Catherine, Princess of Wales

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Catherine
Duchess of Cambridge (more)
Catherine at Canada Day celebrations in Ottawa, 2011
Born (1982-01-09) 9 January 1982 (age 42)
Reading, Berkshire, England
SpousePrince William, Duke of Cambridge
(m. 2011)
Names
 Catherine Elizabeth[fn 1]
HouseHouse of Windsor
FatherMichael Middleton
MotherCarole Middleton (née Goldsmith)
ReligionAnglican (Church of England)

Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (Catherine Elizabeth "Kate"; née Middleton; born 9 January 1982)[1] is the wife of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and a member of the British Royal Family. The Duke of Cambridge is second in line to the thrones, after his father, of the 16 Commonwealth realms and, should he eventually ascend to them, the Duchess would automatically become the Queen Consort.[2]

Catherine grew up in Chapel Row, a village near Newbury, Berkshire, England.[3] She studied in Scotland at the University of St Andrews, where she met the then Prince William of Wales in 2001. Their engagement was announced on 16 November 2010, and she attended many high-profile royal events before they married on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. Catherine has created a major impact upon British fashion which has been termed the "Kate Middleton effect", and in 2012, she was selected as one of The 100 Most Influential People in the World by Time Magazine.[4][5]

Early life

Royal family of
the United Kingdom and the
other Commonwealth realms
Badge of the House of Windsor

Catherine Elizabeth Middleton was born at Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading on 9 January 1982 and christened at St Andrew's Bradfield, Berkshire, on 20 June 1982.[6][7]: 32  She is the eldest of three children born to Carole (née Goldsmith), a former flight attendant, and Michael Middleton, who also worked as a flight attendant prior to becoming a flight dispatcher for British Airways. Her parents were married on 21 June 1980 at the Parish Church of Dorney, Buckinghamshire.[8] In 1987, they founded and became owners of Party Pieces, a mail order company that sells party supplies and decorations. Party Pieces is a private company with an estimated worth of £30 million;[9][10][11] Middleton has a younger sister, Pippa,[12][13] and a younger brother, James Middleton.[13][14] The family has complained about press harassment of Pippa and Carole since Middleton's engagement.[15]

Middleton's paternal ancestors were from Leeds, West Yorkshire. Her paternal great-grandmother Olive was a member of the Lupton family, who were active for generations in Leeds in commercial and municipal work.[16] Catherine's relatives include her 2nd cousin (thrice removed) Lady Bullock (née Barbara May Lupton), wife of the former Permanent Under-Secretary of the British Air Ministry, Sir Christopher Bullock (died 1972). Lady Bullock was the 2nd cousin of Catherine's great-grandmother Olive Middleton (née Lupton).[17] The Revd Thomas Davis, a Church of England hymn-writer, was a maternal great-great-great-grandfather of Catherine.[18]

Middleton's maternal ancestors, the Harrisons, were working-class labourers and miners from Sunderland and County Durham.[19]

Michael and Carole Middleton worked for British Airways in Amman, Jordan from May 1984 to September 1986. In Jordan, Middleton went to an English language nursery school[20] before returning to their home in Berkshire.[21] Following her return from Amman, Middleton was enrolled at St Andrew's School near the village of Pangbourne in Berkshire, then briefly at Downe House.[22] She attended Marlborough College, a co-educational independent boarding school in Wiltshire,[23] and graduated from the University of St. Andrews in Fife, Scotland, with an undergraduate MA (2:1 Hons) in the History of Art.

