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Timeline of Baghdad

Coordinates: 33°19′30″N 44°25′19″E / 33.325°N 44.422°E / 33.325; 44.422
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The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Baghdad, Iraq.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
  1. 2000 BCE – Babylonian city of Baghdadu in existence (approximate date).[1]
  2. 762 CE
  3. 767 – Al-Mansur Mosque built.[4]
  4. 775 – Bab al-Taq (gate) built.[5]
  5. 786 – Harun al-Rashid in power.[6]
  6. 794 – Paper mill in operation.[6][7]
  7. 799 – Mashhad al-Kazimiyya built.[4]
  8. 812-813 Siege of Baghdad, Fourth Fitna (Islamic Civil War)
  9. 814 – City captured by al-Ma'mun.[6]
  10. 827 – Tomb of Zobeide built.[8]
  11. 836 – Abbasid Caliphate of Al-Mu'tasim relocated from Baghdad to Samarra.[9]
  12. 850 – Book of Ingenious Devices published.[10]
  13. 855 – Funeral of Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[11]
  14. 861 – 11 December: Caliph Al-Mutawakkil assassinated.[6]
  15. 865 – City wall built.[12]
  16. 865-866 Caliphal Civil War, was an armed conflict during the "Anarchy at Samarra" between the rival caliphs al-Musta'in and al-Mu'tazz.
  17. 892 – Abbasid Caliphate of Al-Mu'tamid relocated to Baghdad from Samarra.[9]
  18. 901 – Jami al-Qasr (mosque) built.[13]
  19. 908 – Khulafa Mosque built.[4]
  20. 946 – Battle of Baghdad; Shia Buyids in power.[9]
  21. 993 – Dar al-'Ilm (educational institution) founded.[14]
  22. 1055 – Seljuq Nizam al-Mulk in power.[6]
  23. 1157 - Siege of Baghdad, Abbasid–Seljuq Wars
  24. 1060 – Dar al-Kutub (library) founded.[14]
  25. 1066 – Abu Hanifa Mosque restored.[citation needed]
  26. 1067 – Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad (college) established.[9][15]
  27. 1095 – City wall rebuilt.[12]
  28. 1180 – Caliph Al-Nasir in power.
  29. 1193 – Jami' Zumurrud Khatun (mosque) and Turbat Zumurrud Khatun (tomb) built.[4]
  30. 1202 – Minaret of Jami' al-Khaffafin built (approximate date).[4]
  31. 1215 – Tomb of Maruf el-Kerkhi built.[8]
  32. 1221 – Bab al-Talsim (Talisman gate) built.[4]
  33. 1226 - al-Baghdadi compiles Kitab al-Tabikh (1226) [ar] (cookbook).
  34. 1228 – Jami' al-Qumriyya Mosque built.[4]
  35. 1230 – Al-Qasr al-Abbasi fi al-Qal'a built (approximate date).[4]
  36. 1232 – Mustansiriya Madrasah established.[4][13]
  37. 1252 – Shrine of Abdul-Kadir built.[8]
  38. 1258 – January–February: City destroyed by forces of Mongol Hulagu Khan during the Siege of Baghdad; most of population killed.[9]
  39. 1272 – Marco Polo visits city (approximate date).[9]
  40. 1326 – Ibn Battuta visits city.[16]
  41. 1357 – Al-Madrasah al-Mirjaniyya built.[4]
  42. 1358 – Khan al-Mirjan built.[4]
  43. 1393 – City captured by Timur.[9]
  44. 1401 – City captured by Timur again.[9]
  45. 1405 – Sultan Ahmed Jalayir in power.[9]
  46. 1417 – City taken by Qara Yusuf.[8]
  47. 1468 – Aq Qoyunlu in power.[6]

