrats gained unified control of seven state governments and broke unified Republican control of four state governments. Republicans won control of the [[Alaska House of Representatives]], won the governorship of Alaska, and established unified control in that state. In referenda, various states voted to expand [[Medicaid]] coverage, establish independent [[redistricting commission]]s, or end the practice of permanent [[felony disenfranchisement]].
In the [[United States Senate elections, 2018|gubernatorial elections]], Democrats won control of seven governorships. 87 of the 99 state legislative chambers held regularly-scheduled elections in 2018, and the Democratic Party gained control of at least 350 state legislative seats and seven state legislative chambers. As a result of these elections, Democrats gained unified control of seven state governments and broke unified Republican control of four state governments. Republicans won control of the [[Alaska House of Representatives]], won the governorship of Alaska, and established unified control in that state. In referenda, various states voted to expand [[Medicaid]] coverage, establish independent [[redistricting commission]]s, or end the practice of permanent [[felony disenfranchisement]].


The election was characterized by relatively high voter participation, as [[Voter turnout|turnout]] reached the highest level seen in a mid-term election since 1914. Major issues debated during the campaign include [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]], the [[American Health Care Act of 2017]], the [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017]], the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]], and [[Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections|alleged Russian interference in the election]].
The election was characterized by relatively high voter participation, as [[Voter turnout|turnout]] reached the highest level seen in a mid-term election since 1914. Major issues debated during the campaign include [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]], the [[American Health Care Act of 2017]], the [[Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017]], the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]], and [[Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections|alleged Russian interference in the election]]. Pundits, journalists, and political leaders differed in their assessment of the 2018 election; some saw the elections as a major victory for Democrats, but others argued that the party's gains were somewhat underwhelming for a mid-term.


==Issues==
==Issues==
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==State elections==
==State elections==
[[File:USStatecontrolpost2018.png|thumb|upright=1.5|{{legend|#143cd3|Democrats retained trifecta}}{{legend|#2592da|Democrats gained trifecta}}{{legend|#900a1a|Republicans retained trifecta}}{{legend|#e9223b|Republicans gained trifecta}}{{legend|#8d9332|Divided government maintained}}{{legend|#dfe85d|Divided government established}}]]
[[File:USStatecontrolpost2018.png|thumb|upright=1.5|{{legend|#143cd3|Democrats retained trifecta}}{{legend|#2592da|Democrats gained trifecta}}{{legend|#900a1a|Republicans retained trifecta}}{{legend|#e9223b|Republicans gained trifecta}}{{legend|#8d9332|Divided government maintained}}{{legend|#dfe85d|Divided government established}}]]

The 2018 state elections will impact the [[United States redistricting, 2022|redistricting]] that will follow the [[2020 United States Census]], as many states task governors and state legislators with drawing new boundaries for state legislative and Congressional districts.
The vast majority of states held gubernatorial or state legislative elections in 2018. The 2018 state elections will impact the [[United States redistricting, 2022|redistricting]] that will follow the [[2020 United States Census]], as many states task governors and state legislators with drawing new boundaries for state legislative and Congressional districts.


===Gubernatorial elections===
===Gubernatorial elections===
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In a September 2018 speech at the [[United Nations Security Council]] and [[Donald Trump on Twitter|Twitter posts]], Trump made no mention of Russian interference, but accused [[China]] of meddling in the U.S. midterm elections, asserting that "they don't want me or us to win" because of his [[Trump tariff|imposition of tariffs]] on Chinese goods.<ref name="Landler">{{cite web|author=Mark Landler|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/26/world/asia/trump-china-election.html|title=Trump Accuses China of Interfering in Midterm Elections|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 26, 2018}}</ref> China's Foreign Minister, [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]] responded by stating: "we did not and will not interfere in any countries' domestic affairs. We refuse to accept any unwarranted accusations against China."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45656466|title=Trump accuses China of election 'meddling' against him|publisher=BBC News|date=September 26, 2018}}</ref> While the Chinese government has used its cyber-warfare capacities for [[espionage]] and to monitor [[Chinese dissident]]s overseas, there is no evidence that China used its cybercapabilities to interfere in the 2018 U.S. elections.<ref name="Landler"/>
In a September 2018 speech at the [[United Nations Security Council]] and [[Donald Trump on Twitter|Twitter posts]], Trump made no mention of Russian interference, but accused [[China]] of meddling in the U.S. midterm elections, asserting that "they don't want me or us to win" because of his [[Trump tariff|imposition of tariffs]] on Chinese goods.<ref name="Landler">{{cite web|author=Mark Landler|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/26/world/asia/trump-china-election.html|title=Trump Accuses China of Interfering in Midterm Elections|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 26, 2018}}</ref> China's Foreign Minister, [[Wang Yi (politician)|Wang Yi]] responded by stating: "we did not and will not interfere in any countries' domestic affairs. We refuse to accept any unwarranted accusations against China."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-45656466|title=Trump accuses China of election 'meddling' against him|publisher=BBC News|date=September 26, 2018}}</ref> While the Chinese government has used its cyber-warfare capacities for [[espionage]] and to monitor [[Chinese dissident]]s overseas, there is no evidence that China used its cybercapabilities to interfere in the 2018 U.S. elections.<ref name="Landler"/>

