Jump to content

Same-sex marriage in France

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Deltaspace42 (talk | contribs) at 19:30, 10 December 2023 (Reverted 1 edit by 73.164.84.199 (talk) to last revision by Panda2018 0). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Part of the LGBTQ rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. ^ a b Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. ^ a b Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. ^ Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^ a b c d e The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^ A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. ^ Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^ Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^ Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^ Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^ Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. ^ Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  1. ^ a b Not yet in effect.
LGBTQ portal

Same-sex marriage has been legal in France since 18 May 2013,[1] making France the thirteenth country worldwide to allow same-sex couples to marry. The legislation applies to metropolitan France as well as to all French overseas departments and territories.[2]

A bill granting same-sex couples the right to marry and jointly adopt children was introduced to the National Assembly by the Socialist government of Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault on 7 November 2012, with the support of President François Hollande who declared his intent to support the legislation during his campaign for the presidency. On 12 February 2013, the National Assembly approved the bill in a 329–229 vote. On 12 April 2013, the Senate approved the bill with amendments in a 171–165 vote, followed by the approval of the amended bill by the National Assembly on 23 April 2013 in a 331–225 vote. However, a challenge to the law by the conservative Union for a Popular Movement party was filed with the Constitutional Council following the vote.[3][4] On 17 May 2013, the Council ruled that the law was constitutional.[5][6] That same day, President Hollande promulgated the bill,[7] which was officially published the next day in the Journal Officiel de la République Française.[2] The first official same-sex marriage ceremony took place on 29 May 2013 in the city of Montpellier.[8]

History

Despite the creation and implementation in 1999 of the civil solidarity pact (Template:Lang-fr, pronounced [pakt sivil də sɔlidaʁite]),[a] more commonly known as PACS, a system allowing civil partnerships between two persons without regard to their gender and guaranteeing certain personal and civil rights to both "pacsés", there was considerable political and societal debate over same-sex marriage in France during the first decade of the 21st century.

The civil solidarity pact was voted on by the French Parliament in November 1999 with the support of Prime Minister Lionel Jospin. Following President Hollande's signature of a 2013 legalising same-sex marriage, PACS remains in effect and available for both opposite-sex and same-sex couples.

2004 same-sex marriage

Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

On 5 June 2004, former Greens presidential candidate Noël Mamère, the Mayor of the Bordeaux suburb of Bègles, conducted a same-sex marriage ceremony for two men, Bertrand Charpentier and Stéphane Chapin. Mamère claimed that there was nothing in French law to prohibit such a ceremony, and that he would appeal any challenge to the European Court of Human Rights.[15]

Minister of Justice Dominique Perben had stated that such unions would be legally void, and called for judicial intervention to halt the ceremony.[16] On 27 July 2004, the Bordeaux Court of General Jurisdiction declared the marriage null and void. One legal argument defended by the public prosecutor, representing the national government, was that the French Civil Code contained several mentions of husband and wife, thereby implying different genders.[17] On 19 April 2005, the Appeals Court of Bordeaux upheld the ruling, and on 14 March 2007, the Court of Cassation turned down Charpentier and Chapin's appeal.[18] On 9 June 2016, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that the decision to invalidate Charpentier and Chapin's marriage did not constitute an infringement of the European Convention on Human Rights.[19][20][21]

Reaction

Shortly after the ceremony took place, Interior Minister Dominique de Villepin instituted disciplinary procedures against Mayor Mamère, suspending him from his duties for one month.[16] The local administrative court ruled that Mamère's suspension was legal and substantiated. Mamère said he would not appeal the ruling, having already unsuccessfully attempted to get an injunction from the court, then appealing the case to the Council of State; both had ruled that an injunction was not justified on grounds of urgency.

On 11 May 2004, the First Secretary of the Socialist Party, François Hollande, announced that he would ask his party to file a draft law making same-sex marriages unequivocally legal. Some other party leaders, such as former Prime Minister Lionel Jospin, publicly disapproved of same-sex marriage. Hollande's partner, Ségolène Royal, said at the time that she harbored doubts about same-sex marriage, though now fully supports it.[22]

2006 parliamentary report

A parliamentary "Report on the Family and the Rights of Children" was released on 25 January 2006.[23] Although the committee recommended increasing some of the rights already granted by the PACS civil partnership, it recommended maintaining prohibitions against marriage, adoption, and access to medically assisted reproduction for same-sex couples, arguing that these three issues were inseparable and that allowing them would contravene a number of articles of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, to which France is a signatory (though many UN member nations did grant some or all of these rights to same-sex couples). Referring to the rights of children as a human rights issue, the report argued that children "now have rights, and to systematically give preference to adult aspirations over respect for these rights is not possible anymore."[24] Because of these prohibitions, left-wing members of the committee rejected the report.[25]

2011 bill and Constitutional Council decision

Main article: Bill 586

LGBT organizations in France, believing that the prohibition of same-sex marriage was contrary to the Constitution of France, asked the Constitutional Council to examine the constitutionality of same-sex marriage and to review the articles of the Civil Code. On 28 January 2011, the Council decided that the illegality of same-sex marriages was not contrary to the Constitution, further stating that same-sex marriage legalization was a question for Parliament to decide.[26]

On 14 June 2011, the National Assembly of France voted 293–222 against legalizing same-sex marriage.[27] Deputies of the governing Union for a Popular Movement party mostly voted against the measure, while deputies of the Socialist Party mostly voted in favour. Members of the Socialist Party said that the legalization of same-sex marriage would become a priority should they gain a majority in the 2012 legislative election.[28]

On 12 November 2011, Mayor Jean Vila of Cabestany performed a same-sex wedding ceremony for a couple named Patrick, 48, and Guillaume, 37.[29] The marriage was not recorded in order to prevent a subsequent nullification, and Vila described it as a "militant act", saying that "there are times when it is necessary to act outside the law. Refusing same-sex marriage is to deny the reality of thousands of couples."[30] The French Government's reaction was mixed: the Secretary of State for Family, Claude Greff, called the event a "provocation on the eve of the presidential election", while Minister of Solidarity and Social Cohesion Roselyne Bachelot said she supported same-sex marriage but that the ceremony was "not the best way to advance the cause".[30]

2012–2013 bill

Main article: Law 2013-404
The French National Assembly votes for same-sex marriage, 23 April 2013.