Career

In November 2006, Middleton accepted a position as an accessory buyer with the clothing chain Jigsaw.[24] She also worked part-time until January 2011 as a catalogue photographer, webpage designer and marketing officer for her parents' firm Party Pieces. Despite this, at one point she was nicknamed "Waity Katie" by the media for her apparent lack of work ethic and seeming lack of desire to work, in preference for awaiting a wedding proposal.[25]

In 2008, it was reported that she had quit her job at Jigsaw to become a professional photographer, intending to take private classes with photographer Mario Testino, who had taken several well-known photographs of Diana, Princess of Wales, and her sons.[26] Testino later denied that Middleton was going to be working for him.[27]

Public image and style

See also: Engagement announcement dress of Kate Middleton

Catherine became prominent for her fashion style and has been placed on numerous "best dressed" lists.[28][29] She was selected by The Daily Telegraph as the "Most Promising Newcomer" in its 2006 list of style winners and losers.[30] Tatler placed her at number 8 on its yearly listing of the top ten style icons in 2007.[31] She was featured in People magazine's 2007 and 2010 best-dressed lists.[32] Middleton was named as one of Richard Blackwell's ten "Fabulous Fashion Independents" of 2007.[33] In June 2008, Style.com selected Middleton as their monthly beauty icon.[34] In July 2008, Middleton was included in Vanity Fair's international best-dressed list.[35] In February 2011, she was named the Top Fashion Buzzword of the 2011 season by the Global Language Monitor.[36] In January 2012, she was voted 'Headwear Person of the Year'.[37] Middleton was number one on Vanity Fair's annual Best Dressed lists in 2010, 2011 and in 2012 also its cover star.[38][39] She was awarded the accolade of ‘Best Celebrity Smile’ in May 2012 after placing first in a poll by Bupa.[40]

Middleton is known for mixing couture pieces, often by British designers, with 'High Street' retail fashion. Designers worn by Middleton include Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen, Issa; Jenny Packham; Beulah London; Alice Temperley; Erdem; Burberry; and Catherine Walker. High street labels worn by Middleton include Reiss, Zara and L.K.Bennett.

Relationship with Prince William

In 2001, Middleton met Prince William while they were students at the University of St. Andrews. The couple began dating as early as 2002, although their relationship remained unconfirmed.[41][42][43] On 17 October 2005, Middleton complained through her lawyer about harassment from the media, stating that she had done nothing significant to warrant publicity.[44] In February 2006, it was announced that Middleton would receive her own 24-hour security detail supplied by the Royalty Protection branch (SO14). Many speculated that she and Prince William would soon be engaged, since she would not otherwise be entitled to this service.

Middleton with Prince Harry, June 2008

No engagement was forthcoming and Middleton was not granted an allowance to fund this security. Media attention increased around the time of her 25th birthday in January 2007, prompting warnings from both The Prince of Wales and Prince William and from Middleton's lawyers, who threatened legal action. Two newspaper groups, News International, which publishes The Times and The Sun; and the Guardian Media Group, publishers of The Guardian, decided to refrain from publishing paparazzi photographs of her.[45] Middleton attended at least one event as an official royal guest: Prince William's Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 15 December 2006.[46]

On 17 May 2008, Middleton attended the wedding of Prince William's cousin Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly, which the prince did not attend.[47] On 19 July 2008, she was a guest at the wedding of Lady Rose Windsor and George Gilman. Prince William was away on military operations in the Caribbean, serving aboard HMS Iron Duke.[48] In 2010, Middleton pursued an invasion of privacy claim against two agencies and photographer Niraj Tanna, who took pictures of her over Christmas 2009.[49] She obtained a public apology, £5,000 in damages, and legal costs.[50]

Breakup and reconciliation

On 14 April 2007, The Sun newspaper broke a "world exclusive" suggesting that Prince William and Middleton had split up.[51] Other media outlets, such as the BBC, confirmed the story as the day progressed. The couple decided to break up during a holiday in the Swiss resort of Zermatt.[52][53] Clarence House made only one comment about the relationship's end, according to The Times, stating, "We don't comment on Prince William's private life".[54] Newspapers speculated about the reasons for the split, although these reports relied on anonymous sources.