==Aftermath==

Democratic control of the House Representatives ensures that they can prevent the passage of conservative legislation in the [[116th United States Congress]]. The party will also gain control of [[United States congressional committee|congressional committees]] with the power to issue [[subpoena]]s and investigate various issues. However, by keeping control of the Senate, Republicans will be able to confirm President Trump's nominees without Democratic support.<ref name="prokopchecked">{{cite news |last1=Prokop |first1=Andrew |title=The midterm elections are about whether Republican power will be checked |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/10/8/17923504/2018-elections-midterms-trump-races-polls |accessdate=11 November 2018 |publisher=Vox |date=5 November 2018}}</ref>

After the election, President Trump stated that he had won a “Big Victory.” He indicated that he looked forward to “a beautiful bipartisan-type situation,” but promised to assume a “warlike posture” if House Democrats launched investigations into his administration House Minority Leader [[Nancy Pelosi]] stated that her party won gains because of the voter desire to "[restore] the Constitution’s checks and balances to the Trump administration.”<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rucker |first1=Philip |last2=Dawsey |first2=Josh |title=Trump vows ‘beautiful’ deals with Democrats but threatens ‘warlike’ retaliation to probes |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-attempts-to-take-victory-lap-despite-republicans-losing-house/2018/11/07/8cec8226-e2a7-11e8-b759-3d88a5ce9e19_story.html |accessdate=11 November 2018 |publisher=Washington Post |date=7 November 2018}}</ref> Senate Minority Leader [[Chuck Schumer]] stated that Senate Democrats performed “much better than expected” in a difficult election cycle.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schor |first1=Elena |last2=Everett |first2=Burgess |title=Schumer’s Dems see silver lining in midterm losses |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2018/11/10/senate-democrats-2020-elections-map-schumer-982420 |accessdate=11 November 2018 |publisher=Politico |date=10 November 2018}}</ref> Senate Majority Leader [[Mitch McConnell]] stated that election day was "a very good day" for his party.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tucker |first1=Eric |title=President Trump Was 'Very Helpful' With Republican Senate Gains, McConnell Says |url=http://time.com/5447863/trump-mcconnell-senate-midterm-elections-2018/ |accessdate=11 November 2018 |publisher=Time |date=7 November 2018}}</ref>

Analysts, journalist, and pundits differed in their assessments of Democratic gains in the election. The editorial board ''[[The Washington Examiner]]'' argued that Republicans had suffered smaller-than-average losses for a mid-term election, and Damon Young of the ''[[The Root]]'' stated his belief that the election "should have been a disaster for [the Republican Party] ... but it wasn’t.”. John Cassidy of ''[[The New Yorker]]'' argued that the election "represented a significant rebuke to Trump." James P. Pinkerton of ''[[The American Conservative]]'' wrote that the election showed that voters prefer divided control of the federal government.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jett |first1=Jennifer |title=Right and Left React to the Midterm Results |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/08/us/politics/midterms-right-left.html |accessdate=11 November 2018 |publisher=New York Times |date=8 November 2018}}</ref> Tara Golshan of ''[[Vox]]'' argued that the election constituted a "massive victory" for Democrats, but argued that [[gerrymandering in the United States|gerrymandering]] and voter suppression prevented larger gains for the party.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Golshan |first1=Tara |title=Why wasn’t the blue wave bigger? |url=https://www.vox.com/2018/11/7/18041006/midterm-election-results-democrat-win-house-gerrymander |accessdate=11 November 2018 |publisher=Vox |date=7 November 2018}}</ref> Colby Itkowitz of the ''[[Washington Post]]'' wrote that the election may have constituted a "blue wave," but added that "the massive repudiation of Trump that Democrats hoped for simply didn’t happen."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Itkowitz |first1=Colby |title=Democrats pinned their hopes on a ‘blue wave’ in the midterms. Is that what happened? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/11/07/how-argue-about-whether-these-midterms-were-blue-wave/ |accessdate=11 November 2018 |publisher=Washington Post |date=7 November 2018}}</ref> [[Chris Cillizza]] of [[CNN]] wrote, "Was it an A+ for [the Democratic Party]? No. But it was a hell of a lot better than a C."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cillizza |first1=Chris |title=2018 was a WAY better election for Democrats than most people seem to think |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/09/politics/2018-democrats-midterms/index.html |accessdate=11 November 2018 |publisher=CNN |date=10 November 2018}}</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==