16th–19th centuries

  1. 1508 - City taken by Persian Ismail I.[17]
  2. 1534
  3. 1535 – City becomes capital of the Baghdad Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire.
  4. 1544 – City taken by forces of Suleiman I.[8]
  5. 1578 – Jami' Murad Basha built.[4]
  6. 1601 – Coffeehouse built.[18]
  7. 1602 – City taken by forces of Abbas I of Persia.[8]
  8. 1623 – 23 January: Capture of Baghdad by Safavids.[9]
  9. 1625 - Siege of Baghdad, Ottoman–Safavid Wars
  10. 1638 – Capture of Baghdad by forces of Ottoman Murad IV.[19]
  11. 1682 – Khaseki mosque built.[1]
  12. 1683 – City besieged.[9]
  13. 1780 – Mamluk Sulayman Pasha the Great in power.[9]
  14. 1795 – Jami al-Maydan built.[4]
  15. 1799 – City besieged by Wahhabi-Saudi forces.[9]
  16. 1816 – Mamluk Dawud Pasha in power.[9]
  17. 1823 – Population: 80,000 (estimate).[20]
  18. 1826 – Jami' Haydar Khanah built.[4]
  19. 1830
  20. 1831 – Flood, then famine.[9]
  21. 1841 – Lynch Brothers in business.[22]
  22. 1848 – Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baghdad established.
  23. 1849 – Remnants discovered of quay of Nebuchadrezzar, from Babylonian city of Baghdadu.[1]
  24. 1861 – Istanbul-Baghdad telegraph line installed.[23]
  25. 1865
  26. 1869 – Midhat Pasha in power.[9]
  27. 1870
    • Municipal council established.[9]
    • City walls demolished.[13]
  28. 1871 – Population: 65,000.[21]
  29. 1880 – Turkish camel post begins operating (approximate date).[1]
  30. 1895 – Population: 100,000 (estimate).[8]
  31. 1899 – Alliance Israélite girls' school established.[1]

20th century

1900s–1940s

  1. 1908 – Population: 140,000 (estimate).[24]
  2. 1909 – Cinema built.[25]
  3. 1911 – Ottoman XIII Corps headquartered in Baghdad.
  4. 1912 – Population: 200,000 (estimate).[26]
  5. 1914 – October: Samarra-Baghdad railway begins operating.[9]
  6. 1915
  7. 1917
  8. 1919 – Guardians of Independence organized.
  9. 1920
  10. 1926 – Baghdad Antiquities Museum founded.
  11. 1927 – British Imperial Airways begins operating Cairo-Baghdad-Basrah flights.[9]
  12. 1929 – Al-Maktabatil Aammah (public library) active.
  13. 1931 – Strike.[29]
  14. 1936 – Military coup.[9]
  15. 1940 – Iraqi Music Institute inaugurated.[30]
  16. 1941 - Iraqi coup d'état in Baghdad, World War II
  17. 1941
  18. 1944 – Baghdad Symphony Orchestra founded.
  19. 1946 – Al-Sarafiya bridge built.
  20. 1947 - Population: 352,137.[32]
  21. 1948
    • Uprising.[9]
    • Popular Theatre Company[30] and filmmaking Studio of Baghdad formed.[25]

1950s–1990s

  1. 1952
    • Uprising.[9]
    • Modern Theatre Company formed.[30]
  2. 1953 – Baghdad Central Station built.
  3. 1956
    • Samarra Barrage constructed on the Tigris River near the city.[33]
    • May: Government television begins broadcasting.[34]
    • Uprising.[35]
    • Iraqi Artists Society formed.[36]
  4. 1957
  5. 1958
  6. 1959
  7. 1960 – September: OPEC founded at Baghdad Conference (Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela).
  8. 1961 – Iraq National Library and Archive established.
  9. 1963
  10. 1964 – Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital established.
  11. 1965 - Population: 1,490,759 city; 1,657,424 urban agglomeration.[37]
  12. 1966
  13. 1967 – Firqat Ittahaad al-Fannaaneed theatre group formed.[30]
  14. 1968 – National Theatre Company established.[30]
  15. 1970 - Population: 1,984,142 (estimate).[39]
  16. 1971 – Baghdad Zoo opens.
  17. 1975 – Central Post Office built.[4]
  18. 1978 – November: Arab League summit.
  19. 1980
  20. 1981 – National Film Center and Saddam Hussein Gymnasium (now Baghdad Gymnasium) built.[4]
  21. 1982
  22. 1983 – Al-Shaheed Monument built.[4]
  23. 1985
    • Baghdad Festival of Arab theatre begins.[30]
    • Amanat Al Assima Housing complex and Central Bank of Iraq building constructed.[4]
  24. 1987 - Population: 3,841,268.[40]
  25. 1988 – Saddam University established.
  26. 1989 – Victory Arch erected.[33]
  27. 1991
  28. 1993 – 26 June: Missile strikes by United States.
  29. 1994 – Baghdad Tower constructed.