The original report in The Sun quoted a "close friend of the couple" as saying that Middleton felt Prince William had not been paying her enough attention. The paper highlighted reports that Prince William had been spending time with other young women and said the Prince, aged 24 at the time of the split, felt he was too young to marry.[55] A report in the Daily Mail blamed a desire by royal courtiers not to "hurry along" a marriage announcement, and Prince William's desire to enjoy his bachelor status within his Army career. The Mail also suggested that a friend of Prince William's encouraged the Prince to take a "careless approach" to relationships. The same article suggested that Middleton had "expected too much" in wanting Prince William to demonstrate his commitment to her.[56]

In June 2007, Middleton and Prince William insisted they were "just good friends" following reports of a reconciliation.[57] Middleton and her family attended the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium, where she and Prince William sat two rows apart.[58] The couple were subsequently seen together in public on a number of occasions and several news sources, including the BBC and the Daily Mail, stated that they had "rekindled their relationship".[59] She also joined Prince William and The Prince of Wales on a deerstalking expedition at Balmoral[60] and attended the wedding of Prince William's cousin, Peter Phillips, even though Prince William, due to a prior commitment, did not. In April 2008, Middleton accompanied Prince William when he was awarded his RAF wings at the Royal Air Force College Cranwell.[61] On 16 June 2008, she attended Prince William's investiture into the Order of the Garter, along with the Royal Family.

Engagement and marriage

The newly married Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, on the balcony of Buckingham Palace.
Main article: Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton
See also: Wedding dress of Kate Middleton

Prince William and Catherine Middleton became engaged in October 2010 in Kenya, East Africa, during a 10-day trip to the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy to celebrate Prince William's passing his RAF helicopter search and rescue course.[62][63] Clarence House announced the engagement on 16 November 2010.[62][64] The couple married in Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011,[65] (St. Catherine's Day) with the day declared a bank holiday in the United Kingdom. Estimates of the global audience for the wedding ranged around 300 million or more, whilst 26 million watched the event live in the United Kingdom.[66][67]

In October, several months after the wedding, Commonwealth leaders pledged that they would implement changes in British royal succession law to allow daughters of future monarchs to have equal rights to the throne.[68]

Royal duties

Public appearances

The Duke and Duchess meet with U.S. President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama at Buckingham Palace a few weeks after the wedding.

Middleton was formally introduced to public life on 24 February 2011, two months before the wedding, when she and Prince William attended a lifeboat-naming ceremony in Trearddur, Anglesey, in North Wales.[69] A day later they appeared in St Andrews to launch the university's 600th anniversary celebrations. On 16 February 2011, Clarence House announced that the Duke and Duchess's first royal tour of Canada would take place in July 2011.[70]

In May 2011, shortly after the wedding, Clarence House announced that the Duke and Duchess would extend their tour to visit California. This was to be the Duchess of Cambridge's first visit to the United States.[71]

The Duchess's first official engagement after the wedding came in May, when she and her husband met with Barack Obama, the President of the United States, and first lady Michelle.[72] In June 2011, the Duke and Duchess presented medals to members of the Irish Guards.[73]

On 26 October, Kate undertook her first solo event for In Kind Direct, stepping in for the Prince of Wales who was in Saudi Arabia.[74] On 2 November, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge visited the UNICEF Supply Division Centre for supplying food to malnourished African children in Copenhagen, Denmark.[75][76]

On St Patrick's day, 17 March 2012, the Duchess carried out the traditional awarding of shamrocks to the Irish Guards at their base in Aldershot; this was her first solo military engagement. On 19 March she gave her first speaking engagement for the opening of the Treehouse, a new children's hospice opened by EACH, a charity of which she is a patron.[77]

File:Duke and Duchess of Cambridge at Olympic Gala.jpg
Prince William and the Duchess of Cambridge supporting British Olympic Team at a dinner in countdown to the London 2012 Olympic Games, 11 May 2012.

The Duchess has involved herself with the charities supported by her husband and his brother, Prince Harry. On 29 September 2011, the Duchess officially became a patron of The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry. In November 2011 and April 2012, she and the Duke attended the biannual Princes' Charities Forum, which unites the various charitable interests of the two princes.[78][79] In June 2012, The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry was renamed The Royal Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry, to reflect Catherine's contribution to the charity.[80]

The Duke and Duchess were announced as Ambassadors for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, alongside Prince Harry.[81] The Duchess attend both the Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the Olympics[82][83]. On 29 August 2012, the Duchess attended the Paralympic Opening Ceremony accompanied by her husband, the Duke of Cambridge.[84] As part of her role, the Duchess attended numerous sporting events throughout the games.

