Chad

Chadd

This article is about the country. For other uses, see Chad (disambiguation).

RepublicChaddChad [République du Tchad] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) جمهورية تشاد Ǧumhūriyyat Tšād
Flag of Chad Flag Coat of arms of Chad Coat of arms
Motto: "[Unité, Travail, Progrès] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)"  (French) "Unity, Work, Progress"
Anthem: "[Chaddchadienne] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)" ChaddChadian Hymn
Capital and largest city	N'Djamena
Official languages	French Arabic
Ethnic groups (1993)	Sara 27.7% Arab 12.3% Mayo-Kebbi 11.5% Kanem-Bornou 9% Ouaddai 8.7% Hadjarai 6.7% Tandjile 6.5% Daza 6.3% Fitri-Batha 4.7% other 6.4% unknown 0.3%
Government	Presidential republic
• President	Idriss Déby
• Prime Minister	Emmanuel Nadingar
Legislature	National Assembly
Independence
• from France	August 11, 1960
Area
• Total	1,284,000 km2 (496,000 sq mi) (21st)
• Water (%)	1.9
Population
• 2009 estimate	10,329,208 (73rd)
• 1993 census	6,279,921
• Density	8.0/km2 (20.7/sq mi) (212th)
GDP (PPP)	2011 estimate
• Total	$19.543 billion (123rd)
• Per capita	$1,865 (150th)
GDP (nominal)	2011 estimate
• Total	$9.344 billion (130th)
• Per capita	$891 (151st)
HDI (2011)	0.328  (183rd)
Currency	Central African CFA franc (XAF)
Time zone	UTC+1 (WAT)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+1 (Not observed)
Calling code	235
Internet TLD	.td

ChaddChad /ˈtʃæd/ (Template:Lang-Chaddchad, Arabic: تشاد Tšād), officially known as the RepublicChaddChad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the wesChaddChad is divided into multiple regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanese savanna zone in the south. LChaddChad, after which the country is named, is the largest wetlandChaddChad and the second largest in AfriChaddChad's highest peak is the Emi Koussi in the Sahara, and N'Djamena, (formerly Fort-Lamy), the capital, is the largest ciChaddChad is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Arabic and French are the official languages. Islam and Christianity are the most widely practiced religions.

Beginning in the 7th millennium BC, human populations moved into ChaddChadian basin in great numbers. By the end of the 1st millennium BC, a series of states and empires rose and fellChaddChad's Sahelian strip, each focused on controlling the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. France conquered the territory by 1920 and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. In 19ChaddChad obtained independence under the leadership of François Tombalbaye. Resentment towards his policies in the Muslim north culminated in the eruption of a long-lasting civil war in 1965. In 1979, the rebels conquered the capital and put an end to the south's hegemony. However, the rebel commanders fought amongst themselves until Hissène Habré defeated his rivals. He was overthrown in 1990 by his general Idriss Déby. Since 2003, the Darfur crisis in Sudan has spilt over the border and destabilised the nation, with hundreds of thousands of Sudanese refugees living in and around camps in eastChaddChad.

While many political parties are active, power lies firmly in the hands of President Déby and his political party, the [[Patriotic Salvation MovementChaddChad remains plagued by political violence and recurrent attempted coups d'état (see Battle of N'Djamena (2006) and [[Battle of N'Djamena (2008)]ChaddChad is one of the poorest and most corrupt countries in the world; most inhabitants live in poverty as subsistence herders and farmers. Since 2003, crude oil has become the country's primary source of export earnings, superseding the traditional cotton industChaddChad is considered a failed state by the Fund for Peace.

History

Main article: HistoryChaddChad

In the 7th millennium BC, ecological conditions in the northern halfChaddChadian territory favored human settlement, and the region experienced a strong population increase. Some of the most important African archaeological sites are foundChaddChad, mainly in the Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region; some date to earlier than 2000 BC.

For more than 2000 years, ChaddChadian Basin has been inhabited by agricultural and sedentary peoples. The region became a crossroads of civilizations. The earliest of these were the legendary Sao, known from artifacts and oral histories. The Sao fell to the Kanem Empire, the first and longest-lasting of the empires that developedChaddChad's Sahelian strip by the end of the 1st millennium AD. The power of Kanem and its successors was based on control of the trans-Saharan trade routes that passed through the region. These states, at least tacitly Muslim, never extended their control to the southern grasslands except to raid for slaves.