Revision as of 21:54, 11 November 2018

2018 United States elections
Mid-term elections
Election dayNovember 6
Senate elections
Seats contested33 seats of Class I (+ special elections for 2 seats of Class II)
2018 United States Senate special election in Minnesota2018 United States Senate special election in Mississippi2018 United States Senate election in Arizona2018 United States Senate election in California2018 United States Senate election in Connecticut2018 United States Senate election in Delaware2018 United States Senate election in Florida2018 United States Senate election in Hawaii2018 United States Senate election in Indiana2018 United States Senate election in Maine2018 United States Senate election in Maryland2018 United States Senate election in Massachusetts2018 United States Senate election in Michigan2018 United States Senate election in Minnesota2018 United States Senate election in Mississippi2018 United States Senate election in Missouri2018 United States Senate election in Montana2018 United States Senate election in Nebraska2018 United States Senate election in Nevada2018 United States Senate election in New Jersey2018 United States Senate election in New Mexico2018 United States Senate election in New York2018 United States Senate election in North Dakota2018 United States Senate election in Ohio2018 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania2018 United States Senate election in Rhode Island2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee2018 United States Senate election in Texas2018 United States Senate election in Utah2018 United States Senate election in Vermont2018 United States Senate election in Virginia2018 United States Senate election in Washington2018 United States Senate election in West Virginia2018 United States Senate election in Wisconsin2018 United States Senate election in Wyoming
Seats up for election (general & special):
  Democratic incumbent running
  Democratic incumbent retiring
  Republican incumbent running
  Republican incumbent retiring
  Independent incumbent running
  No election
Inset rectangle signifies a special election.
House elections
Seats contestedAll 435 voting seats (+ 5 of 6 non-voting seats)
Gubernatorial elections
Seats contested39 (36 states, 3 territories)
2018 Alabama gubernatorial election2018 Alaska gubernatorial election2018 Arizona gubernatorial election2018 Arkansas gubernatorial election2018 California gubernatorial election2018 Colorado gubernatorial election2018 Connecticut gubernatorial election2018 Florida gubernatorial election2018 Georgia gubernatorial election2018 Hawaii gubernatorial election2018 Idaho gubernatorial election2018 Illinois gubernatorial election2018 Iowa gubernatorial election2018 Kansas gubernatorial election2018 Maine gubernatorial election2018 Maryland gubernatorial election2018 Massachusetts gubernatorial election2018 Michigan gubernatorial election2018 Minnesota gubernatorial election2018 Nebraska gubernatorial election2018 Nevada gubernatorial election2018 New Hampshire gubernatorial election2018 New Mexico gubernatorial election2018 New York gubernatorial election2018 Ohio gubernatorial election2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial election2018 Oregon gubernatorial election2018 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election2018 Rhode Island gubernatorial election2018 South Carolina gubernatorial election2018 South Dakota gubernatorial election2018 Tennessee gubernatorial election2018 Texas gubernatorial election2018 Vermont gubernatorial election2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election2018 Wyoming gubernatorial election2018 Guam gubernatorial election2018 Northern Mariana Islands gubernatorial election2018 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election
  Democratic incumbent eligible for re-election
  Term-limited or retiring Democrat
  Republican incumbent eligible for re-election
  Term-limited or retiring Republican
  Independent incumbent retiring
  No election

The 2018 United States elections were held in the United States on Tuesday, November 6, 2018.[a] These midterm elections took place in the middle of Republican President Donald Trump's term. 35 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate and all 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives were contested. 39 state and territorial governorships, as well as numerous other state and local elections, were also contested. In the elections, the Democratic Party won control of the House of Representatives and made gains at the state level, while the Republican Party expanded its majority in the Senate.

In the House of Representatives elections, Democrats made a net gain of at least 34 seats; 10 House races have not yet been called. Democratic victory in the House of Representatives ended the unified control of Congress and the presidency that the Republican Party had established in the 2016 elections. In the Senate elections, Republicans won a net of at least one seat; two races have not yet been called. In both chambers, many of the defeated incumbents represented districts that had voted for the presidential candidate of the opposing party in the 2016 presidential election.

In the gubernatorial elections, Democrats won control of seven governorships. 87 of the 99 state legislative chambers held regularly-scheduled elections in 2018, and the Democratic Party gained control of at least 350 state legislative seats and seven state legislative chambers. As a result of these elections, Democrats gained unified control of seven state governments and broke unified Republican control of four state governments. Republicans won control of the Alaska House of Representatives, won the governorship of Alaska, and established unified control in that state. In referenda, various states voted to expand Medicaid coverage, establish independent redistricting commissions, or end the practice of permanent felony disenfranchisement.

The election was characterized by relatively high voter participation, as turnout reached the highest level seen in a mid-term election since 1914. Major issues debated during the campaign include immigration, the American Health Care Act of 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, the Trump administration, and alleged Russian interference in the election. Pundits, journalists, and political leaders differed in their assessment of the 2018 election; some saw the elections as a major victory for Democrats, but others argued that the party's gains were somewhat underwhelming for a mid-term.