In September 2012, the Duke and Duchess embarked on a tour of Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu and the Solomon Islands as part of the Royal Jubilee celebrations.[85]During this overseas visit, the Duchess made her first official speech abroad, while visiting a hospice in Malaysia, drawing on her experience as patron of East Anglia's Children's Hospices.[86]

Patronages

In March 2011, William and Catherine set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers who want to give them a wedding gift to donate money to charities they care about instead.[87] The gift fund supported 26 charities of the couple’s choice, incorporating the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation. These causes are close to their hearts and reflect the experiences, passions and values of their lives so far.[88][89]

In January 2012, the Duchess announced the first charities which she will support.[90][91]

These are:

She will also be a local volunteer leader with The Scout Association in Anglesey, north Wales, her marital home.[95]

Privacy concerns

In 1997, William's mother, Diana, Princess of Wales, died in a road accident in Paris while being pursued by paparazzi.[96] This incident has influenced the Duke's hostility towards intrusive media attention.[97] Both the Duchess and her husband have been clear that when off-duty, their privacy should be respected,[97] yet the media, at times, has violated the couple's wishes.

In 2009, before the marriage, Middleton was awarded £10,000 damages and an apology against the photographic press agency Rex Features Ltd after she was photographed playing tennis on Christmas Eve when on holiday in Cornwall.[98]

On 13 September 2012 it was reported[99] that the French edition of "la presse people" magazine Closer published a photograph of the Duchess sun-bathing topless while on holiday at the Château d'Autet[97] (a private château on a 260-ha estate some 71 km[100] north of Aix-en-Provence). Analysts from The Times believe that the photograph was taken from the D22 (Vaucluse) road from a distance of 500 m from the pool - a distance that would require a 800-mm or a 1000-mm lens.[101] On 17 September 2012, the couple laid a criminal complaint to the French Prosecution Department and launched a claim for civil damages at the Tribunal de Grande Instance de Nanterre;[102] the following day the courts granted an injunction against Closer prohibiting further publication of the pictures and also announced that a criminal investigation would be initiated.[103] Under French law, punitive damages cannot be awarded[104] but such intrusions of privacy are a criminal offense carrying a maximum jail sentence of one year and a fine of up to €45,000 for individuals and €225,000 for companies.[105][106]

Popular culture

Following international attention regarding the wedding, Lifetime aired a TV movie entitled William & Kate on 18 April 2011, in the US.[107] The film premiered in the UK on 24 April 2011.[108] Middleton [109] was played by Camilla Luddington[110] and Prince William by Nico Evers-Swindell.[111] TV programmes were also shown in the UK prior to the wedding which provided deeper insights into the couple's relationship and backgrounds, including When Kate Met William[112] and Channel 4's Meet the Middletons.[113]

A second TV movie is being produced that covers similar ground to William & Kate. That movie, titled William & Catherine: A Royal Romance and filmed in Bucharest[114], stars Alice St. Clair as Kate Middleton and Dan Amboyer as Prince William.[115] Of note in this second television movie is the appearance of Jane Alexander as the Queen and Alias alum Victor Garber as the Prince of Wales. According to The Hollywood Reporter, the movie aired 27 August 2011 in the United States on the Hallmark Channel.[116]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

Royal styles of
The Duchess of Cambridge
Reference styleHer Royal Highness
Spoken styleYour Royal Highness
Alternative styleMa'am
  • 9 January 1982 – 29 April 2011: Miss Catherine Elizabeth Middleton
  • 29 April 2011 – present: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge[117]
    • in Scotland: 29 April 2011 – present: Her Royal Highness The Countess of Strathearn

Catherine's full title and style is Her Royal Highness Princess William,[118] Duchess of Cambridge,[117] Countess of Strathearn, Baroness Carrickfergus.[119][120]