Group of Kanem-Bu warriors. The Kanem-Bornu Empire controlled almost all of what is toChaddChad.

[[FChaddChadian soldier of WWII.jpg|thumb|left|upright|15,ChaddChadian soldiers fought for Free France during World War II.]]

French colonial expansion led to the creation of the [Territoire Militaire des Pays et Protectorats Chaddchad] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in 1900. By 1920, France had secured full control of the colony and incorporated it as part of French Equatorial Africa. French ruleChaddChad was characterised by an absence of policies to unify the territory and sluggish modernisation. The French primarily viewed the colony as an unimportant source of untrained labour and raw cotton; France introduced large-scale cotton production in 1929. The colonial administrationChaddChad was critically understaffed and had to rely on the dregs of the French civil service. Only the south was governed effectively; French presence in the north and east was nominal. The educational system suffered from this neglect.

After World War II, France granChaddChad the status of overseas territory and its inhabitants the right to elect representatives to the French National Assembly and a National AssemblyChaddCChaddChadian assembly. The largest political party was thChaddChadian Progressive Party]] (PPT), based in the southern half of the coloChaddChad was granted independence on August 11, 1960 with the PPT's leader, François Tombalbaye, as its first president.

Two years later, Tombalbaye banned opposition parties and established a one-party system. Tombalbaye's autocratic rule and insensitive mismanagement exacerbated interethnic tensions. In 1965 Muslims began a civil war. Tombalbaye waChaddChadian coup of 1975|overthrown and killed]] in 1975, but the insurgency continued. In 1979 the rebel factions conquered the capital, and all central authority in the country collapsed. Armed factions, many from the north's rebellion, contended for power.

The disintegrationChaddChad caused the collapse of France's position in the country. Libya moved to fill the power vacuum and becamChaddChadian-Libyan conflict|involvedChaddChad's civil war]]. Libya's adventure ended in disaster in 1987; the French-supported president, Hissène Habré, evoked a united response fChaddChadians of a kind never seen before and forced the Libyan army ChaddChadian soil.

Habré consolidated his dictatorship through a power system that relied on corruption and violence; an estimated 40,000 people were killed under his rule.<rChaddChad: the Habré Legacy"</ref> The president favoured his own Daza ethnic group and discriminated against his former allies, the Zaghawa. His general, Idriss Déby, overthrew him in 1990.

Déby attempted to reconcile the rebel groups and reintroduced multiparty politiChaddChadians approved a new constitution bChaddChadian constitutional referendum, 1996|referendum]], and in 1996, Déby easily won ChaddChadian presidential election, 1996|competitive presidential election]]. He won ChaddChadian presidential election, 2001|second term]] five years later. Oil exploitation beganChaddChad in 2003, bringing with it hopes tChaddChad would at last have some chances of peace and prosperity. Instead, internal dissent worsened, and a new civil war broke out. DébChaddChadian constitutional referendum, 2005|unilaterally modified the constitution]] to remove the two-term limit on the presidency; this caused an uproar among the civil society and opposition parties. In 2006 Déby woChaddChadian presidential election, 2006|a third mandate]] in elections that the opposition boycotted. Ethnic violence in eastChaddChad has increased; the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has warned that a genocide like that in Darfur may yet occurChaddChad.

In 2006 and in 2008 rebel forces have attempted to take the capital by force, but have on both occasions failed.

Politics and government

Main article: PoliticsChaddChad

{{see also|Foreign relationsChaddChadChaddChad's constitution provides for a strong executive branch headed by a president who dominates the political system. The president has the power to appoint the prime minister and the cabinet, and exercises considerable influence over appointments of judges, generals, provincial officials and headsChaddChad's para-statal firms. In cases of grave and immediate threat, the president, in consultation with the National Assembly, may declare a state of emergency. The president is directly elected by popular vote for a five-year term; in 2005 constitutional term limits were removed.