Issues

Advertisements and issues

See also: JobsNotMobs and Central American migrant caravans § Political reaction in the U.S.

The 2018 mid-term elections featured a wider range and larger number of campaign advertisements than past mid-term elections.[1] Nearly half of all advertisements by Democrats focused on health care, in particular on defending the Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare) and keeping in place protections for individuals with preexisting conditions.[2] Almost a third of Republicans ads focused on taxes, in particular the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.[2] According to a report by CNN, "So far in House, Senate and governor races this year, more than $124 million has been spent on more than 280,000 immigration-related TV ad spots... that's more than five times the amount spent during the 2014 midterms, when about $23 million was spent on less than 44,000 spots."[3]

In October 2018, The New York Times and The Washington Post reported that the chief focus of Republican messaging was on fear-mongering over immigration and race. According to The Washington Post, Trump "has settled on a strategy of fear – laced with falsehoods and racially tinged rhetoric – to help lift his party to victory in the coming midterms, part of a broader effort to energize Republican voters."[4] The New York Times wrote, "Mr. Trump and other Republicans are insistently seeking to tie Democrats to unfettered immigration and violent crime, and in some instances this summer and fall they have attacked minority candidates in nakedly racial terms."[5] The Toronto Star reported that as the mid-term elections approached, Trump resorted to "a blizzard of fear-mongering and lies, many of them about darker-skinned foreigners."[6]

Vulnerable Republican candidates who voted in favor of the American Health Care Act of 2017 – which repealed portions of the Affordable Care Act – sought to defend their votes with what CNN described as "falsehoods and obfuscations."[7] A number of those Republican candidates claimed to support provisions of the Affordable Care Act, such as protections for preexisting conditions, even though they voted for efforts that either weakened or eliminated those provisions.[7]

President Trump and officials campaigning

In May 2018, President Trump began to emphasize his effort to overcome the traditional strength of the non-presidential party in midterm elections, with "top priority for the White House [being to hold] the Republican majority in the Senate". He was already at that time well into his own 2020 reelection campaign, having launched it on inauguration day, 2017. In May, on a trip to Texas for a Houston fundraiser targeting the midterms, he also held a fundraising dinner in Dallas for the 2020 campaign.[8] By early August, the president's midterm efforts had included rallies in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Florida, Montana and elsewhere "reprising the style and rhetoric of his 2016 campaign". Democrats "need to flip 23 seats to capture the speaker's gavel", USA Today put it. The President was addressing the economy, the border wall, the "trade war", "don't believe anything" and the space force in the rallies, per the report.[9]

In late August 2018, controversy surfaced about the degree of campaigning being done on what were termed "official" visits around the country. One report said, traditionally, partisan attacks and endorsements were kept out of official events but that President Trump was not observing that norm. Beyond the norm, one commentator was quoted referring to "laws designed to prevent taxpayer resources from being used for self-serving purposes – in this case, for campaign purposes." White House-recognized individuals "familiar with the president's thinking" spoke without attribution on a conference call and in another call about the campaigning. The individuals identified 35 events by Cabinet and senior staff members "with or affecting House districts in August already ... [all] targeted districts" and described a July 26 Presidential trip, presented as "official", as having been "for" Rep. Rod Blum of Iowa and Rep. Mike Bost of Illinois. The White House (via deputy press secretary Lindsay Walters) responded to the report: "It is unfortunate but ultimately unsurprising that a liberal publication like Huffington Post would make these misleading accusations and misconstrue the intent of the response".[10]

Federal elections

Senate

Main article: United States Senate elections, 2018

The 33 senators in Senate Class I were up for election. 23 of the seats to be contested were held by Democrats, and eight by Republicans (three of whom are retiring), with two being independents. The continuing senators are 43 Republican, and 24 Democrat. According to FiveThirtyEight, in 2018, Democrats faced the most unfavorable Senate map that any party has ever faced in any election, as Democrats had to defend 24 Senate seats to eight Republican Senate seats.[11][12] Additionally, special elections were scheduled for the same day, to fill vacancies in the other two Senate Classes: in Minnesota and Mississippi to fill the seats vacated by Al Franken and Thad Cochran, respectively.

Republicans defeated Democratic incumbents in Indiana, Missouri, and North Dakota, while Democrats defeated the Republican incumbent in Nevada; Senate elections in Florida and Arizona have not yet been resolved. The special election in Mississippi to fill the seat vacated by Thad Cochran will be decided in a run-off election. All three defeated Democratic incumbents represented states won by Trump in the 2016 presidential election, while the lone defeated Republican incumbent represented a state won by Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election.

House of Representatives

Main article: United States House of Representatives elections, 2018

All 435 voting seats in the United States House of Representatives were up for election. Additionally, elections were held to select non-voting delegates for the District of Columbia and the U.S. territories, with the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, who serves a four-year term.