Unlike the majority of royal brides, and in contrast to most previous consorts-in-waiting for over 350 years, Catherine's immediate family is neither royal nor aristocratic.[121][122] On the morning of their wedding day on 29 April 2011, at 8:00 am, officials at Buckingham Palace announced that in accordance with royal tradition and on recognition of the day by the Queen, Prince William was created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus.[120][123]

Honours

Royal Monogram
See also: List of honours of the British Royal Family by country

Honorary military appointments

Canada Canada

Honorific eponym

Awards

Arms

Coat of arms of Catherine, Princess of Wales
Notes
The Duchess bears the arms of her husband, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, impaled with her own arms. Catherine's coat of arms is based on those of her father Michael Middleton, which was granted to him by the College of Arms on 19 April 2011. Thomas Woodcock, Garter King of Arms, the senior officer of the College of Arms, helped the family with the design.[127]
Adopted
19 April 2011
Coronet
Coronet of a child of the Heir Apparent
Escutcheon
Quarterly 1st and 4th Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langed Azure (England), 2nd Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory counterflory of the second (Scotland), 3rd Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (Ireland), the whole differenced with a label of three points Argent with the central point charged with an escallop Gules (Prince William); Impaled with a shield per pale Azure and Gules, a chevron Or, cotised Argent, between three acorns slipped and leaved Or (Middleton).[127]
Symbolism
The dividing line (between two colours) down the centre is a canting of the name 'Middle-ton'. The acorns (from the oak tree) are a traditional symbol of England and a feature of west Berkshire, where the family have lived for 30 years. The three acorns also denote the family's three children. The gold chevron in the centre of the arms is an allusion to Carole Middleton's maiden name of Goldsmith. The two white chevronels (narrow chevrons above and below the gold chevron) symbolise peaks and mountains, and the family's love of the Lake District and skiing.[127]
Previous versions
Her previous coat of arms depicted a lozenge shaped shield of arms which hangs from a blue ribbon, this symbolised her unmarried state. This version of the arms is now used only by her sister Pippa as it denotes an unmarried daughter of their father Michael Middleton.[127]

Ancestry

In a study of Catherine's ancestry, William Addams Reitwiesner uncovered that she likely shares ancestors with her husband Prince William; the closest relationship is via Prince William's mother and Catherine's father through a common descent from Sir Thomas Fairfax and his wife Agnes (or Anne) Gascoigne,[128] daughter of Sir William Gascoigne and his wife, née Lady Margaret Percy.[129] If true, the couple would be fifteenth cousins.[130] Sir Thomas Fairfax and Agnes Gascoigne are related via Catherine's great-grandmother Olive Lupton, daughter of a Leeds cloth merchant Francis Lupton and his wife Harriet (née Davis) – Fairfax being an ancestor of Lupton. In turn, Lady Margaret Percy[better source needed] is descended from Edward III.

Family of Catherine, Princess of Wales
16. John Middleton
8. Noel Middleton
17. Mary Asquith
4. Peter Francis Middleton
18. Francis Lupton
9. Olive Lupton
19. Harriet Albina Davis
2. Michael Middleton
20. Frederick Glassborow
10. Frederick George Glassborow
21. Emily Jane Elliott
5. Valerie Glassborow
22. Gavin Fullarton Robison
11. Constance Robison
23. Sara Ann Gee
1. Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge
24. John Goldsmith
12. Stephen Charles Goldsmith
25. Jane Dorsett
6. Ronald Goldsmith
26. Theophilus Benjamin Chandler
13. Edith Eliza Chandler
27. Amelia White
3. Carole Goldsmith
28. John Harrison
14. Thomas Harrison
29. Jane Hill
7. Dorothy Harrison
30. Thomas Temple
15. Elizabeth Temple
31. Elizabeth Myers

Footnotes

  1. ^ As a titled royal, Catherine holds no surname, but when one is used, it is Mountbatten-Windsor.

References

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Bibliography

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