21st century

2000s

  1. 2002 – April: Statue of Saddam Hussein erected in Firdos Square.
  2. 2003
  3. 2004
  4. 2005
  5. 2006
  6. 2007
  7. 2008
  8. 2009

2010s

See also: Iraqi insurgency (2011–present)
  1. 2010
  2. 2012
  3. 2015 - Air pollution in Baghdad reaches annual mean of 88 PM2.5 and 208 PM10, much higher than recommended.[47]
  4. 2016 - 3 July: Bombing in Karrada.
  5. 2018 - 10 June: Election ballot warehouse catches fire.[48]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Bagdad", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Charles Wendell (1971). "Baghdad: Imago Mundi, and Other Foundation-Lore". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2 (2): 99–128. doi:10.1017/S0020743800000994. JSTOR 162258.
  3. ^ Clifford Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Baghdad". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v ArchNet. "Baghdad". Archived from the original on December 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |archivedate= (help)
  5. ^ Jacob Lassner (1966). "Massignon and Baghdad: The Complexities of Growth in an Imperial City". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9 (1/2): 1–27. JSTOR 3596170.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Jacqueline Griffin (1996), "Baghdad", in Trudy Ring (ed.), Middle East and Africa, International Dictionary of Historic Places, Routledge, ISBN 9781884964039
  7. ^ History of Printing Timeline, American Printing History Association, retrieved 6 May 2016
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Charles Wilson, ed. (1895), "Baghdad", Handbook for Travellers in Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Persia, etc., London: John Murray, OCLC 8979039 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2008), "Baghdad", Cities of the Middle East and North Africa, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC-CLIO
  10. ^ Jim Al-Khalili (2010), Pathfinders: the golden age of Arabic science, London: Allen Lane, ISBN 9781846141614
  11. ^ Felix Jones (1856). "Brief Observations, Forming an Appendix to the Map of Baghdad". Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society. 12. Bombay.
  12. ^ a b George Makdisi (1959). "Topography of Eleventh Century Baġdād: Materials and Notes". Arabica. 6 (2): 178–197. doi:10.1163/157005859X00334. JSTOR 4055493.
  13. ^ a b c Francoise Micheau (2008). "Baghdad in the Abbasid Era". The City in the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 9789004162402.
  14. ^ a b George Makdisi (1961). "Muslim Institutions of Learning in Eleventh-Century Baghdad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 24 (1): 1–56. doi:10.1017/s0041977x0014039x. JSTOR 610293.
  15. ^ "West Asia: Iraq, 1000–1400 A.D.: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  16. ^ Michael Cooperson (1996). "Baghdad in Rhetoric and Narrative". Muqarnas. 13. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012.
  17. ^ Justin Marozzi (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-194804-1.
  18. ^ Markman Ellis (2004). The Coffee-House: a Cultural History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297843192.
  19. ^ "Bagdad". Edinburgh Gazetteer (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1829. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Bagdad", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ a b Edward Balfour, ed. (1871). "Baghdad". Cyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia (2nd ed.). Madras. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  22. ^ Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914 : A Documentary Economic History. Oxford University Press. 1988.