In November 2017, the number of Republican congresspeople announcing their impending retirements or resigning their seats was vastly higher than any year since 2006.[13] Most of these congresspeople faced tough reelection bids in 2018.[13] The number of retirements by Democrats was in line with previous Congresses.[13] The disproportionate number of Republican retirements may have harmed Republican prospects in the 2018 mid-term elections due to the loss of incumbency advantage.[14][15][16]

Democrats had 193 seats immediately prior to the election, and needed to win a net of 25 seats to take control of the chamber. They are expected to win control of at least 38 seats and potentially 40.[17] This represented their largest gain since the 1974 elections.[18] Many of the districts picked up by Democrats had given a majority or a plurality of their vote to Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election.[19]

Democrats had not had control of the House of Representatives since the 2010 elections.

During or prior to the 2018 House election on November 6, there were eight special elections:

State elections

  Democrats retained trifecta
  Democrats gained trifecta
  Republicans retained trifecta
  Republicans gained trifecta
  Divided government maintained
  Divided government established

The vast majority of states held gubernatorial or state legislative elections in 2018. The 2018 state elections will impact the redistricting that will follow the 2020 United States Census, as many states task governors and state legislators with drawing new boundaries for state legislative and Congressional districts.

Gubernatorial elections

Main article: United States gubernatorial elections, 2018

Elections were held for the governorships of 36 U.S. states and three U.S. territories, as well as for the Mayor of the District of Columbia. Democrats picked up a net of eight governorships. They won all of the seats they had controlled prior to the election, and picked up Republican-held seats in Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Nevada, Kansas, New Mexico, Maine, and Guam. Republicans won the independent-held seat in Alaska.[20]

Legislative elections

87 of the 99 state legislative chambers, in 46 states—6,069 seats out of the nation's 7,383 legislative seats (82%)—held regularly-scheduled elections.[21] In some legislative chambers, all seats were up for election; some chambers with staggered terms held elections only for a portion of the seats in the chamber.[21][b]

Democrats flipped at least 350 state legislative seats.[22] Five chambers—the Colorado Senate, New Hampshire House, New Hampshire Senate, Minnesota House, Maine Senate, and New York State Senate—flipped from Republican to Democratic control.[23] The Connecticut Senate went from being evenly divided to a Democratic majority.[23] Republicans gained control in the Alaska House of Representatives.[23]

Democrats gained a "trifecta" (control of the governor's office and both legislative chambers) in Colorado, Illinois, Connecticut, Maine, New Mexico, New York, and Nevada.[24][22] Republicans lost trifectas in Kansas, Michigan, Wisconsin, and New Hampshire, but gained a trifecta in Alaska.[22][25] After the election, Democrats have 14 trifectas, Republicans have 21 trifectas, and 13 states have a divided government.[22] Depending on the outcome of its 2018 gubernatorial election, Georgia will either have a divided government or a Republican trifecta.

Following the 2018 elections, only a single state (Minnesota) had a legislature with divided control among the parties (Republicans maintained control of the state Senate, while the House flipped to Democratic control). This was the first time in 104 years that only a single state had a divided legislature.[23]

Democrats broke the Republican three-fifths supermajorities in both chambers of the North Carolina General Assembly, thus depriving Republicans of their ability to override vetoes made by the state's Democratic governor, Roy Cooper.[26] In Oregon, Democrats achieved supermajorities in the state House and state Senate.[27]

Ballot measures

  Medicaid expansion proposal passed
  Medicaid expansion previously implemented or passed
  No Medicaid expansion

157 ballot measures were voted on in 34 states. These include many initiatives on redistricting reform and voting rights, marijuana, health care, and taxes.[28]

As a result of successful ballot measures, Colorado and Michigan established independent redistricting commissions, while Nebraska, Utah, and Idaho expanded access to Medicaid. Florida voters approved Florida Amendment 4, which restored voting rights to some felons who have served out their sentence.[29]

Local elections

Mayoral elections

Incumbent candidates won in mayoral elections held in major cities, including Austin, Texas (Steve Adler); Providence, Rhode Island (Jorge Elorza), Washington, D.C. (Muriel Bowser), and Oakland, California (Libby Schaaf).[30] The District of Columbia and Oakland, in reelecting Bowser and Schaaf respectively, re-elected mayors for the first time since 2002.[30][31]

Mayoral elections in November 2018 in Phoenix, Arizona and Little Rock, Arkansas resulted in no single candidate carrying a majority of the vote; those races will be resolved in runoff elections in March 2019 (in Phoenix) and December 2018 (in Little Rock).[30]

Other elections and referenda

Table of state, territorial, and federal results

See also: Political party strength in U.S. states

This table shows the partisan results of Congressional, gubernatorial, and state legislative races held in each state and territory in 2018. Note that not all states and territories hold gubernatorial, state legislative, and United States Senate elections in 2018; additionally, the territories and Washington, D.C. do not elect members of the United States Senate. Washington, D.C. and the five inhabited territories each elect one non-voting member of the United States House of Representatives. Nebraska's unicameral legislature and the governorship and legislature of American Samoa are officially non-partisan. In the table, offices/legislatures that are not up for election in 2018 are already filled in for the "after 2018 elections" section, although vacancies or party switching could potentially lead to a flip in partisan control. Note that at least seven seats in the House of Representatives will be vacant at the time of the election.