During his campaign for the 2012 presidential election, Socialist Party candidate François Hollande declared his support for same-sex marriage and adoption by same-sex couples, including them as one of his campaign's 60 government commitments.[31] On 6 May 2012, Hollande won the election and promised to pass same-sex marriage legislation before the spring of 2013.[32] On 17 June, Hollande's party won an absolute majority in the National Assembly,[33] followed by an announcement by government spokesperson Najat Vallaud-Belkacem that a same-sex marriage bill would be adopted in spring 2013 at the latest.[34] On 3 July, in his first speech in front of the newly elected assembly, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced that marriage and adoption for all couples would be a reality "in the first semester of 2013".[35] The draft bill was submitted to the French Parliament on 7 November 2012.[36]

On 2 February 2013, the National Assembly approved the first article of the same-sex marriage bill by 249 votes to 97;[37] the debate took several days as opponents introduced more than 5,000 amendments to the bill in order to slow down its passage. On 12 February, the National Assembly approved the bill as a whole in a 329–229 vote and sent it to the Senate.[38]

The Senate started debating the bill on 4 April 2013 and five days later approved its first article in a 179–157 vote.[39] On 12 April, the Senate approved the bill with minor amendments in a 171–165 vote.[40][41][42] The Senate version of the marriage bill was adopted by the National Assembly on 23 April 2013 in a 331–225 vote.[43][44]

23 April 2013 vote in the National Assembly[45]
Party Voted for Voted against Abstained Non-voting
  Socialist, Republican and Citizen group
281
4
4
1
  Union for a Popular Movement group
6
183
5
 -
  Union of Democrats and Independents
5
25
 - -
  Ecologist group
17
 - - -
  Radical, Republican, Democratic and Progressive
13
2
 - -
  Democratic and Republican Left group
9
4
1
 -
  Non-attached members -
7
 - -
Total 331 225 10 1

The same-sex marriage law is commonly referred to in France as la loi Taubira ("the Taubira law") in reference to Justice Minister Christiane Taubira who introduced the bill to the French Assembly in November 2012 and was the bill's main sponsor.[46] The law amended Article 143 (Book I, Title V, Chapter I) of the Napoleonic Code to state: Marriage is contracted by two persons of different or of the same sex.[c]

Reaction and aftermath

Supporters of same-sex marriage campaigning in Strasbourg, 19 January 2013
Opponents of same-sex marriage at a rally against the law, Paris, 21 April 2013

The opposition Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) party immediately filed a challenge against the law with the Constitutional Council.[47][48] On 17 May 2013, the Council declared the law constitutional.[5] The same day, President François Hollande promulgated the bill, which was officially published on 18 May 2013 in the Journal Officiel de la République Française.[2] The first same-sex marriage to be registered in France was that of Dominique Adamski and Francis Dekens, who had their marriage performed in Belgium in 2006 recognized in Cayeux-sur-Mer on 23 May.[49] The first official same-sex wedding ceremony took place on 29 May in the city of Montpellier between Vincent Autin and Bruno Boileau. The ceremony was conducted by Mayor Hélène Mandroux.[8] The first same-sex marriage between two women took place on 1 June in Saint-Jean-de-la-Ruelle.[50]

In June 2013, the French Government issued a circulaire stipulating a maximum sentence of 5 years' imprisonment and a fine of 75,000€ for any mayor or local official who refuses to perform a marriage for a same-sex couple on the sole basis of their sexual orientation.[51] The official may also face discrimination charges under Article 432-7 of the Penal Code. In October 2013, the Constitutional Council dismissed a lawsuit challenging the circulaire, ruling that it did not violate the French Constitution. The court wrote in its ruling that the circulaire "ensures a good enforcement of the law and guarantees neutrality from the state".[52] In September 2015, a court in Marseille sentenced Sabrina Hout to five months' imprisonment for having refused to perform a same-sex marriage back in August 2014. Hout, who served as deputy mayor in Marseille, had been scheduled to officiate at the marriage on 16 August but said she was not feeling fell and asked a local council member to perform the marriage instead. However, the council member did not have the legal authority to perform the marriage and it was later invalidated. Hout officiated at four opposite-sex marriages that same day.[53] In October 2018, the European Court of Human Rights dismissed an appeal from 146 mayors in the case.[54]

In July 2018, MP Guillaume Chiche introduced a bill to legalise assisted reproduction for married and unmarried lesbian couples and single women.[55][56] In June 2019, Prime Minister Édouard Philippe told the National Assembly that the government intended to have the legislation examined in the Assembly from the end of September 2019.[57][58][59][60] The bill was adopted in its first reading by the National Assembly on 15 October 2019 by a vote of 359–114.[61][62] It passed its second reading on 31 July 2020 by 60 votes to 37 (the low turnout being due to most Assembly members having gone on summer holidays).[63][64] The Senate approved the bill in first reading on 4 February 2020 by 153 votes to 143 with 45 abstentions.[65] The proposal would also foresee the state covering the cost of the assisted reproduction procedures for all women under 43 and allowing children born with donated sperm to find out their donor's identity when they reach the age of 18. The bill passed its final reading in the French Parliament on 29 June, and came into effect in September 2021.[66][67]

There has been little political movement to abrogate the same-sex marriage law despite some politicians, including 2017 presidential candidate Marine Le Pen,[68] expressly calling for its repeal. Former President Nicolas Sarkozy said he favored repealing the law in 2014, but said in a 2016 interview that he had changed his mind, calling a repeal "unjust, cruel and legally impossible".[69] In 2017, the party president of The Republicans (previously the UMP), Laurent Wauquiez, said he opposed repealing the law,[70] and in June 2019, the vice president of the National Rally, Jordan Bardella, said the matter was "settled".[71] While running in the 2022 presidential election, Le Pen said she also opposed repealing the law, tweeting on 15 April 2022, "I will not take rights away from French citizens. Marriage for all will remain if I am elected President of the French Republic".[72]

