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The notion that LGBT people, or those supportive of LGBT rights, are engaging in child grooming and enabling child sexual abuse is a far-right conspiracy theory and anti-LGBT trope. This claim has been pushed by a growing number of mainstream conservatives, particularly in the United States and English-speaking world.

The use of "groomer" and "pro-groomer" as slurs specifically rose to prominence in the early 2020s, particularly in the wake of anti-LGBT curriculum bills.[1][2] The conspiracy theory behind the trope draws on older forms of prejudice against LGBT people to argue that LGBT people are systematically using LGBT-inclusive sex education and campaigns for LGBT rights as a method of normalizing pedophilia and indoctrinating children. It is an expression of the homosexual seduction, homosexual recruitment and acquired homosexuality theories, drawing on the idea of an organized LGBT agenda or "trans ideology" to convert children's sexuality and/or gender identity.

Transgender people in particular have received targeted attacks using or alluding to the trope, whereas the older theories tended to target gay men. These accusations and conspiracy theories are characterized by experts as baseless, relying on homophobic, biphobic and transphobic notions; and are seen as modern examples of a moral panic.

While the conspiracy theory behind the modern "groomer" slur is often traced to American singer Anita Bryant and her "Save Our Children" coalition founded in 1977, its precursors go back further.

While the belief that LGBT individuals are more likely to molest children has no basis in fact, this assertion has existed for multiple decades in the U.S. and Europe, going back to the times before World War II. At the beginning of the Cold War, for example, the U.S. government sought to remove homosexuals from positions of importance during the Lavender scare.[3] As a matter of ideological faith, these talking points became more widespread for the use of partisan political campaigning in the 2020s. Advocates for children's rights have protested that the conspiracy theories frustrate proper support for abuse survivors, and LGBT rights organizations have condemned the use of such notions as encouraging discrimination in the United States, the United Kingdom, Russia, Hungary, Uganda, and elsewhere.

One survey by a left-leaning think tank found that around 29 percent of likely American voters believe the conspiracy theory. Results were divided greatly on the basis of political party.

Overview

The term "groomer" refers to child grooming.[4] As described by U.S. public interest publication Vox in an April 2022 report, "Conservatives use it to imply that the LGBTQ community, their allies, and liberals more generally are pedophiles or pedophile-enablers".[5] LGBT+ inclusive education is often targeted, with the argument that it seeks to indoctrinate children into homosexuality.[6] Use of the word "groomer" first arose in the 1980s and became popularized through abuse survivor advocacy, initially applying to actual criminal behavior, without reference to U.S. politics.[7] Its modern usage taps into older forms of anti-LGBT+ prejudice such as the homosexual seduction theory, the acquired homosexuality theory, the lavender scare, and certain kinds of social contagion.[8]

Scientific research has shown that LGBT people do not molest children at higher rates than people who are not LGBT.[9][10][11][12] Despite this reality, American conservatives have pushed the purported link in popular culture over multiple decades going back to the times before World War II. The allegation that having an LGBT identity causes or otherwise contributes to pedophilia has continued as a matter of ideological faith into the 21st century, manifesting after 2019 as the "groomer slur" in particular.[7]

History

Origins

Writing at Intelligencer, columnist James Kirchick argues that the grooming conspiracy theory grew out of more generalized homophobic conspiracy theories which originated in Germany in the early 20th century, in particular the Eulenburg affair.[3] The affair received wide publicity and is often considered the biggest domestic scandal of Imperial Germany. It led to one of the first major public discussions of homosexuality in Germany, comparable to the trial of Oscar Wilde in England.[13]

Scientific research began to explore the causes of homosexuality in the second half of the nineteenth century. Around 1850, French psychiatrist Claude-François Michéa and German physician Johann Ludwig Casper independently suggested that homosexuality was caused by a physical difference from heterosexuals; the exact nature of this purported physical difference became a sought-after target of medical research.[14][15] At the same time, many psychiatrists believed that homosexuality was a product of environmental factors such as bad habits or seduction by older men.[16]