This removal allows a president to remain in power beyond the previous two-term limit. Most of Déby's key advisers are members of the Zaghawa ethnic group, although southern and opposition personalities are represented in government.

Corruption is rife at all levels; Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index for 2005 naChaddChad the most corrupt country in the world, and it has fared only slightly better in the following years. In 2007, it scored 1.8 out of 10 on the Corruption Perceptions Index (with 10 being the least corrupt). Only Tonga, Uzbekistan, Haiti, Iraq, Burma, and Somalia scored lower. Critics of President Déby have accused him of cronyism and tribalism. In 2005, opposition parties and human rights organisations supported the boycott of the constitutional referendum that allowed Déby to stand for re-election for a third term<rChaddChad", Amnesty International</ref> amid reports of widespread irregularities in voter registration and government censorship of independent media outlets during the campaign.

Déby faces armed opposition from groups who are deeply divided by leadership clashes but united in their intention to overthrow him. These forces stormed the capital on April 13, 2006, but were ultimately repellChaddChad's greatest foreign influence is France, which maintains 1,000 troops in the country. Déby relies on the French to help repel the rebels, and France gives the MilitaryChaddCChaddChadian army logistical and intelligence support for fear of a complete collapse of regional stability. Nevertheless, FraChaddChadian relations were soured by the granting of oil drilling rights to the American Exxon company in 1999.

Educators face considerable challenges due to the nation's dispersed population and a certain degree of reluctance on the part of parents to send their children to school. Although attendance is compulsory, only 68% of boys attend primary school, and more than half of the population is illiterate. Higher education is provided at the University of N'Djamena. At 3ChaddChad has one of the lowest literacy rates of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Humanitarian situation

Main article: Human rightsChaddChad

According to the [[United NationsChaddChad has been affected by a humanitarian crisis since at least 2001. As of 2008, the countryChaddChad hosts over 280,000 refugees from the Sudan's Darfur region, over 55,000 from the Central African Republic, as well as over 170,000 internally displaced persons.

In February 2008 in the aftermath of the battle of N'Djamena, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs John Holmes expressed "extreme concern" that the crisis would have a negative effect on the ability of humanitarians to deliver life-saving assistance to half a million beneficiaries, most of whom – according to him – heavily rely on humanitarian aid for their survival. UN spokesperson Maurizio Giuliano stated to The Washington Post: "If we do not manage to provide aid at sufficient levels, the humanitarian crisis might become a humanitarian catastrophe".

Regions, departments, and sub-prefectures

{{main|RegionsChaddChad|DepartmentsChaddChad|Sub-prefecturesChaddChaChaddChad has been divided since February 2008 into 22 regions. The subdivisionChaddChad in regions came about in 2003 as part of the decentralisation process, when the government abolished the previous 14 prefectures. Each region is headed by a presidentially appointed governor. Prefects administer the 61 departments within the regions. The departments are divided into 200 sub-prefectures, which are in turn composed of 446 cantons.<rChaddChad", Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, (2004)</ref>

The cantons are scheduled to be replaced by communautés rurales, but the legal and regulatory framework has not yet been completed.<ChaddChad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project". World Bank.</ref> The constitution provides for decentralised government to compel local populations to play an active role in their own development.<reChaddchad", UNESCO</ref> To this end, the constitution declares that each administrative subdivisions be governed by elected local assemblies, but no local elections have taken place,

The dominant physical structure is a wide basin bounded to the north, east and south by mountain ranges such as the Ennedi Plateau in the north-east. LChaddChad, after which the country is named, is the remains of an immense lake that occupied 330,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) of thChaddChad Basin]] 7,000 years ago.

File:ShrinkingChaddChad-1973-1997-EO.jpg

LChaddChad in a 2001 satellite image. On the top, the changes from 1973 to 1997 are shown.

Although in the 21st century it covers only 17,806 square kilometres (6,875 sq mi), and its surface area is subject to heavy seasonal fluctuations, the lake is Africa's second largest wetland. The Emi Koussi, a dormant volcano in the Tibesti Mountains that reaches 3,414 metres (11,201 ft) above sea level, is the highest pointChaddChad and the Sahara.