Scope

There had been initial confusion over whether the act applied to nationals of Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia, Kosovo, Laos, Montenegro, Morocco, Poland, Serbia, Slovenia or Tunisia, as it breached bilateral agreements stipulating that the law of those countries applies rather than French law.[73] The Court of Cassation ruled that it does in September 2015, finding the provisions excluding these countries discriminatory and contrary to French law.[74]

Historical recognition in Overseas France

While Polynesian and Mayotte culture historically practiced polygamy, there are no records of same-sex marriages as understood from a Western perspective being performed in those cultures.[75][76] However, there is evidence for identities and behaviours that may be placed on the LGBT spectrum.

In the Society Islands of French Polynesia, there exists people who fulfill a traditional, spiritual and social third gender role. They are known as māhū (pronounced [ˈmaːhuː]) in Tahitian. The māhū are assigned male at birth but express themselves as women.[77] "Being outside of the traditional male-female divide", they are raised as girls from early childhood, carry out women's work in the home and the community, and historically often served as domestic servants of the nobility. The māhū are considered an integral part of Tahitian society; "Māhū were not merely tolerated; they were regarded as a legitimate and contributory part of the ancient Polynesian community."[78] They have been known to Europeans since the 18th century, with William Bligh, the captain of HMS Bounty, having noted the presence of "men with great marks of effeminacy". Historically, if they wished to marry and have children, they would marry women. The māhū status thus created the possibility for marriages between two female-presenting individuals to be performed in Tahitian culture.[79][80] In 2005, media reported the story of a popa’a, a Frenchman, leaving his wife and child to live with a rae-rae in Raiatea.[81]

In Wallisian culture, people who occupy a similar third gender role are known as fakafafine (pronounced [fakafaˈfine]), and it is likely that "they have always existed" on Wallis.[82] Assigned male at birth, they express themselves as women and carry out women's work in the community. They are also known as fakafafine (pronounced [fakafaˈfine]) in Futunan. In the Marquesas Islands, people born as male but expressing themselves as women are known as piivehine (pronounced [piːveˈhine]), while people born as female but expressing themselves as men are known as piivahana (pronounced [piːvaˈhana]).[83] French sociologist Laure Hins Grépin reported in 2005 that piivehine had sexual intercourse primarily with "openly macho" cisgender men, but did not say whether were historically allowed to marry.[81] They are known as ’akava’ine (pronounced [ˌʔakavaˈʔine]) in the Rapa language,[84] as ’aka’a’ine (pronounced [ʔakaʔaˈʔine]) in Mangareva,[85] and as hakavahīne (pronounced [hakavaˈhiːne]) in the Tuamotuan language, though māhū is also used.[86]

In Mayotte, the sarambavi (سَرَمْٻَاڤِ; Maore Comorian: [saraˈᵐbavi]; Bushi: [saramˈbavi]) occupy a similar cultural role, and are "relatively well integrated into Mayotte society". They choose to obey the "law of women", and can take part in the mbiwi, a traditional dance generally reserved for women.[87] However, it is unknown if the sarambavi were historically allowed to marry.

Marriage statistics

In 2013, following the introduction of same-sex marriage in France, approximately 7,300 same-sex couples were legally married in the country.[88] They made up approximately 3% of all marriages in that time, with three out of every five same-sex marriages involving male couples. Approximately 10,500 same-sex marriages took place in France in 2014, representing 4% of all marriages performed that year.[89] Male couples accounted for about 54% of these marriages, while lesbian couples accounted for the remaining 46%.[90] Some 6,000 French communes performed at least one same-sex marriage. 1,331 same-sex couples married in the French capital of Paris, comprising 13.5% of the total number of weddings performed in the city.[91]

Number of marriages and unions performed in France since 2013[92]
Year Same-sex marriages Total marriages Same-sex PACS Total PACS
2013 7,367 238,592 6,093 168,692
2014 10,522 241,292 6,262 173,731
2015 7,751 236,316 7,017 188,947
2016[93] 7,113 232,725 7,112 191,537
2017 7,244 233,915 7,400 195,633
2018 6,386 234,735 8,589 208,871
2019 6,272 224,740 8,356 196,370
2020 4,598 154,581 7,983 173,894
2021 6,406 218,819 9,810 209,461

From May 2013 to December 2016, approximately 32,640 same-sex marriages were performed in France.[94]

By 23 April 2018, five years after the French Parliament had approved the same-sex marriage law, approximately 40,000 same-sex couples had married in the country. This represented about 3.5% of all marriages performed during that time.[95] The departments with the highest share of same-sex marriages were Paris (9.7%), Calvados (5.6%), Charente-Maritime (5.4%), Hérault (5.1%), Orne (4.8%), Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (4.6%), Alpes-Maritimes (4.5%) and Lot (4.4%) whereas the departments with the lowest shares were Guadeloupe (0.3%), Mayotte (0.6%), Martinique (0.6%), French Guiana (1%), Haute-Corse (1.1%), Réunion (1.2%), Ariège (1.5%) and Corse-du-Sud (1.6%).[96]

Overseas departments and territories

Map showing the percentage of same-sex marriages in France by department, 2014–2018. The overseas departments recorded far lower percentages than metropolitan France.