After World War I, a rise in the visibility of LGBT+ people in Germany led to an increase in the belief that there was an increase in the incidence of homosexuality among young men due to recruitment by adult gay and bisexual men.[17] By the 1920s, backlash from psychologists and psychiatrists against tolerance of LGBT+ people in Berlin suggested that homosexuality was a social contagion.[18][19] The SS newspaper Das Schwarze Korps argued that 40,000 homosexuals were capable of "poisoning" two million men if left to roam free.[20] Susanna Cassisa argues that this panic led to efforts, in 1929, to legalize same sex activities for men, but only for those over 21, thus "enshrining in the nation’s penal code the unfounded belief that gay men were seducers of youths".[21] After the fall of the Weimar Republic, the Nazis promoted the idea that homosexuals seduced young men, permanently infecting them with homosexuality and preventing the youth from becoming fathers.[22]

In the USSR in 1933, Article 121 was added to the entire Soviet Union criminal code, making male homosexuality a crime punishable by up to five years in prison with hard labor. Though the precise reason for Article 121 is in some dispute among historians, government statements made about the law tended to confuse homosexuality with pedophilia.[23] The law remained intact until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union when it was repealed in 1993 by the Russian Federation.[24][25]

In the post-war period, similar sentiments emerged in the USA; 21 states and the District of Columbia enacted laws between 1947 and 1955 which targeted gay and bisexual men as "sexual psychopaths". Many of these statues conflated homosexuality with pedophilia.[21] As part of the anti-communist "lavender scare," the 1950 Hoey committee wrote to and interviewed medical personnel to ascertain, among other things, whether homosexual people would seduce younger men and women.[26] The committee's final report, Employment of Homosexuals and Other Sex Perverts in Government, included the accusation that homosexuals were a risk to younger people and that, "One homosexual can pollute a Government office."[26]

By 1952, the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association, officially classified homosexuality as a "sociopathic personality disturbance." In her investigation into the lavender scare in Prologue Magazine, Judith Adkins claimed this framing contributed to increased persecution and prejudice in the following decades.[26]

In 1958 to 1965, the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee, which had previously fought desegregation and attempted to investigate suspected communists, targeted LGBT+ people in Florida schools, arguing they were converting children to a homosexual lifestyle.[27] Hugh Ryan has argued that it was common for racist groups to move onto LGBT+ people, under the guise of protecting children, when their campaigns against black people failed, saying, "They realize that this works, that this is the issue that will create a ‘political moral majority.’"[27]

In 1961, the dramatic short social guidance propaganda film Boys Beware was released in the Los Angeles suburb of Inglewood, California through Sid Davis Productions with the cooperation of the city's police department and the Inglewood Unified School District. The film was narrated by a police detective on his way to a school meeting to discuss the issue of sexual predators who attempt to lure adolescent males. It attempted to educate about an alleged danger to young boys from predatory homosexuals.[28]

In 1977, Anita Bryant and the Save Our Children coalition also alleged that homosexuality was harmful to children, while they were attempting to repeal an ordinance that partly banned discrimination based on sexuality. Bryant claimed "homosexuals cannot reproduce, so they must recruit ... the youth of America".[29] Shortly afterward, the failed Briggs Initiative sought to ban gay and lesbian teachers from working in California's public schools on the premise that their sexuality would "adversely affect students".[30] Of Bryant, Hugh Ryan said, "they’ve already realized that they can harness this political conservatism and attach it to religion by talking about the family."[27] The co-executive directors of the National Gay Task Force later wrote an ironic thank you to Bryant; claiming her "Christian crusade" had drawn attention to the plight of LGBT+ people, they said Save Our Children were "doing the 20 million lesbians and gay men in America an enormous favor: They are focusing for the public the nature of the prejudice and discrimination we face."[27]

By 1981, Lou Sheldon, who described homosexuality as a "deathstyle," founded the Traditional Values Coalition (TVC) in the US. He suggested that grooming children was the real "homosexual agenda," saying, "They want our preschool children. [...] They want our kindergarten children. [...] They want our middle school and high school children." Sheldon later reportedly told columnist Jimmy Breslin in 1992, "Homosexuals are dangerous. They proselytize. They come to the door, and if your son answers and nobody is there to stop it, they grab the son and run off with him. They steal him. They take him away and turn him into a homosexual."[31]