  23. ^ a b Soli Shahvar (2003). "Tribes and Telegraphs in Lower Iraq: The Muntafiq and the Baghdad-Basrah Telegraph Line of 1863-65". Middle Eastern Studies. 39 (1): 89–116. doi:10.1080/00263200412331301607. JSTOR 4284278.
  24. ^ Lorimer (1908). "City of Baghdad". Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Calcutta. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  25. ^ a b Oliver Leaman, ed. (2001), Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film, Routledge, ISBN 9780415187039
  26. ^ "Baghdad", Palestine and Syria (5th ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1912 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  27. ^ "Iraq Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
  28. ^ Stephen Pope; Elizabeth-Anne Wheal (1995). "Select Chronology". Dictionary of the First World War. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-85052-979-1. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ Peter Sluglett (2007), Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country 1914-1932, NY: Columbia University Press, ISBN 9780231142007
  30. ^ a b c d e f Don Rubin, ed. (1999), World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre, London: Routledge, ISBN 0415059321
  31. ^ Richard Overy, ed. (2013). New York Times Book of World War II 1939-1945. USA: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60376-377-6.
  32. ^ "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations.
  33. ^ a b c d Caecilia Pieri (2008). "Modernity and its Posts in Constructing an Arab Capital: Baghdad's Urban Space and Architecture". Middle East Studies Association Bulletin. 42 (1/2): 32–39. JSTOR 23063540.
  34. ^ Douglas A. Boyd (1982). "Radio and Television in Iraq: The Electronic Media in a Transitional Arab World Country". Middle Eastern Studies. 18 (4): 400–410. doi:10.1080/00263208208700522. JSTOR 4282908.
  35. ^ a b c Kwasi Kwarteng (2011), Ghosts of empire: Britain's legacies in the modern world, New York: PublicAffairs
  36. ^ Orit Bashkin (2008), The other Iraq: pluralism and culture in Hashemite Iraq, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, ISBN 9780804759922
  37. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  38. ^ a b Terri Ginsberg; Chris Lippard (2010), Historical Dictionary of Middle Eastern Cinema, USA: Scarecrow Press
  39. ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  40. ^ United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division (1997). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 262–321. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  41. ^ a b "Baghdad Mayor Is Ousted by a Shiite Group and Replaced". New York Times. 10 August 2005.
  42. ^ "Baghdad International Film Festival". Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  43. ^ "Baghdad car bomb hits book market". Al Jazeera. 6 March 2007.
  44. ^ "Baghdad security walls curb violence, at a cost". Reuters. 6 February 2008.
  45. ^ "When the Walls Come Down". New York Times. 14 October 2009.
  46. ^ a b c Encyclopædia Britannica Book of the Year. 2013. ISBN 978-1-62513-103-4.
  47. ^ World Health Organization (2016), Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, Geneva{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  48. ^ "Iraq election: Fire at Baghdad ballot paper depot", BBC News, 10 June 2018

Bibliography

Published in 17th–18th centuries

  • Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1676). "(Bagdat)". Les Six Voyages (in French). Paris. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Allain Manesson Mallet (1683), "De la ville de Bagdet", Description de l'univers (in French), Paris: Denys Thierry {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Barthélemy d' Herbelot (1777), "Bagdad", Bibliotheque orientale (in French), The Hague: J. Neaulme & N. van Daalen {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)