A lesbian couple, Rosemonde Zébo and Myriam Jourdan, became the first same-sex couple to marry in Martinique in June 2013. The couple were married in Le Carbet in a ceremony alongside family, friends and well-wishers.[97] The first same-sex wedding in Guadeloupe occurred in July 2013 in Saint-Anne between Eric Dandler and Serge Willame.[98] The first same-sex marriage in French Guiana took place in August 2013 in the city of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni,[99][100] and by April 2018 12 same-sex couples had married in the capital city of Cayenne.[101]

In Réunion, the first same-sex marriage was performed for a lesbian couple, Laurence Serveaux and Corinne Denis, in Saint-Paul in June 2013.[102] By July 2015, 93 same-sex couples had married on the island.[103] In Mayotte, the first same-sex wedding was performed in September 2013 for a French-Cuban couple in Mamoudzou.[104] The marriage was performed by Mayor Abdourahamane Soilihi, a vocal opponent of same-sex marriage. This marked the first time in modern history that a legally recognized same-sex marriage had occurred in a jurisdiction where a majority of the population follows the religion of Islam. The first marriage between a male Maorais couple was performed in March 2015. In 2022, a couple from the town of Kani-Kéli were denied the right to marry on multiple occasions. The couple were initially scheduled to get married on 12 February after months of planning, but the mayor later postponed the ceremony to 14 February, before postponing it again onto several successive dates. They accused the mayor of being "scared" of performing the marriage in the face of public opposition.[105] Media reported that the couple had successfully married by May 2023.[106] Between 2013 and May 2023, 560 same-sex marriages had been performed in Mamoudzou.[106]

The first same-sex marriage in French Polynesia took place in Haapiti, Mo'orea in July 2013.[107] The couple who had wished for a quiet ceremony were harassed by a group of opponents of same-sex marriage. By February 2014, 11 same-sex marriages had occurred in New Caledonia, representing 1.7% of all marriages, with 9 of these being performed in the South Province and the remaining 2 in the North Province. The first same-sex marriage in the North Province was performed in Poindimié in September 2013.[108] The same-sex marriage law does not apply to individuals governed under Kanak customary law, which recognises Kanak customs for contracts, land, family and persons. If a Kanak same-sex couple wishes to marry, they would need to renounce their customary law status and ask to be governed under French civil law.[109]

The first couple to marry in Saint Barthélemy did so in August 2013 in Gustavia.[110] In Saint Martin, the first same-sex marriage was performed in October 2013 and officiated by politician Guillaume Arnell.[111] The couple had rocks thrown at them and received homophobic insults as they left city hall. The first same-sex marriage in Saint Pierre and Miquelon occurred in March 2014.[112]

Overall, relatively few same-sex marriages have been performed in the overseas departments and territories compared to metropolitan France. According to a 2018 report, eight same-sex marriages had been performed in Saint Barthélemy, five in French Polynesia, four in Saint Martin, two in Saint Pierre and Miquelon and one in Wallis and Futuna since legalization.[113]

Religious performance

In May 2015, the United Protestant Church of France voted to allow its pastors to bless same-sex marriages. The measure, which was passed by 94 votes to 3, also includes a freedom of conscience clause allowing pastors with objections to opt out.[114] A marriage between two lesbian pastors was celebrated in a Protestant church in Montpellier in July 2021.[115] The assembly of the Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine voted in November 2019 by 36 votes to 13 to allow its pastors to bless same-sex marriages. The measure also includes a freedom of conscience clause for pastors opposed to blessing same-sex relationships.[116]

Other religious denominations also perform and bless same-sex marriages, including Old Catholic churches,[117] and Breton Druid groups.[118]

Public opinion

Protest sign at a demonstration in favour of same-sex marriage in Paris, 27 January 2013
Support for same-sex marriage among 18–21-year-olds according to a 2016 survey from the Varkey Foundation

Opinion polls show that the French public supports the legalization of same-sex marriage, with that support gradually increasing over time:

  • A 1996 Ifop poll found that 48% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, with 33% opposed.[119]
  • A 2003 Gallup poll found that 58% of respondents supported same-sex marriage.[120]
  • A May 2004 Ipsos poll found that 57% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, with 38% opposed. Younger people were particularly in favour, with 75% of those under 35 in support. Nevertheless, only 40% were in favour of same-sex adoption rights, though 56% of those younger than 35 were in support.[121]
  • A 2004 Ifop poll showed that 64% of respondents were in support of same-sex marriage, with 49% supporting adoption rights.[119]
  • A 2006 Eurobarometer survey found that 48% of respondents supported same-sex marriage being allowed "throughout Europe". This was 4% above the EU average. Support for adoption rights was at 35%, 3% above the EU average.[122]
  • A 2006 Ipsos poll found that 61% of respondents favoured the recognition of civil marriage for same-sex couples.[123]
  • A June 2006 Taylor Nelson Sofres poll found that 45% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, with 51% opposed. 36% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[123]
  • A June 2008 Ifop poll put support for same-sex marriage in France at 62%, with 38% in opposition. 51% supported adoption rights. Support for same-sex marriage was very high among younger people, with 77% of those aged between 25 and 34 in favour.[124]
  • A November 2009 BVA Group poll showed that 64% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, including for the first time a majority of right-wing voters. 57% supported adoption rights (support was 68% among those between 18 and 25 years old).[125]
  • A July 2010 poll from Crédoc (Centre de recherche pour l'étude et l'observation des conditions de vie) showed that 61% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 48% supported adoption rights.[126]
  • A January 2011 Taylor Nelson Sofres poll found that 58% of respondents supported same-sex marriage, with 35% opposed. Support was 74% among those under the age of 35. 49% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[127]
  • A June 2011 Ifop poll found that 63% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 58% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[128]
  • A December 2011 BVA Group poll found that 63% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 56% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[129]
  • An August 2012 Ifop poll found that 65% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 53% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[130]
  • An October 2012 Ifop poll found that 61% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 48% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[131]
  • An October 2012 BVA Group poll found that 58% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 50% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[132]
  • A December 2012 CSA Institute poll found that 54% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 48% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[133]
  • A December 2012 Ifop poll found that 60% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 46% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[134]
  • A December 2012–January 2013 YouGov poll found that 47% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 38% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[135]
  • A January 2013 Ifop poll found that 60% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 46% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[136]
  • A January 2013 OpinionWay poll found that 57% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 45% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[137]
  • A January 2013 Ifop poll found that 63% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 49% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[138]
  • A February 2013 Ifop poll found that 66% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 47% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[139]
  • An April 2013 BVA Group poll found that 58% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, and 47% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[140]
  • An April 2013 Ifop/Atlantico poll found that 51% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples.[141]
  • An April 2013 Ifop poll found that 53% of respondents were in favour of the new law allowing same-sex marriage and adoption rights.[142]
  • A May 2013 Ipsos poll found that 51% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and another 29% supported other forms of recognition for same-sex couples.[143]
  • A May 2013 Ifop poll found that 52% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples.[144]
  • A May 2013 Ifop/Atlantico poll found that 53% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and adoption rights for same-sex couples.[145]
  • A February 2014 BVA Group poll found that 61% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and 50% were in favour of adoption rights for same-sex couples.[146]
  • An April 2014 BVA Group poll found that 55% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and 48% were in favour of adoption rights for same-sex couples.[147]
  • A September 2014 iTélé poll showed that 73% of respondents including 56% of those who support the Union for a Popular Movement would oppose the repeal of same-sex marriage.[148]
  • A September–October 2014 Ifop poll showed that 57% of respondents were against repealing the law allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children.[149]
  • A November 2014 Ifop/Atlantico poll found that 68% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage and 53% supported adoption rights for same-sex couples.[150]
  • A May–June 2015 Eurobarometer survey found that 71% of French people thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, while 24% were opposed.[151]
  • A June 2015 BVA Group poll found that 67% of respondents were in favour of same-sex marriage, 64% were against revising the 2013 law and 57% were in favour of adoption rights for same-sex couples.[152]
  • An August 2016 Ifop poll for the Association of Homosexual Families (ADFH) found that 65% of respondents opposed repealing the 2013 same-sex marriage law.[153]
  • A September–October 2016 survey by the Varkey Foundation found that 74% of 18–21-year-olds supported same-sex marriage in France.[154]
  • A Pew Research Center poll, conducted between April and August 2017 and published in May 2018, showed that 73% of French people supported same-sex marriage, 23% were opposed and 4% did not know or refused to answer.[155] When divided by religion, 85% of religiously unaffiliated people, 78% of non-practicing Christians and 59% of church-attending Christians supported same-sex marriage.[156] Opposition to same-sex marriage was 17% among 18–34-year-olds.[157]
  • The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 79% of French people thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, while 15% were opposed.[158] The EU average was 69%.
  • A Pew Research Center poll conducted between February and May 2023 showed that 82% of French people supported same-sex marriage, 14% were opposed and 4% did not know or refused to answer. When divided by political affiliation, support was highest among those at the center of the political spectrum at 86%, followed by those on the left at 85% and those on the right at 77%.[159]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In some regional languages of France:
  2. ^ President of the National Assembly
  3. ^ Template:Lang-fr