Similar sentiments were also espoused in the UK, with sex and relationships education seen as a route for LGBT+ people to groom children. In 1986, The Sun described the children's book Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin as a "vile" and "perverted" threat to British children.[32] Of the incident, Colin Clew wrote, "To the British media, it was nothing more than a homosexual recruiting manual that sought to undermine Western civilisation as we know it."[33]

In the run-up to the 1987 UK election, both the right-wing media and the Conservative Party had begun increasingly criticizing the Labour Party for supporting minorities such as LGBT+ people over the white, heterosexual majority. They referred to the pro-LGBT+ policies of Labour politicians and Labour-run local councils as proof they were part of a "loony left" intent on destroying British values.[32] The Conservative election campaign featured a row of men wearing badges with slogans such as "gay pride" and "gay sports day"; underneath, the advert said, "This is Labour's camp. Do you want to live in it?" Recounting the period, writer Matthew Todd argued that, "Thatcher presided over and took advantage of the most devastatingly homophobic time in recent British history" with the help of The Sun editor Kelvin MacKenzie, amounting to "a campaign of deeply unpleasant propaganda".[34]

During a 1987 debate for Section 28, Dame Jill Knight of Collingtree said in Parliament, "Millions outside Parliament object to little children being perverted, diverted or converted from normal family life to a lifestyle which is desperately dangerous for society and extremely dangerous for them."[35][36] Section 28 proposed a ban on local authorities "[promoting] the teaching in any maintained school of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship", and came into effect the year after Knight's speech, in 1988.[37]

Likewise, Deirdrie Wood, Labour candidate in the 1987 Greenwich by-election, came to be known in the press as "Dreadful Deirdrie". Labour presented her as "a hard-working local woman with sensible policies", but the press portrayed her as a radical extremist by association, as an Irish Republican Army sympathiser living with a militant shop steward who was not the father of her children, and as a "hard left feminist, anti-racist and gay-rights supporter" (as one News of the World report put it) who wanted to twin London schools with Palestine Liberation Organization camps.[38]

In 2009, Timothy Matthews suggested that the Frankfurt School had as one of its aims the teaching of "sex and homosexuality to children". In the article (written from an explicitly Christian right perspective) in the Catholic weekly newspaper The Wanderer, he claimed the Frankfurt School was working under the influence of Satan, to destroy the traditional Christian family using critical theory and Marcuse's concept of "polymorphous perversity", thereby encouraging homosexuality and "merging or reversing the sexes or sex roles" in order to break down the patriarchal family. [39] In response, Andrew Woods wrote that the plot Matthews describes does not resemble the Frankfurt School so much as the alleged aims of communists in The Naked Communist by W. Cleon Skousen.[40][note 1]

In 2010, after analyzing Proposition 8 voting patterns, David Fleischer (author of “The Prop. 8 Report”) cited anti-LGBT+ advertising that depicted children acquiring homosexuality at school. The advert depicted a young girl encouraged by her school to marry a same-sex partner; Fleisher felt adverts such as this were instrumental in persuading parents to vote to ban same-sex marriage.[41]

On 30 June 2013, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed into law a bill banning the "propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations" among minors, which prohibits the equation of same-sex and straight marital relationships.[42] Vice News claims that many LGBT rights groups have been transformed "from being a stigmatized fringe group to full-blown enemies of the state" in Russia following the introduction of this law, and that openly homophobic and neo-Nazi groups such as Occupy Paedophilia have been described by Russian authorities as "civil movements fighting the sins of society".[43]

The term "OK groomer" originated in 2020 as a play on the "OK boomer" meme.[44] In the United Kingdom, the conspiracy theory began to be popularized within the gender-critical movement around 2020. That year, anti-transgender activist Graham Linehan was banned from Twitter after he began to use "OK groomer" as a term of abuse against those who criticized his activism.[44][45] The term was also borrowed by the pressure group Transgender Trend, which used it in material that it sent to schools in order to oppose the advice which was given to them by LGBT+ charities such as Stonewall.[45] In March 2020, The Times columnist Janice Turner accused the charity Mermaids, which offers support for trans youth, of grooming for introducing an exit button on their website in response to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown.[46] The conspiracy has also been used by the far-right in the UK, including Tommy Robinson, according to Hope not Hate.[47]

Popularization

Far-right anti-LGBT Twitter account Libs of TikTok slurs LGBT people as "groomers".