Published in 19th century

  • J.B.L.J. Rousseau (1809). Description du pachalik de Bagdad (in French).
  • Abraham Rees (1819), "Bagdad", The Cycloppædia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Robert Ker Porter (1821), "(Bagdad)", Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia, &c. &c, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, OCLC 5524754 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Robert Mignan (1829), "(Bagdad)", Travels in Chaldæa, London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Bagdad". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Anthony Norris Groves (1832), Journal of a residence at Bagdad during the years 1830 and 1831, London: J. Nisbet, OCLC 5000777, OL 13493447M
  • "Bagdad". American Magazine of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. 1. Boston: Boston Bewick Co. 1834. hdl:2027/hvd.hny8ty.
  • Josiah Conder (1834), "Bagdad", Dictionary of Geography, Ancient and Modern, London: T. Tegg {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • James Raymond Wellsted (1840), "Bagdat", Travels to the City of the Caliphs, along the Shores of the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, London: H. Colburn, OCLC 5395027 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Thomas Bartlett (1841). "Bagdad". New Tablet of Memory; or, Chronicle of Remarkable Events. London: Thomas Kelly. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Theodore Alois Buckley (1862), "Bagdad", Great Cities of the Middle Ages (2nd ed.), London: Routledge, Warne, & Routledge {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • George Henry Townsend (1867), "Bagdad", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co. {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • William Henry Overall, ed. (1870), "Baghdad", Dictionary of Chronology, London: William Tegg, OCLC 2613202 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Grattan Geary (1878), "City of the Caliphs", Through Asiatic Turkey, London: S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, OCLC 4918876 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Ibn Serapion; Guy Le Strange (1895). "Description of Mesopotamia and Baghdad, written about the year 900 AD by Ibn Serapion". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. London. hdl:2027/mdp.39015020450659.
  • Max Freiherr von Oppenheim (1899), "Baġdād", Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf (in German), Berlin: D. Reimer (E. Vohsen), OCLC 13166400 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Guy Le Strange (1900), Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate, Oxford: Clarendon Press (Bibliography + Index).

Published in 20th century

  • "Bagdad", Chambers's Encyclopaedia, London: W. & R. Chambers, 1901 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Pedro Teixeira (1902), "Concerning the City of Bagdad", The Travels of Pedro Teixeira, translated by William F. Sinclair, London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (1904), L' introduction topographique â l'histoire de Bagdâdh d'Aboû Bakr Aḥmad ibn Thâbit al-Khatîb al-Bagdâdhî (in French), translated by George Salmon, Paris: É. Bouillon, OCLC 23419471, OL 6942714M
  • "Bagdad", Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 2, New York, 1907 {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • "Bagdad". Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon (in German) (14th ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1908. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Bagdad", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co. {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • "Baghdad". Encyclopaedia of Islam. E.J. Brill. 1913. p. 563?+.
  • Sven Hedin (1918), "Bagdad einst und jetzt", Bagdad, Babylon, Ninive (in German), Leipzig: Brockhaus {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Abu'l-Faraj ibn al-Jawzi (1923–1924). Manāqib Baghdād (in Arabic). Edited by M. Bahjat al-Atharī. Baghdād: Maṭbaʿat Dār al-Salām.
  • Freya Stark (1932). Baghdad Sketches.
  • Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), "Baghdad", Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 140, OL 6112221M {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Ibn al-Banna; George Makdisi (1956–1957). "Autograph diary of an eleventh-century historian of Baghdad". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 18: 9. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00122189.
  • "Baghdad", Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, p. 92, OL 5812502M {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • J. Gulick (1967). "Baghdad: portrait of a city in physical and cultural change". Journal of the American Institute of Planners. 33 (4): 246–255. doi:10.1080/01944366708977925.
  • Jacob Lassner. The Topography of Baghdad in the Early Middle Ages. Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1970.
  • Gaston Wiet (1971), Baghdad: metropolis of the Abbasid caliphate, translated by Seymour Feiler, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 080610922X
  • "Iraq: Baghdad", Middle East, Australia: Lonely Planet, 1994, p. 302+, OL 16516298W {{citation}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • John Block Friedman; Kristen Mossler Figg (2000). "Baghdad". Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: an Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 43+. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  • Stefano Bianca (2000), "Baghdad: an Arab Metropolis between Conservation and Redevelopment", Urban form in the Arab world, Verlag der Fachvereine Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zurich, ISBN 3728119725

Published in 21st century

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baghdad.

33°19′30″N 44°25′19″E / 33.325°N 44.422°E / 33.325; 44.422

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