References

  1. ^ Erlanger, Steven (18 May 2013). "Hollande Signs French Gay Marriage Law". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "LOI n° 2013-404 du 17 mai 2013 ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe" (in French). Légifrance. 18 May 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  3. ^ "France gay marriage faces constitution threat but activists upbeat". Gay Star News. 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
  4. ^ "French lawmakers approve same-sex marriage bill". CNN International. 24 April 2013. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  5. ^ a b "Decision no. 2013-669 DC of 17 MAY 2013 – Law providing for same-sex marriage". Constitutional Council of France. 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  6. ^ "French gay marriage law gets constitutional all-clear". Reuters. 17 May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  7. ^ "France gay marriage: Hollande signs bill into law]". BBC News. 18 May 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  8. ^ a b Vandoorne, Saskya; Smith-Spark, Laura (29 May 2013). "After months of protests, French couple ties knot in first same-sex wedding". CNN. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  9. ^ "S'elsassischa wärterbüach". Retrieved 30 July 2022. Pacs.- (le) d'Eha-n-anliga Lawesgmainschàft.
  10. ^ "Marilh ar boblañs / dimeziñ, sinañ un emglev keodedel a gengred (EKAG)". ville-carhaix.br (in Breton). Archived from the original on 30 December 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  11. ^ "Matrimoniu è pattu civili di sulidarità". Ville de Porto-Vecchio (in Corsican). Archived from the original on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  12. ^ "Pacte civil de solidaritat (PACS)". Mairie de Perpignan (in Catalan). Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  13. ^ "Te 'Āfata Autaea'era'a" (PDF). cps.pf (in Tahitian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  14. ^ Berhokoirigoin, Jenofa (24 April 2013). "Gay eta lesbianei ezkontzeko aukera onartu die Frantziako Parlamentuak". Berria (in Basque). Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  15. ^ "First gay marriage held in France". BBC News. 5 June 2004. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  16. ^ a b "France suspends gay wedding mayor". BBC News. 16 June 2004. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  17. ^ "France annuls first gay wedding". BBC News. 27 July 2004. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  18. ^ Petru Clej (14 March 2007). "French gay marriage fight goes on". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  19. ^ "Affaire Chapin et Charpentier c France". European Court of Human Rights (in French). 9 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  20. ^ "L'annulation du 1er mariage gay de Bègles était légale (CEDH)". L'Express (in French). 9 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  21. ^ "Mariage gay à Bègles : la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme confirme son annulation". Sud Ouest (in French). 9 June 2016. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  22. ^ Platiau, Charles (19 January 2006). "France's Royal says supports gay marriage, adoption". The Scotsman. Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
  23. ^ "Rapport au nom de la mission d'information sur la famille et les droits des enfants" (in French). French National Assembly. 25 January 2006. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015.
  24. ^ "Preserve Marriage – Links". preservemarriage.ca. Archived from the original on 21 August 2006.
  25. ^ "Amour Rules in France but Weddings Don't". CBS News. Associated Press. 27 January 2006. Archived from the original on 9 January 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
  26. ^ "Décision n° 2010-92 QPC du 28 janvier 2011" (in French). Constitutional Council of France. 28 January 2011. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016.
  27. ^ "French parliament rejects gay marriage bill". China Daily. 14 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  28. ^ "French parliament rejects same-sex marriage bill". France 24. Agence France-Presse. 14 June 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  29. ^ "Gay couple, Communist mayor defy French law with same-sex marriage". RFI. 12 November 2011. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016.
  30. ^ a b Stephen Gray (14 November 2011). "French mayor performs "militant gay marriage ceremony"". Pink News. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016.
  31. ^ "Unpopular French President Nicolas Sarkozy Desperately Woos Les Gais". Queerty.com. 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  32. ^ "Mariage homosexuel : une loi avant le printemps 2013" (in French). Le Point. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  33. ^ "After Socialists Return To Power, France Prepares For Gay Marriage". ontomag.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  34. ^ "Une loi sur le mariage gay d'ici un an" (in French). Le Figaro. 16 June 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016.
  35. ^ "Mariage et adoption pour tous les couples: "au premier semestre 2013"" (in French). Têtu. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  36. ^ "France adopts gay marriage plan despite opposition". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  37. ^ "France's parliament approve gay marriage article". BBC News. 2 February 2013. Archived from the original on 15 January 2016.
  38. ^ "France's parliament passes gay marriage bill". CBC News. Associated Press. 12 February 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  39. ^ "French Senate adopts key article of gay marriage bill". France 24. 10 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  40. ^ François Vignal (15 April 2013). "Mariage pour tous : le détail du vote au Sénat". Public Senat (in French). Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  41. ^ "French senate votes to legalise gay marriage". BBc News. 12 April 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  42. ^ Sayare, Scott (12 April 2013). "French Senate Approves Same-Sex Marriage Bill". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  43. ^ "Mariage pour tous : le projet de loi est définitivement adopté" (in French). Government of France. 2013. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  44. ^ Smith-Spark, Laura (24 April 2013). "French lawmakers approve same-sex marriage bill". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
  45. ^ "Analyse du scrutin n° 511, Deuxième séance du 23/04/2013 – Scrutin public sur l'ensemble du projet de loi ouvrant le mariage aux couples de personnes de même sexe (2e lecture)". Assemblée nationale (in French). Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.
  46. ^ "Il y a cinq ans, était votée la loi Taubira, légalisant le mariage gay". 24 April 2018. Archived from the original on 24 June 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  47. ^ "Saisine par 60 sénateurs – 2013-669 DC" (in French). Constitutional Council of France. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  48. ^ "Saisine par 60 députés – 2013-669 DC" (in French). Constitutional Council of France. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  49. ^ Veille, Frédéric (23 May 2013). "Dominique et Francis, premiers mariés gays de France". RTL (in French). Archived from the original on 7 June 2013.
  50. ^ "Premier mariage gay en région Centre". franceinfo (in French). 1 June 2013.
  51. ^ "Quelles conséquences pour l'officier d'état civil qui refuse de célébrer un mariage homosexuel ?". 25 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  52. ^ "Décision n° 2013-353 QPC du 18 octobre 2013". Constitutional Council of France (in French). 18 October 2023.
  53. ^ "Une ex-élue marseillaise condamnée pour avoir refusé de marier deux femmes". Le Figaro (in French). 29 September 2015.
  54. ^ ""Liberté de conscience" : la requête des maires opposés au mariage pour tous jugée irrecevable par la CEDH". Libération.fr. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  55. ^ "PMA pour toutes. Un député LREM annonce une proposition de loi". Ouest-France.fr. 15 July 2018.
  56. ^ "PMA pour toutes : un député LREM espère une adoption "avant la fin 2018"". Atlantico.fr. 15 July 2018.
  57. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (12 June 2019). "France to end ban on IVF for lesbian couples and single women". The Guardian.