In the United States, the popularization of the term has been linked to Christopher Rufo, who tweeted about "winning the language war", and James A. Lindsay in August 2021.[48][49]

Following the Wi Spa controversy in July 2021, Julia Serano noted a rise in false accusations of grooming directed towards transgender people, saying that it appeared as if there was a movement to "lay the foundation for just smearing all trans people as child sexual predators".[50] Libs of TikTok (LoTT) also slurs LGBT people, supporters of LGBT youth,[51][52] and those who teach about sexuality as "groomers."[53] In 2021, LoTT made false claims that the Trevor Project was a "grooming organization" and that Chasten Buttigieg was "grooming kids".[51] LoTT creator Chaya Raichik said on the Tucker Carlson Today show that LGBT people "Want to groom kids. They're recruiting."[54]

Anti-Walt Disney protest campaign by CitizenGo (2019)

The conspiracy theory then moved into the American conservative mainstream, with a number of high-profile cases of its use in Spring 2022, including its use by members of the Republican Party.[5] On February 24, the right-wing The Heritage Foundation issued a tweet stating that the Florida Parental Rights in Education Act "protects young children from sexual grooming".[55] During the debate over the act, Christina Pushaw, press secretary to the state's governor Ron DeSantis, tweeted that anyone who opposes the act was "probably a groomer". In April 2022, Marjorie Taylor Greene referred to the Democratic Party as "the party of killing babies, grooming and transitioning children, and pro-pedophile politics". Also that month, a group of far-right extremists and conspiracy theorists held a demonstration at Disney World in which they accused Disney of grooming.[56] Disney has been the focus of several other uses of the conspiracy – Jim Banks and 19 other members of the Republican Study Committee published a letter to Disney accusing the corporation of "purposefully influencing small children with its political and sexual agenda".[57] Gays Against Groomers (GAG) formed in June 2022.[58] They are an American anti-LGBT organization with a large presence on social media platforms and frequent promotion on right-wing media networks. The Anti-Defamation League stated that "GAG peddles dangerous and misleading narratives about the LGBTQ+ community, focusing on false allegations of 'grooming' by drag performers".[59]

Since then, numerous right wing pundits have described the behavior of parents and teachers who support minors in their transgender identities as grooming, and the term "groomer" has widely been used by conservative media and politicians who want to denounce the LGBT community and its allies by implying that they are pedophiles or pedophile-enablers.[5][60] Slate Magazine later described the word "grooming" as "the buzzword of the season".[55] In March 2022, Fox News host Laura Ingraham claimed that schools were becoming "grooming centers for gender identity radicals", dedicating an entire segment of her show to the topic a couple of weeks later.[57] In April 2022, the left-leaning media watchdog Media Matters published a study stating that within a three-week period spanning from March 17 to April 6, Fox News ran 170 segments on trans people, throughout which the network "repeatedly invoked the long-debunked myth that trans people pose a threat to minors and seek to groom them".[61]

Since 2019, protesters have targeted Drag Queen Story Hour events at public facilities and private venues. Also in June, members of the far-right group Proud Boys disrupted a Drag Queen Story Hour at San Lorenzo Library in California, shouting insults like "groomer".[62]

In August 2022, a joint report which was published by the American Human Rights Campaign and the British Center for Countering Digital Hate revealed that the 500 most influential hateful "grooming" tweets were seen 72 million times, and it also stated that "grooming" tweets from just ten influential sources were seen 48 million times. It also revealed that Meta, formerly known as Facebook, had accepted up to $24,987 for advertisements which pushed the grooming conspiracy theory, the advertisements had been served to users over 2.1 million times, and Twitter, despite saying that groomer slurs were violations of its hate speech policy, failed to act on 99% of tweets which were reported as such.[63] The report also recorded a 406% increase in the use of tweets associating members of the LGBT community with being "groomers", "pedophiles", and "predators" following the passage of Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act, called the "Don't Say Gay Law" by its critics.[64]