Subdivision and PVI Before 2018 elections[32] After 2018 elections[33][34]
Subdivision PVI[35] Governor State leg. U.S. Senate U.S. House Governor State leg. U.S. Senate U.S. House
Alabama R+14 Rep Rep Split Rep 6–1 Rep Rep Split Rep 6–1
Alaska R+9 Ind Split Rep Rep 1–0 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0
Arizona R+5 Rep Rep Rep Rep 5–4 Rep Rep Dem 5–4
Arkansas R+15 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0
California D+12 Dem Dem Dem Dem 39–14 Dem Dem Dem
Colorado D+1 Dem Split Split Rep 4–3 Dem Dem Split Dem 4–3
Connecticut D+6 Dem Split Dem Dem 5–0 Dem Dem Dem Dem 5–0
Delaware D+6 Dem Dem Dem Dem 1–0 Dem Dem Dem Dem 1–0
Florida R+2 Rep Rep Split Rep 15–11 Rep Rep Rep 14–13
Georgia R+5 Rep Rep Rep Rep 10–4 Rep Rep
Hawaii D+18 Dem Dem Dem Dem 2–0 Dem Dem Dem Dem 2–0
Idaho R+19 Rep Rep Rep Rep 2–0 Rep Rep Rep Rep 2–0
Illinois D+7 Rep Dem Dem Dem 11–7 Dem Dem Dem Dem 13–5
Indiana R+9 Rep Rep Split Rep 7–2 Rep Rep Rep Rep 7–2
Iowa R+3 Rep Rep Rep Rep 3–1 Rep Rep Rep Dem 3–1
Kansas R+13 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Dem Rep Rep Rep 3–1
Kentucky R+15 Rep Rep Rep Rep 5–1 Rep Rep Rep Rep 5–1
Louisiana R+11 Dem Rep Rep Rep 5–1 Dem Rep Rep Rep 5–1
Maine D+3 Rep Split Split R/I[c] Split 1–1 Dem Dem Split R/I[c]
Maryland D+12 Rep Dem Dem Dem 7–1 Rep Dem Dem Dem 7–1
Massachusetts D+12 Rep Dem Dem Dem 9–0 Rep Dem Dem Dem 9–0
Michigan D+1 Rep Rep Dem Rep 9–4 Dem Rep Dem Split 7–7
Minnesota D+1 Dem Rep Dem Dem 5–3 Dem Split Dem Dem 5–3
Mississippi R+9 Rep Rep Rep Rep 3–1 Rep Rep Rep 3–1
Missouri R+9 Rep Rep Split Rep 6–2 Rep Rep Rep Rep 6–2
Montana R+11 Dem Rep Split Rep 1–0 Dem Rep Split Rep 1–0
Nebraska R+14 Rep NP Rep Rep 3–0 Rep NP Rep Rep 3–0
Nevada D+1 Rep Dem Split Dem 3–1 Dem Dem Dem Dem 3–1
New Hampshire Even Rep Rep Dem Dem 2–0 Rep Dem Dem Dem 2–0
New Jersey D+7 Dem Dem Dem Dem 7–5 Dem Dem Dem
New Mexico D+3 Rep Dem Dem Dem 2–1 Dem Dem Dem Dem 3–0
New York D+11 Dem Split Dem Dem 17–9 Dem Dem Dem Dem 21–6
North Carolina R+3 Dem Rep Rep Rep 10–3 Dem Rep Rep
North Dakota R+17 Rep Rep Split Rep 1–0 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0
Ohio R+3 Rep Rep Split Rep 12–4 Rep Rep Split Rep 12–4
Oklahoma R+20 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–1
Oregon D+5 Dem Dem Dem Dem 4–1 Dem Dem Dem Dem 4–1
Pennsylvania Even Dem Rep Split Rep 10–6 Dem Rep Split Split 9–9
Rhode Island D+10 Dem Dem Dem Dem 2–0 Dem Dem Dem Dem 2–0
South Carolina R+8 Rep Rep Rep Rep 6–1 Rep Rep Rep Rep 5–2
South Dakota R+14 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0
Tennessee R+14 Rep Rep Rep Rep 7–2 Rep Rep Rep Rep 7–2
Texas R+8 Rep Rep Rep Rep 25–11 Rep Rep Rep
Utah R+20 Rep Rep Rep Rep 4–0 Rep Rep Rep
Vermont D+15 Rep Dem Split D/I[d] Dem 1–0 Rep Dem Split D/I[d] Dem 1–0
Virginia D+1 Dem Rep Dem Rep 7–4 Dem Rep Dem Dem 7–4
Washington D+7 Dem Dem Dem Dem 6–4 Dem Dem Dem Dem 7–3
West Virginia R+20 Rep Rep Split Rep 2–0 Rep Rep Split Rep 3–0
Wisconsin Even Rep Rep Split Rep 5–3 Dem Rep Split Rep 5–3
Wyoming R+25 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0 Rep Rep Rep Rep 1–0
United States Even N/A N/A Rep 51–49[e] Rep 235–193 N/A N/A Rep Dem
Washington, D.C. D+43 Dem[f] Dem[f] — Dem Dem Dem — Dem
American Samoa — NP NP Rep NP NP Rep
Guam Rep Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem
N. Mariana Islands Rep Split Ind
Puerto Rico PNP/D Split PNP/R PNP/D Split PNP/R
U.S. Virgin Islands Ind Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem
Subdivision PVI Governor State leg. U.S. Senate U.S. House Governor State leg. U.S. Senate U.S. House
Subdivision and PVI Before 2018 elections After 2018 elections