  58. ^ "Fin du suspense pour la PMA pour toutes, examinée fin septembre". France 24 (in French). 12 June 2019.
  59. ^ Mateus, Christine (12 June 2019). "La PMA pour toutes les femmes examinée au Parlement en septembre". Le Parisien (in French).
  60. ^ Nationale, Assemblée. "Bioéthique". Assemblée nationale (in French). Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  61. ^ "France: l'Assemblée nationale vote en faveur de la PMA pour toutes". euronews (in French). 27 September 2019.
  62. ^ "France OKs bill legalizing IVF for lesbians, single women". ABC News. 15 October 2019.
  63. ^ "PMA pour toutes: l'Assemblée adopte a loi bioéthique en deuxième lecture". Le Parisien (in French). 1 August 2020.
  64. ^ "Coronavirus: la loi sur la PMA pour toutes ne sera pas adoptée avant cet été". France Bleu (in French). 22 May 2020.
  65. ^ "Le projet de loi de bioéthique et l'ouverture de la PMA adoptés de justesse au Sénat". Le Monde (in French). 4 February 2020.
  66. ^ Bradpiece, Sam; Vanier, Cyril (2 October 2021). "France has legalized fertility treatments for lesbian and single women. A sperm shortage may slow things down". CNN. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  67. ^ "La PMA pour toutes les femmes est désormais autorisée en France". Gouvernement français (in French). 30 September 2021.
  68. ^ "Serait-il possible d'abroger le mariage pour tous comme le souhaite Marine Le Pen ?". Libération (in French). 27 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  69. ^ "Mariage pour tous : Nicolas Sarkozy dit avoir eu "tort" de vouloir abroger la loi". RTL (in French). 5 February 2016. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  70. ^ "Mariage pour tous, la ligne des Républicains évolue". La Croix (in French). 19 September 2017. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  71. ^ "Mariage pour tous : "Un acquis", selon Jordan Bardella sur RTL". RTL (in French). 30 June 2019. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
  72. ^ "Présidentielle 2022: Marine Le Pen conservera le mariage pour tous". Midi Libre (in French). 15 April 2022. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  73. ^ "France's marriage equality law is less equal for some". france24.com. 27 June 2013. Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  74. ^ Kovacs, Stéphane (28 January 2015). "La Cour de cassation valide un mariage gay franco-marocain". Le Figaro. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016.
  75. ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (26 March 2009). "Welcome to France: home of sun, sea, sand, polygamy and the Indian Ocean". The Guardian.
  76. ^ Testard de Marans, Alfred (2004). Chapitre sixième. Mœurs et coutumes In: Souvenirs des Îles Marquises, 1887-1888: Étude sur le groupe Sud-Est de l'archipel. Société des Océanistes.
  77. ^ Pereira, Marco (8 February 2014). "The Third Sex of Tahiti". Got2Globe. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  78. ^ Stip, Emmanuel (2015). "Les RaeRae et Mahu : troisième sexe polynésien". Santé mentale au Quebéc (in French). 40 (3). doi:10.7202/1034918ar.
  79. ^ Perkins, Robert (October 2013). "Like a Lady in Polynesia: The Māhū of Tahiti, the Fa'a Fafine in Samoa, the Fakaleiti in Tonga and More". Petersham, NSW, Australia: The Gender Centre. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  80. ^ Bauer, François (2002). Raerae de Tahiti: rencontre du troisième type (in French). Haere Po. ISBN 978-2-904171-49-9.
  81. ^ a b "Les "hommes douceur" de tahiti". Le Monde. 24 March 2005.
  82. ^ Marmouch, Maroua (20 June 2019). "Récits biographiques de transgenres wallisiennes et kanak en Nouvelle-Calédonie". Revista Brasileira de Pesquisa (Auto)biográfica (in French). 4 (11): 521–538. doi:10.31892/rbpab2525-426X.2019.v4.n11.p521-538. ISSN 2525-426X.
  83. ^ "Lexique pour les Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre" (PDF). Direction générale de l’éducation et des enseignements. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
  84. ^ Walworth, Mary (2015). The Language of Rapa Iti: Description of a Language in Change (Ph.D. thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/51029.
  85. ^ "A Dictionary of Mangareva". New Zealand Electronic Text Collection. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  86. ^ Stimson, J.F.; Marshall, Donald Stanley (1 December 2013). A Dictionary of Some Tuamotuan Dialects of the Polynesian Language. Springer. ISBN 9401763437.
  87. ^ "Rapport d'information fait Au Nom de la Délégation aux Outre-Mer sur la litte contre les discriminations anti LGBT dans les Outer-mer". Assemblée Nationale (in French). 2018.
  88. ^ "France sees 7,000 gay marriages last year". France 24. 14 January 2014. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  89. ^ Bordenet, Camille (23 April 2015). "Mariage pour tous : deux ans après, un bilan en chiffres". Le Monde.fr (in French). Le Monde. Archived from the original on 25 September 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  90. ^ Leclair, Agnès (13 January 2015). "10.000 mariages gays en France en 2014" (in French). Le Figaro. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  91. ^ "13% of all marriages in Paris last year were gay". France 24. 3 January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  92. ^ "Mariage et pacs, Données annuelles de 1990 à 2021". INSEE (in French). Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  93. ^ "Bilan démographique 2016 - Insee Première - 1630". www.insee.fr. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
  94. ^ "Mariage pour tous: les chiffres clés 4 ans après sa promulgation". Linfo.re. Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  95. ^ "France marks five-year anniversary of same-sex marriage". France 24. 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  96. ^ "En cinq ans, 40 000 couples homosexuels se sont mariés". Le Monde.fr. 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2018 – via Le Monde.
  97. ^ "Martinique / Premier Mariage Homosexuel Célébré: Deux Femmes se Sont dit Out!". Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  98. ^ "Le premier mariage gay célébré à Sainte-Anne - Grande-Terre Sud et Est - Saint-François, Saint-Anne - toute l'actualité de votre région en Guadeloupe - FranceAntilles.fr". France-Antilles Guadeloupe. 18 July 2013. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  99. ^ "Un mariage presque normal - Journal France-Guyane - toute l'actualité de votre région en Guyane - FranceGuyane.fr". France-Guyane. 29 August 0319. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  100. ^ "Cinq mariages homosexuels célébrés - Toute l'actualité de la Guyane sur Internet - FranceGuyane.fr". France-Guyane. 4 May 0319. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  101. ^ "Mariage pour tous, après 5 ans le bilan". Guyane la 1ère. 23 April 2018. Archived from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  102. ^ "Le premier mariage gay célébré à La Réunion : Laurence et Corinne se sont dit oui". Imaz Press Réunion : l'actualité de la Réunion en photos. 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  103. ^ "Mariage pour tous à la Réunion : 93 mariages homosexuels célébrés depuis 2013". Imaz Press Réunion : l'actualité de la Réunion en photos. 6 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
  104. ^ "Mayotte: premier mariage gay célébré". BFMTV. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  105. ^ "Un mariage pas encore pour tous". Mayotte Hebdo (in French). 4 March 2022. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  106. ^ a b "La journée mondiale contre l'homophobie". franceinfo (in French). 18 May 2023.
  107. ^ "Polynésie française : le premier mariage gay dérange". Egalité & Réconciliation.fr. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  108. ^ "Nouvelle-Calédonie: le mariage gay fait son nid". 11 February 2014. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  109. ^ "Mariage pour tous: le statut civil coutumier kanak n'autorise pas le mariage homosexuel". La Première (in French). 24 May 2013. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  110. ^ "Le mariage pour tous aurait dissipé les préjugés sur l'homosexualité aux Etats-Unis". Journal de Saint-Barth (in French). 16 May 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  111. ^ "Saint-Martin. Un premier mariage gay pour la presque Friendly Island". 14 October 2013. Archived from the original on 10 December 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  112. ^ "Premier mariage pour tous célébré à la Mairie de Saint-Pierre" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  113. ^ Nationale, Assemblée. "Rapport d'information déposé par la délégation aux outre-mer sur la lutte contre les discriminations anti LGBT dans les outre-mer (M. Raphaël Gérard, M. Gabriel Serville et Mme Laurence Vanceunebrock)". Assemblée nationale. Archived from the original on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2020.