Also in August 2022, Jamestown, Michigan voted to defund Patmos Library, the town's only public library, over accusations of "grooming" children and promoting an "LGBTQ ideology".[65]

In March 2023, three protesters disrupted drag performer Medulla Oblongata's storytime reading session at the Avondale Library in Auckland, New Zealand. The reading session was part of "Pride Fest Out West", which involved dancing, songs, and stories told by a drag performer. In response, Police trespassed the protesters.[66][67] Auckland Council official Darryl Soljan linked the protest to international media coverage of anti-LGBT opponents in the United States accusing drag performers and the LGBT community of grooming children and pedophilia.[67]

Also in March, a show called CabaBabaRave for mothers and infants was forced to be canceled after footage of performers was shared on social media by conservative pages. CabaBabaRave's website, Instagram, and Facebook pages were also forced to be made private. Organizers claimed that the footage was being shared out of context and infants are unable to comprehend the performances and the shows are not different from other R-rated movie shows.[68][69]

A March 2023 report by the Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH) found that tweets on Twitter linking LGBT people to "grooming" have increased by 119 percent since Elon Musk purchased the social media platform in October 2022.[70]

A May 2023 poll by Gallup found that only 41 percent of Republicans think that same-sex relations are morally acceptable, a 15 percent drop from 2022, while Democratic approval of same-sex relations also fell from 85 percent in 2022 to 79 percent in 2023. Independent voters, on the other hand, have remained steady in their approval of same-sex relations. Business Insider noted that "The sharp drop in support among some Americans follows an especially aggressive year of anti-LGBTQ rhetoric and politics.", including false allegations of "grooming".[71]

The "groomer" conspiracy theory has also been noted as instrumental in motivating Uganda's "kill the gays" bill, after American evangelists including Scott Lively, Don Schmierer and Caleb Lee Brundidge allegedly held a three-day seminar called "Exposing the Truth Behind Homosexuality and the Homosexual Agenda" in the country.[72][73]

Reception

Reddit, TikTok, Meta (parent company of Facebook and Instagram) and formerly Twitter (prior to Elon Musk's buyout of the company) have said that using "groomer" as a slur against LGBT people violates their policies.[74] R.G. Cravens of California Polytechnic State University has described the conspiracy as "completely, patently false".[7]

According to Bryn Nelson in Scientific American, conspiracy theories based on pedophilia use disgust as a form of "stochastic terrorism", that incites audiences already primed for violence to target the subjects of those conspiracy theories.[75]

Vox argued that the rhetoric which is used by proponents of the grooming conspiracy theory is similar to the rhetoric which was used by proponents of older conspiracy theories like the Pizzagate conspiracy theory and QAnon: "grooming accusations aren't concerned with making sense; they're about stirring up fear, anger, and hysteria — which is why they sound exactly like the kinds of fringe conspiracy theories that have been around for centuries. The new pedophile conspiracy rhetoric is essentially the same as all the old pedophile conspiracy rhetoric."[5]

Kristen Mark of the University of Minnesota Medical School has described the conspiracy as "a tool to create hysteria and to create a social panic", calling it "frankly inaccurate".[76] Emily Johnson of Ball State University has also described it as a moral panic, saying that there is "no better moral panic than a moral panic centered on potential harm to children".[77]

Alejandra Caraballo of the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society has described it as "an attempt at the dehumanization and delegitimization of queer people's identities by associating them with pedophilia", adding that "when you start labeling groups with that, the calls for violence are inevitable."[78] Jenifer McGuire, a professor in the department of family social science at the University of Minnesota, said that the grooming conspiracy theory comes "from an underlying desire to separate people who are different and to characterize them as less than or as evil. So it's a new form of homophobia and transphobia — or it's maybe the same old form but with new language."[9]

The Canadian Anti-Hate Network has stated that trans people are "slandered the same way homosexual men were slandered in the 70s, and for the same reason: to deny them safety and equal rights", adding that "the far-right and their fellow travellers in the so-called Gender Critical or Trans-Exclusionary Radical Feminist movements use the exact same tropes in a bid to deny equal rights to trans persons."[79] Florence Ashley, a professor at the University of Toronto, has stated that the conspiracy theory's focus on LGBT people in general and its focus on trans people in particular is being used to radicalize public opinion towards the far-right, comparing it to the great replacement conspiracy theory.[80]