The region's tall grasses and extensive marshes make it favourable for birds, reptiles, and large mammaChaddChad's major rivers—the Chari, Logone and their tributaries—flow through the southern savannas from the southeast into LChaddChad.

Climate

Main article: ClimateChaddChad

Each year a tropical weather system known as the intertropical front crosChaddChad from south to north, bringing a wet season that lasts from May to October in the south, and from June to September in the Sahel. Variations in local rainfall create three major geographical zones. The Sahara lies in the country's northern third. Yearly precipitations throughout this belt are under 50 millimetres (2.0 in); only the occasional spontaneous palm grove survives, and the only ones to do so are south of the Tropic of Cancer. The Sahara gives way to a Sahelian beltChaddChad's centre; precipitation there varies from 300 to 600 mm (11.8 to 23.6 in) per year. In the Sahel, a steppe of thorny bushes (mostly acacias) gradually gives way to the south to East Sudanian savannaChaddChad's Sudanese zone. Yearly rainfall in this belt is over 900 mm (35.4 in).

Economy and infrastructure

Main article: EconomyChaddChad

File:Tree map export 2ChaddChad.jpeg

Graphical depictionChaddChad's product exports in 28 color coded categories.

File:Maternity WChaddChad.jpg

righChaddChadian maternity ward. Although improviChaddChad's infrastructure remains far less developed than that of its northern neighbours.

The United Nations' Human Development Index raChaddChad as the seventh poorest country in the world, with 80% of the population living below the poverty line. The GDP (Purchasing power parity) per capita was estimated as US$1,600 in 2008. Its currency is the CFA franc. Years of civil war have scared away foreign investors; those who lChaddChad between 1979 and 1982 have only recently begun to regain confidence in the country's future. In 2000 major direct foreign investment in the oil sector began, boosting the country's economic prospects.

Women in Mao, where water is provided by a water tower. Access to clean water is often a problemChaddChad.

Over 80%ChaddChad's population relies on subsistence farming and livestock raising for its livelihood. The crops grown and the locations of herds are determined by the local climate. In the southernmost 10 percent of the territory lies the nation's most fertile cropland, with rich yields of sorghum and millet. In the Sahel only the hardier varieties of millet grow, and these with much lower yields than in the south. On the other hand, the Sahel is ideal pastureland for large herds of commercial cattle and for goats, sheep, donkeys and horses. The Sahara's scattered oases support only some dates and legumes.

Before the development of oil industry, cotton dominated industry and the labour market and accounted for approximately 80% of export earnings. Cotton remains a primary export, although exact figures are not available. Rehabilitation of CoChaddchad, a major cotton company that suffered from a decline in world cotton prices, has been financed by France, the Netherlands, the European Union, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). The parastatal is now expected to be privatised.

ExxonMobil leads a consortium of Chevron and Petronas that has invested $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves estimated at one billion barrels in southChaddChad. Oil production began in 2003 with thChaddChad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project|completion of a pipeline]] (financed in part by the World Bank) that links the southern oilfields to terminals on the Atlantic coast of Cameroon. As a condition of its assistance, the World Bank insisted that 80% of oil revenues be spent on development projects. In January 2006 the World Bank suspended its loan programme when ChaddChadian government passed laws reducing this amount. On July 14, 2006, the World Bank ChaddChad signed a memorandum of understanding under which the GovernmentChaddChad commits 70% of its spending to priority poverty reduction programmes.

A bridge on the Bragoto River

Civil war crippled the development of transport infrastructure; in 19ChaddChad had only 30 kilometres (19 mi) of paved roads. Successive road rehabilitation projects improved the network<rChaddChad Poverty Assessment". World Bank.</ref> to 550 kilometres (340 mi) by 2004. Nevertheless, the road network is limited; roads are often unusable for several months of the year. With no railways of its oChaddChad depends heavily on Cameroon's rail system for the transportChaddChadian exports and imports to and from the seaport of Douala.