Ballot issues and recounts

In Arizona, a court settlement was reached on November 9 between Democrats and Republicans after Republicans filled a lawsuit on November 7 to attempt to prevent Maricopa and Pima counties from using procedures that permit mail-in ballot fixes to occur beyond election day.[36] The settlement gave all counties until November 14 to address problems with the ballots for the states Senate race.

Recounts of ballots were ordered for Florida's Senate, Governor and Agriculture Commissioner races on November 10 after the tallies from 67 counties were deemed too close to call.[37] Due to the recount ordered, Democratic candidate Andrew Gillum withdrew his earlier concession to Republican candidate Ron DeSantis.[38] On November 9, Republican Senate candidate Rick Scott filed two lawsuits against election officials in Broward and Palm Beach counties that alleged officials were hiding critical information about the number of votes cast and counted. While the Florida Department of Law Enforcement announced on November 9 they would not be investigating election officials,[39] a state judge ruled for the Republican candidate, that Republicans be granted "immediate" access to requested information.[40]

In Georgia, a judge placed a temporary restraining order on Doughterty county results on November 9, as some of the 14,000 requested absentee ballots were allegedly re-routed through Tallahassee due to Hurricane Michael, and the county cannot certify its results as all the ballots have not been counted.[41] Before the election there was allegations of voter suppression raised in Georgia, as well as outcry that candidate Brian Kemp did not resign from his position as Secretary of State, which oversaw the election.[42]

Turnout

A professor, Michael McDonald, from the University of Florida, is adding up the numbers as they come in, and has reported that the percentage turnout of eligible voters so far has surpassed the 1966 midterm election percentage of 48.7%, and that it is the largest midterm turnout since the 1914 midterm election (50.4% turnout).[43][44][45]

Records and firsts

The Center for Responsive Politics, projected that a total of more than $5.2 billion was spent by campaigns leading up to the elections, and 2018 is projected to be the most expensive elections in United States history, breaking the previous record from 2016 of $4.4 billion.[46]

On November 3, it was reported that the number of early voters was 31.5 million, which broke the 2014 record,[47] the number was raised to about 40 million ballots on November 6.[48] Some states such as Texas and Nevada, reported that officials had received more early ballots already processed than those who voted at all in the 2014 midterm election.[48]

The election included a number of historic firsts. Sharice Davids (KS-D) and Debra Haaland (NM-D) are the first Native American women to be elected to Congress. Rashida Tlaib (MI-D) and Ilhan Omar (MN-D) were elected to be the first female Muslim representatives and Jared Polis (CO-D) was elected to be the first openly gay male governor. Furthermore, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (NY-D) became the youngest woman ever elected to Congress.[49]

Minnesota became the only state in which each party controlled one chamber of the state legislature. Prior to the 2018 election, 1914 was the most recent year in which there was only one state with a divided legislature.[22]

Alleged foreign interference

Main article: Russian interference in the 2018 United States elections

Director of National Intelligence Dan Coats stated during congressional testimony that "the United States is under attack" from Russian efforts to impact the results of the elections.[50] As of February 13, 2018, six U.S. intelligence agencies unanimously reported their conclusion[51] that Russian personnel are monitoring American electoral systems, and promoting partisan causes on social media.[52]

On May 23, 2018, United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, in a committee hearing, warned that the Federal government of the United States was not adequately protected from Russian interference in the 2018 midterms elections, saying, "No responsible government official would ever state that they have done enough to forestall any attack on the United States of America".[53]

On July 26, 2018, Democratic U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill from Missouri alleged that Russian hackers unsuccessfully attempted to break into her Senate email account,[54] confirming a report in The Daily Beast.[55]

On August 2, 2018, the Director of National Intelligence, Dan Coats announced along with FBI Director Christopher Wray at a White House press conference that Russia is actively interfering in the 2018 elections, saying "It is real. It is ongoing."[56]