The Associated Press described the conspiracy theory as "another volley in the [United States'] ongoing culture wars, during which conservative lawmakers have also opposed the teaching of 'critical race theory' and proposed bills requiring schools to post all course materials online so parents can review them."[81] In 2022, its stylebook stated: "Some people use the word groom or variants of it to falsely liken LGBTQ people's interactions with children, or education about LGBTQ issues, to the actions of child molesters. Do not quote people using the term in this context without clearly stating it is untrue."[82][83]

Charles T. Moran, President of the Log Cabin Republicans, called the conspiracy theory a "subtle subterfuge that gays are pedophiles", adding that "I will take flak from people that this is reinforcing a trope that is not beneficial for anybody who's gay in public life. Pedophiles exist at a much higher proportion in the straight community than the gay community, but it is always a shtick our critics will go back to."[84]

A school librarian in Louisiana has filed a lawsuit alleging defamation by Facebook pages that falsely accused her of pedophilia.[85]

Public opinion

An April 2022 survey by left-wing think tank Data for Progress discovered that 45 percent of likely Republican voters believe that "teachers and parents that support discussions about sexual orientation and gender identity in school are groomers". American Jewish community related publication The Forward criticized the implications of this finding, noting the interconnected histories between hatred against Jews and against LGBT people due to the groups' shared labeling as supposedly corrupting children.[86] In contrast, 15 percent of likely Democratic Party voters think the same about the aforementioned assertion, which means that in overall terms approximately 29% of likely voters support the conspiracy theory.[87]

Previously, in 1970, 70% of Americans surveyed believed that homosexuals posed a risk to children because of molestation.[88]

Harm done to children through conspiracy theories

Civil society organizations fighting on behalf of children's rights in the U.S. have expressed alarm over how right-wing efforts to use the physical and psychological abuse of minors as a partisan political matter damages efforts against child maltreatment, particularly regarding victims of sexual abuse as minors.[89][90][7]

In an interview with Phys.org, Laura Palumbo, the communications director for the National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC), commented that "[m]any survivors may not even have disclosed (their experience) to their own friends, family and loved ones because of the shame and stigma that they face." She added, "And then to see that their stories are being tossed around by others to make a point about an unrelated issue does have a harmful impact". Jenny Coleman, the director of Stop It Now!, also expressed frustration. She remarked, "It feels like child sex abuse prevention is being hijacked by people to fit an agenda that has absolutely nothing to do with preventing child sexual abuse."[7]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Matthews' article accused the Frankfurt School of having eleven primary aims:
    1. The creation of racism offences
    2. Continual change to create confusion
    3. The teaching of sex and homosexuality to children
    4. The undermining of schools' and teachers' authority
    5. Huge immigration to destroy identity
    6. The promotion of excessive drinking
    7. Emptying of churches
    8. An unreliable legal system with bias against victims of crime
    9. Dependency on the state or state benefits
    10. Control and dumbing down of media
    11. Encouraging the breakdown of the family