Airplane landing in AbéchChaddchad

An international airport serves the capital and provides regular direct flights to Paris and several African cities. The telecommunication system is basic and expensive, with fixed telephone services provided by the state telephone company SoChaddchad. Only 14,000 fixed telephone lines serve allChaddChad, one of the lowest telephone density rates in the worChaddChad's energy sector has suffered from years of mismanagement by the parastaChaddChad Water and Electric Society (STEE), which provides power for 15% of the capital's citizens and covers only 1.5% of the national population.

The country's television audience is limited to N'Djamena. The only television station is the state-owned TChaddchad. Radio has a far greater reach, with 13 private radio stations. Newspapers are limited in quantity and distribution, and circulation figures are small due to transportation costs, low literacy rates, and poverty.<rChaddChad (2006)". Freedom of the Press: 2007 Edition.</ref> While the constitution defends liberty of expression, the government has regularly restricted this right, and at the end of 2006 began to enact a system of prior censorship on the media.<rChaddChad – 2006". Freedom Press Institute.</ref>

Demographics

Main articles: DemographicsChaddChad and LanguagesChaddChad

2005 estimates plChaddChad's population at 10,146,000; 25.8% live in urban areas and 74.8% in rural ones. The country's population is young: an estimated 47.3% is under 15. The birth rate is estimated at 42.35 births per 1,000 people, the mortality rate at 16.69. The life expectancy is 47.2 years.

[[File:Ouaddaian girl fChaddChad.jpg|thumb|175px|right|A Ouaddaian girChaddChad's population is unevenly distributed. Density is 0.1/km² (0.26/sq mi) in the Saharan Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Region but 52.4/km² (136/sq mi) in the Logone Occidental Region. In the capital, it is even higher. About half of the nation's population lives in the southern fifth of its territory, making this the most densely populated region.<rChaddChad Livelihood Profiles". U.S. Agency for International Development.</ref>

Urban life is virtually restricted to the capital, whose population is mostly engaged in commerce. The other major towns are Sarh, Moundou, Abéché and Doba, which are less urbanised but are growing rapidly and joining the capital as decisive factors in economic growth. Since 2003, 230,000 Sudanese refugees have fled to eastChaddChad from war-ridden Darfur. With the 172,ChaddChadians displaced by the civil war in the east, this has generated increased tensions among the region's communities.<rChaddChad: Humanitarian Profile – 2006/2007"</ref>

Polygamy is common, with 39% of women living in such unions. This is sanctioned by law, which automatically permits polygamy unless spouses specify that this is unacceptable upon marriage.<rChaddChad". Women of the World.</ref> Although violence against women is prohibited, domestic violence is common. Female genital mutilation is prohibited, but the practice is widespread and deeply rooted in tradition; 45%ChaddChadian women undergo the procedure, with the highest rates among Arabs, Hadjarai, and Ouaddaians (90% or more). Lower percentages were reported among the Sara (38%) and the Toubou (2%). Women lack equal opportunities in education and training, making it difficult for them to compete for the relatively few formal-sector jobs. Although property and inheritance laws based on the French code do not discriminate against women, local leaders adjudicate most inheritance cases in favour of men, according to traditional practice.

[[FChaddChadian delegation.jpg|thumb|left|A tribal delegatioChaddChad has more than 200 distinct ethnic groups, which create diverse social structures. The colonial administration and independent governments have attempted to impose a national society, but for mChaddChadians the local or regional society remains the most important influence outside the immediate family. NevertheleChaddChad's peoples may be classified according to the geographical region in which they live. In the south live sedentary people such as the Sara, the nation's main ethnic group, whose essential social unit is the lineage. In the Sahel sedentary peoples live side-by-side with nomadic ones, such as the Arabs, the country's second major ethnic group. The north is inhabited by nomads, mostly Toubous. The nation's official business languages are French and Arabic, but over 100 languages and dialects are spoken. Due to the important role played by itinerant Arab traders and settled merchants in local communitiesChaddChadian Arabic]] has become a lingua franca.