  114. ^ "Mariage gay: L'Eglise protestante unie de France autorise la bénédiction des couples de même sexe". HuffPost (in French). 17 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  115. ^ "À Montpellier, l'Église protestante célèbre le premier mariage de pasteures lesbiennes". France 24 (in French). 26 July 2021. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  116. ^ "Les Églises protestantes d'Alsace et de Lorraine pourront bénir les mariages homosexuels". La Croix (in French). 17 November 2019. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  117. ^ "Les vieux-catholiques : Quelle identité ?". MIVICA (in French). Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  118. ^ "Mariage druidique - Bénédiction de l'Amour entre deux êtres". Bretagne Secrète (in French). Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  119. ^ a b "Les Français et les droits des couples homosexuels" (in French). Institut français d'opinion publique. 10 March 2004. Archived from the original on 26 August 2004. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
  120. ^ Ford, Peter (27 May 2004). "France joins gay marriage debate". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
  121. ^ "Mariage homosexuel:près de six Français sur dix y sont favorables" (in French). IPSOS. 19 May 2004. Archived from the original on 3 June 2004. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  122. ^ "Eurobarometer 66 – Public opinion in the European Union" (PDF). European Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  123. ^ a b "Sondage: 51% des Français opposés au mariage homosexuel" (in French). emarrakech.info. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006.
  124. ^ "Couples homosexuels: Les Français sont pour l'adoption" (in French). Le Journal du Dimanche. 27 June 2008. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
  125. ^ "Un sondage historique: la majorité des Français favorable à l'adoption par des homos" (in French). Têtu. Archived from the original on 20 December 2009.
  126. ^ "L'opinion défend à la fois la liberté individuelle et la cohésion sociale" (PDF) (in French). Crédoc. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 July 2011.
  127. ^ "Une majorité des Français est favorable au mariage des homos" (in French). Têtu. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  128. ^ "Selon la préfecture de police, il n'y a (presque) pas eu de Marche des fiertés" (in French). Têtu. 25 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  129. ^ "Les Français favorables à ce que les homosexuels puissent se marier et adopter" (PDF) (in French). 16–17 December 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  130. ^ "Sondage: 65% des Français-e-s sont favorables à l'ouverture du mariage pour les homos" (in French). Yagg.com. 15 August 2012. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  131. ^ "Les Français et les droits des couples homosexuels" (PDF) (in French). BVA. 9–11 October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  132. ^ "Les Français et le droit au mariage et à l'adoption pour les couples homosexuels" (PDF) (in French). Ifop. 30–31 October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  133. ^ "L'Opinion en direct : " Les Français, le mariage des couples homosexuels et l'adoption"" (in French). 11–13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  134. ^ "Les Français et les droits des couples homosexuels" (PDF) (in French). 11–13 December 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  135. ^ "YouGov / EMEA Survey Results" (PDF). YouGov. 27 December 2012 – 6 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  136. ^ "Les Français et le mariage homosexuel" (PDF) (in French). 3–4 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  137. ^ "Les Français et le mariage, l'adoption et la PMA pour les homosexuels" (PDF). OpinionWay (in French). 9–10 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  138. ^ "63% des Français favorables au mariage homosexuel, 49% à l'adoption : légère remontée de l'opinion sur le sujet" (in French). Atlantico. 13 January 2013. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  139. ^ "Débat parlementaire J+10 : hausse de l'adhésion des Français au mariage homosexuel mais baisse sur l'adoption" (in French). 4–6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016.
  140. ^ "Mariage et adoption pour les couples homosexuels" (PDF). BVA (in French). 18–19 April 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  141. ^ "79% des Français opposés à la loi sur le mariage homosexuel approuvent la poursuite de la mobilisation" (in French). Antlantico. 23–25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016.
  142. ^ "Les Français et les manifestations sur le mariage et l'adoption pour les couples de même sexe après le vote de la loi" (PDF). Ifop (in French). 26–27 April 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2016.
  143. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage". Ipsos. 7–21 May 2013. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  144. ^ "Enquête sur la droitisation des opinions publiques européennes" (PDF). Ifop (in French). 16–29 May 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  145. ^ "38% des Français opposés au mariage homosexuel pourraient probablement voter pour une liste se revendiquant de la Manif pour tous aux prochaines municipales" (in French). Atlantico. 22–24 May 2013. Archived from the original on 23 June 2013.
  146. ^ "Les catholiques français et les évolutions de la société" (PDF). BVA (in French). 23 February 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  147. ^ "Le mariage et l'adoption pour tous, un an après" (PDF). BVA (in French). 26 April 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  148. ^ "Mariage pour tous : 56% des sympathisants UMP opposés à sa suppression". Le Parisien (in French). 27 September 2014. Archived from the original on 28 September 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  149. ^ "La position des Français sur les questions d'homoparentalité" (PDF). Ifop (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2016.
  150. ^ "68% des Français désormais favorables au mariage pour tous et 53% à l'adoption par les couples homosexuels". Ifop (in French). Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  151. ^ "Special Eurobarometer 437" (PDF). Eurobarometer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  152. ^ "Les Français et les droits des couples homosexuels" (PDF). BVA (in French). 27 June 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  153. ^ "Les Français, l'homoparentalité et la question des droits des homosexuels dans la campagne présidentielle" (PDF). Ifop (in French). 8 September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  154. ^ Broadbent, Emma; Gougoulis, John; Lui, Nicole; Pota, Vikas; Simons, Jonathan (January 2017). "What The World's Young People Think And Feel" (PDF). Varkey Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  155. ^ Religion and society Archived 18 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Pew Research Center, 29 May 2018
  156. ^ Being Christian in Western Europe Archived 25 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Pew Research Center, 29 May 2018
  157. ^ Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues Archived 3 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Pew Research Center, 2017
  158. ^ "Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU". TNS. European Commission. p. 2. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  159. ^ "How people in 24 countries view same-sex marriage". Pew Research Center. 13 June 2023.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Same-sex marriage in France.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Same-sex_marriage_in_France&oldid=1189260037"