References

  1. ^ "False online accusations of 'grooming' against LGBTQ people are spiking, experts say". NBC News. April 19, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  2. ^ Grant, Melissa Gira; Yearwood, Lori Teresa; Yearwood, Lori Teresa; Bacharach, Jacob; Bacharach, Jacob (March 17, 2022). ""Grooming" Is Republicans' Cruel New Buzzword for Targeting Trans Kids". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  3. ^ a b Kirchick, James (May 31, 2022). "The Long, Sordid History of the Gay Conspiracy Theory". Intelligencer. New York. Retrieved July 28, 2022.
  4. ^ Walker, Jesse (February 2023). "A Modern History of 'Groomer' Politics". Reason.com.
  5. ^ a b c d Romano, Aja (April 21, 2022). "The right's moral panic over "grooming" invokes age-old homophobia". Vox. Vox Media. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
  6. ^ "Transcript - Anita Bryant's War on Gay Rights". slate.com. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  7. ^ a b c d e Keveney, Bill (May 2, 2022). "Weaponized grooming rhetoric is taking a toll on LGBTQ community and child sex abuse survivors". Phys.org. Retrieved July 29, 2022.
  8. ^ "Perspective | The shameful history of the Lavender Scare echoes today". Washington Post. April 27, 2023. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  9. ^ a b Czopek, Madison (May 11, 2022). "Why it's not 'grooming': What research says about gender and sexuality in schools". Politifact. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  10. ^ "Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation". lgbpsychology.org. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  11. ^ "Sexual Orientation, Parents, & Children". August 2, 2017. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  12. ^ Jenny, C.; Roesler, T. A.; Poyer, K. L. (July 1994). "Are children at risk for sexual abuse by homosexuals?". Pediatrics. 94 (1): 41–44. doi:10.1542/peds.94.1.41. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 8008535. S2CID 33124736.
  13. ^ Steakley, James D. (1989). "Iconography of a Scandal: Political Cartoons and the Eulenburg Affair in Wilhelmine Germany". In Dubermann, Martin (ed.). Hidden From History: Reclaiming The Gay And Lesbian Past. New American Library. pp. 325–326.
  14. ^ Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky (1990). Epistemology of the Closet. University of California Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-912453-27-6.
  15. ^ Schwartz, Michael (July 1, 2021). "Homosexuelle im modernen Deutschland: Eine Langzeitperspektive auf historische Transformationen". Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 69 (3): 377–414. doi:10.1515/vfzg-2021-0028. ISSN 2196-7121. S2CID 235689714.
  16. ^ Samper Vendrell, Javier (2020). The seduction of youth: print culture and homosexual rights in the Weimar Republic. German and European studies. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-1-4875-2503-3.
  17. ^ Vendrell, Javier Samper (2020). Seduction of Youth: Print Culture and Homosexual Rights in the Weimar Republic. University of Toronto Press. pp. 16–17. ISBN 9781487525033.
  18. ^ Giles, Geoffrey J. (2011). "The Persecution of Gay Men and Lesbians During the Third Reich". In Friedman, Jonathan C. (ed.). The Routledge history of the Holocaust. The Routledge Histories. London: Routledge. pp. 390–391. ISBN 978-0-203-83744-3.
  19. ^ Whisnant, Clayton John (2016). Queer identities and politics in Germany: a history, 1880-1945. New York (N. Y.): Harrington Park Press. pp. 20–21, 23. ISBN 978-1-939594-09-9.
  20. ^ Zinn, Alexander (2020). "»Das sind Staatsfeinde«: Die NS-Homosexuellenverfolgung 1933–1945 ["They are enemies of the state": The Nazi persecution of homosexuals 1933–1945]" (PDF). Fritz Bauer Instituts. p. 12. ISSN 1868-4211. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
  21. ^ a b "Perspective | The 'groomer' anti-LGBTQ+ panic is not new — and has caused immense harm". Washington Post. July 23, 2023. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  22. ^ Snyder, David Raub (2007). Sex Crimes Under the Wehrmacht. University of Nebraska Press. p. 105. ISBN 978-0-8032-0742-4.
  23. ^ Healey, Dan (2001). Homosexual Desire in Revolutionary Russia: The Regulation of Sexual and Gender Dissent. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226922546.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-32234-6.
  24. ^ ""Russia: Update to RUS13194 of 16 February 1993 on the treatment of homosexuals"". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. February 16, 1993. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  25. ^ "Anne Buetikofer -- Homosexuality in the Soviet Union and in today's Russia". September 24, 2015. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  26. ^ a b c ""These People Are Frightened to Death"". National Archives. August 15, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  27. ^ a b c d "How 1970s Christian crusader Anita Bryant helped spawn Florida's LGBTQ culture war". NBC News. April 14, 2022. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
  28. ^ Garrison, J. Wesley (2009). American Educational History Journal Volume 36, Number 1 And 2, 2009. Information Age Publishing, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-60752-225-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  29. ^ "How 1970s Christian crusader Anita Bryant helped spawn Florida's LGBTQ culture war". NBC News. April 14, 2022. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
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