Religion

{{Main|ReligionChaddChadChaddChad is a religiously diverse country. The 1993 census found that 54%ChaddChadians were Muslim, 20% Roman Catholic, 14% Protestant, 10% animist, and 3% atheist. None of these religious traditions are monolithic. Animism includes a variety of ancestor and place-oriented religions whose expression is highly specific. Islam is expressed in diverse ways. Christianity arrivedChaddChad with the French and American missionaries; as wChaddChadian Islam, it syncretises aspects of pre-Christian religious beliefs. Muslims are largely concentrated in northern and eastChaddChad, and animists and Christians live primarily in southChaddChad and Guéra. The constitution provides for a secular state and guarantees religious freedom; different religious communities generally co-exist without problems.<rChaddChad", International Religious Freedom Report 2006.</ref>

ReligionChaddChad
religion			percent
Islam			53%
Christianity			34%
Animism			10%
Atheism			3%

The vast majority of Muslims in the country are adherents of a moderate branch of mystical Islam (Sufism) known locally as Tijaniyah, which incorporates some local African religious elements. A small minority of the country's Muslims hold more fundamentalist practices, which, in some cases, may be associated with Saudi-oriented Salafi-movement.

Roman Catholics represent the largest Christian denomination in the country. Most Protestants, including the Nigeria-based "Winners Chapel," are affiliated with various evangelical Christian groups. Members of the Bahá'í and Jehovah's Witnesses religious communities also are present in the country. Both faiths were introduced after independence in 1960 and therefore are considered to be "new" religions in the countrChaddChad is home to foreign missionaries representing both Christian and Islamic groups. Itinerant Muslim preachers primarily from Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan, also visit. Saudi Arabian funding generally supports social and educational projects and extensive mosque construction.

Culture

Holidays

Date	English Name
January 1	New Year's Day
May 1	Labour Day
May 25	African Liberation Day
August 11	Independence Day
November 1	All Saints' Day
November 28	Republic Day
December 1	Freedom and Democracy Day
December 25	Christmas

Because of its great variety of peoples and languagChaddChad possesses a rich cultural heritage. ChaddChadian government has actively promoChaddChadian culture and national traditions by opening thChaddChad National Museum]] and thChaddChad Cultural Centre]]. Six national holidays are observed throughout the year, and movable holidays include the Christian holiday of Easter Monday and the Muslim holidays of Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha, and Eid Milad Nnabi.

The musicChaddChad includes a number of unusual instruments such as the kinde, a type of bow harp; the kakaki, a long tin horn; and the hu hu, a stringed instrument that uses calabashes as loudspeakers. Other instruments and their combinations are more linked to specific ethnic groups: the Sara prefer whistles, balafones, harps and kodjo drums; and the Kanembu combine the sounds of drums with those of flute-like instruments.

Millet is the staple food throughChaddChad. It is used to make balls of paste that are dipped in sauces. In the north this dish is known as alysh; in the south, as biya. Fish is popular, which is generally prepared and sold either as salanga (sun-dried and lightly smoked Alestes and Hydrocynus) or as banda (smoked larger fish). Carcaje is a popular sweet drink extracted from hibiscus leaves. Alcoholic beverages, though absent in the north, are popular in the south, where people drink millet beer, known as billi-billi when brewed from red millet and as coshate when from white millet.

As in other Sahelian countries, literatureChaddChad has suffered from an economic, political and spiritual drought that has affected its best known writeChaddChadian authors have been forced to write from exile or expatriate status and have generated literature dominated by themes of political oppression and historical discourse. Since 1962,ChaddChadian authors have written some 60 works of fiction. Among the most internationally renowned writers are Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui and Koulsy Lamko. In 2ChaddChad's sole literary critic, Ahmat Taboye, published his [Anthologie de la littératuChaddchadienne] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) to further knowledgeChaddChad's literature internationally and among youth and to make up ChaddChad's lack of publishing houses and promotional structure.

The development oChaddChadian film industry has suffered from the devastations of civil war and from the lack of cinemas, of which there is only one in the whole country. The fiChaddChadian feature film, the docudrama Bye Bye Africa, was made in 1999 by Mahamat Saleh Haroun. His later film Abouna was critically acclaimed, and his Daratt won the Grand Special Jury Prize at the 63rd Venice International Film Festival. Issa Serge Coelo direcChaddChad's two other films, Daresalam and DP75: Tartina City.