Also on August 2, 2018, NPR reported that Democratic U.S. Senator Jeanne Shaheen from New Hampshire reported to the FBI several attempts to compromise her campaign[57] including both spearphishing attempts on her staff, and a disturbing incident where someone called her offices "impersonating a Latvian official, trying to set up a meeting to talk to me about Russian sanctions and about Ukraine." Her opposition to Russian aggression and support of sanctions has placed her on an official Russian blacklist.[58]

On August 8, 2018, U.S. Senator Bill Nelson from Florida told the Tampa Bay Times that Russian operatives have penetrated some of Florida's election systems ahead of the 2018 midterm elections. "They have already penetrated certain counties in the state and they now have free rein to move about," Nelson told the newspaper. He also stated that more detailed information is classified.[59] The Russian hackers may be able to prevent some voters from casting votes by removing people from the voter rolls.[60] Nelson provided no evidence of Russian hacking and was criticized by The Washington Post's Fact Checker who gave Nelson's claim four Pinocchios denoting it as an outright lie.[61]

On July 16, 2018, at a summit in Helsinki with Vladimir Putin, U.S. President Donald Trump downplayed the conclusions of the United States Intelligence Community, stating that he believed Putin's repeated denials of interference in American elections. Later, President Trump answered "no" in response to questions asking if he believed Russia would be targeting the midterm elections, but later claimed he was refusing to answer the question, not responding to it. In late July, the President said in a tweet that he's "very concerned" about allegations of Russian meddling, but adding that he believed interference would only benefit Democrats.[62]

In a September 2018 speech at the United Nations Security Council and Twitter posts, Trump made no mention of Russian interference, but accused China of meddling in the U.S. midterm elections, asserting that "they don't want me or us to win" because of his imposition of tariffs on Chinese goods.[63] China's Foreign Minister, Wang Yi responded by stating: "we did not and will not interfere in any countries' domestic affairs. We refuse to accept any unwarranted accusations against China."[64] While the Chinese government has used its cyber-warfare capacities for espionage and to monitor Chinese dissidents overseas, there is no evidence that China used its cybercapabilities to interfere in the 2018 U.S. elections.[63]

Aftermath

Democratic control of the House Representatives ensures that they can prevent the passage of conservative legislation in the 116th United States Congress. The party will also gain control of congressional committees with the power to issue subpoenas and investigate various issues. However, by keeping control of the Senate, Republicans will be able to confirm President Trump's nominees without Democratic support.[65]

After the election, President Trump stated that he had won a “Big Victory.” He indicated that he looked forward to “a beautiful bipartisan-type situation,” but promised to assume a “warlike posture” if House Democrats launched investigations into his administration House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi stated that her party won gains because of the voter desire to "[restore] the Constitution’s checks and balances to the Trump administration.”[66] Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer stated that Senate Democrats performed “much better than expected” in a difficult election cycle.[67] Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell stated that election day was "a very good day" for his party.[68]

Analysts, journalist, and pundits differed in their assessments of Democratic gains in the election. The editorial board The Washington Examiner argued that Republicans had suffered smaller-than-average losses for a mid-term election, and Damon Young of the The Root stated his belief that the election "should have been a disaster for [the Republican Party] ... but it wasn’t.”. John Cassidy of The New Yorker argued that the election "represented a significant rebuke to Trump." James P. Pinkerton of The American Conservative wrote that the election showed that voters prefer divided control of the federal government.[69] Tara Golshan of Vox argued that the election constituted a "massive victory" for Democrats, but argued that gerrymandering and voter suppression prevented larger gains for the party.[70] Colby Itkowitz of the Washington Post wrote that the election may have constituted a "blue wave," but added that "the massive repudiation of Trump that Democrats hoped for simply didn’t happen."[71] Chris Cillizza of CNN wrote, "Was it an A+ for [the Democratic Party]? No. But it was a hell of a lot better than a C."[72]

Notes

  1. ^ Some special elections, as well as the regularly-scheduled elections in the Northern Mariana Islands, were held on other dates.
  2. ^ There were no legislative elections in the four states (Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey and Virginia) which hold state elections in odd-numbered years. There were also no elections to the Kansas Senate, Minnesota Senate, New Mexico Senate, and South Carolina Senate, since all seats in those chambers are elected in presidential-election years.[21]
  3. ^ a b One of Maine's senators, Susan Collins, is a Republican. The other senator from Maine, Angus King, is an independent who has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2013.
  4. ^ a b One of Vermont's senators, Patrick Leahy, is a Democrat. The other senator from Vermont, Bernie Sanders, was elected as an independent and has caucused with the Democrats since taking office in 2007.
  5. ^ Prior the 2018 elections, the Republican Senate caucus consisted of 51 Republicans. The Democratic Senate caucus consisted of 47 Democrats and 2 independents.
  6. ^ a b Washington, D.C. does not elect a governor or state legislature, but it does elect a mayor and a city council.

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Further reading

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