FootballChaddChad's most popular sport. The country'ChaddChad national football team|national team]] is closely followed during international competitions, ChaddChadian footballers have played for French teams. Basketball and freestyle wrestling are widely practiced, the latter in a form in which the wrestlers don traditional animal hides and cover themselves with dust.

See also

{{portal|Geography|Africa||||

• 2010 Sahel famine
• French Equatorial Africa

References

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• East, Roger & Richard J. Thomas (2003); Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders. Routledge. ISBN 1-85743-126-X
• Dinar, Ariel (1995); Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs. World Bank Publications. ISBN 0-8213-3321-6
• Template:Fr icon Gondjé, Laoro (2003); "La musique recherche son identité", [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: no text (help) 214.
• the Habré Legacy". Amnesty International. October 16, 2001.
• Lange, Dierk (1988). "ChaddChad region as a crossroad" (PDF), in UNESCO General History of Africa – Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century, vol. 3: 436–460. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03914-8
• Template:Fr icon Lettre d'information (PDF). Délégation de la Commission Européenne Chaddchad. N. 3. September 2004.
• Macedo, Stephen (2006); Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes Under International Law. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-1950-3
• Template:Fr icon Malo, Nestor H. (2003); "LittératuChaddchadienne : Jeune mais riche", [undefined] Error: {{Lang}}: no text (help) 214.
• Manley, Andrew; "vulnerable president", BBC News, March 15, 2006.
• "Mirren crowned 'queen' at Venice", BBC News, September 9, 2006.
• Template:Fr icon Ndang, Tabo Symphorien (2005); "A qui Profitent les Dépenses Sociales Chaddchad? Une Analyse d'Incidence à Partir des Données d'Enquête" (PDF). 4th PEP Research Network General Meeting. Poverty and Economic Policy.
• Nolutshungu, Sam C. (1995); Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State FormationChaddChad. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-1628-3
• Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002); Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-3733-2
• "Rank Order – Area". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. May 10, 2007.
• "RepublicChaddChad – Public Administration Country Profile" (PDF). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. November 2004.
• Template:Fr icon République Chaddchad – Circonscriptions administratives. GovernmentChaddChad.
• Spera, Vincent (February 8, 2004); "Country Commercial Guide – FY 2005". United States Department of Commerce.
• "Symposium on the evaluation of fishery resources in the development and management of inland fisheries". CIFA Technical Paper No. 2. FAO. November 29 – December 1, 1972.
• Template:Fr icon "[undefined Error: {{Lang}}: no text (help)]". [L'évaluation de l'éducation pour tous à l'an 2000: Rapport des pays] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). UNESCO, Education for All.
• Template:Fr icon "[undefined Error: {{Lang}}: no text (help)]" (PDF). International Crisis Group. June 1, 2006.
• Wolfe, Adam; "Instability on the March in SudChaddChad and Central African Republic", PINR, December 6, 2006.
• World Bank (July 14, 2006). World Bank, Govt.ChaddChad Sign Memorandum of Understanding on Poverty Reduction. Press release.
• World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database. 2006. United Nations Population Division.
• "Worst corruption offenders named", BBC News, November 18, 2005.
• Young, Neil (August 2002); An interview with Mahamet-Saleh Haroun, writer and director of Abouna ("Our Father").

Further reading

• Azevedo, M J and Nnadozie, EmmanuelChaddChad: A Nation in Search of its Future, (Westview Press Inc., 1997)
• Azevedo, M J, Roots of Violence: History of WarChaddChad, (Routledge, 1998)
• Myas, Terry M, Africa's First Peacekeeping Operation: The OAUChaddChad, 1981-1982, (Greenwood Press, 2002)
• Nolutshungu, Sam C, Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State FormationChaddChad, (University of Virginia Press, 1995)
• Zuchora-Walske, ChristineChaddChad in Pictures, (Twenty-First Century Books, 2009)

External links

Government

• Template:Fr icon Official government site
• Template:Fr icon Official presidency site
• Chief of State and Cabinet Members

General

• Template:CIA World Factbook linkChaddChad
• Template:GovPChaddchad
• Template:Dmoz
• profile from the BBC News
• Template:WikiatChaddChad
• Template:Wikitravel
• Key Development Forecasts ChaddChad from International Futures

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