Jump to content

Mars 2020

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Mars 2020.

Mars 2020
Mission typeMars exploration
Operator
COSPAR ID2020-052A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.45983
Mission duration
  • Planned: 1 Mars year (668 sols, 687 Earth days)
  • Perseverance: 3 years and 9 months (since landing)
  • Ingenuity: 2 years, 9 months and 22 days (final)
Spacecraft properties
ManufacturerJPL
Launch mass3,649 kg (8,045 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date30 July 2020, 11:50:00 UTC
RocketAtlas V 541 (AV-088)
Launch siteCape Canaveral, SLC-41
ContractorUnited Launch Alliance
Mars rover
Spacecraft componentPerseverance
Landing date18 February 2021
Landing siteOctavia E. Butler Landing, Jezero
18°26′41″N 77°27′03″E / 18.4447°N 77.4508°E / 18.4447; 77.4508
Distance driven23.73 km (14.75 mi) as of 3 January 2024 [1]
Mars aircraft
Spacecraft componentIngenuity
Landing date3 April 2021 (Deployed from Perseverance)[2]
Landing siteHelipad at Wright Brothers Field near Octavia E. Butler Landing, Jezero[3]
18°26′41″N 77°27′04″E / 18.44486°N 77.45102°E / 18.44486; 77.45102
Distance flown17.242 km (10.714 mi) in 72 flights[1]

NASA and JPL insignias (Perseverance)

JPL mission insignia (Ingenuity)
Large Strategic Science Missions
Planetary Science Division
← InSight
I-MIM →

Mars 2020 is a NASA mission that includes the rover Perseverance, the now-retired small robotic helicopter Ingenuity, and associated delivery systems, as part of the Mars Exploration Program. Mars 2020 was launched on an Atlas V rocket at 11:50:01 UTC on July 30, 2020,[4] and landed in the Martian crater Jezero on February 18, 2021, with confirmation received at 20:55 UTC.[5] On March 5, 2021, NASA named the landing site Octavia E. Butler Landing.[6] As of 18 November 2024, Perseverance has been on Mars for 1332 sols (1369 total days; 3 years, 274 days).[7][8][9][10][11] Ingenuity operated on Mars for 1042 sols (1071 total days; 2 years, 341 days) before sustaining serious damage to its rotor blades, possibly all four, causing NASA to retire the craft on January 25, 2024.[12][13]

Perseverance is investigating an astrobiologically relevant ancient environment on Mars for its surface geological processes and history, and assessing its past habitability, the possibility of past life on Mars, and the potential for preservation of biosignatures within accessible geological materials.[14][15] It will cache sample containers along its route for retrieval by a potential future Mars sample-return mission.[15][16][17] The Mars 2020 mission was announced by NASA in December 2012 at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco. Perseverance's design is derived from the rover Curiosity, and it uses many components already fabricated and tested in addition to new scientific instruments and a core drill.[18] The rover also employs nineteen cameras and two microphones,[19] allowing for the audio recording of the Martian environment. On April 30, 2021, Perseverance became the first spacecraft to hear and record another spacecraft, the Ingenuity helicopter, on another planet.

The launch of Mars 2020 was the third of three space missions sent toward Mars during the July 2020 Mars launch window, with missions also launched by the national space agencies of the United Arab Emirates (the Emirates Mars Mission with the orbiter Hope on July 19, 2020) and China (the Tianwen-1 mission on July 23, 2020, with an orbiter, deployable and remote cameras, lander, and Zhurong rover).

Conception

[edit]

The Mars 2020 mission was announced by NASA on December 4, 2012, at the fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco.[20] The selection of Mars as the target of NASA's flagship mission elicited surprise from some members of the scientific community. Some criticized NASA for continuing to focus on Mars exploration instead of other Solar System destinations in constrained budget times.[21][22] Support came from California U.S. Representative Adam Schiff, who said he was interested in the possibility of advancing the launch date, which would enable a larger payload.[20] Science educator Bill Nye endorsed the Mars sample-return role, saying this would be "extraordinarily fantastic and world-changing and worthy."[23]

Objectives

[edit]
Sample tubes being loaded into the Perseverance rover

The mission is aimed at seeking signs of habitable conditions on Mars in the ancient past, and also at searching for evidence—or biosignatures—of past microbial life, and water. The mission was launched July 30, 2020, on an Atlas V-541,[20] and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory manages the mission. The mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program.[24][25][26][16] The Science Definition Team proposed that the rover collect and package as many as 31 samples of rock cores and surface soil for a later mission to bring back for definitive analysis on Earth.[27] In 2015, they expanded the concept, planning to collect even more samples and distribute the tubes in small piles or caches across the surface of Mars.[28]

In September 2013, NASA launched an Announcement of Opportunity for researchers to propose and develop the instruments needed, including the Sample Caching System.[29][30] The science instruments for the mission were selected in July 2014 after an open competition based on the scientific objectives set one year earlier.[31][32] The science conducted by the rover's instruments will provide the context needed for detailed analyses of the returned samples.[33] The chairman of the Science Definition Team stated that NASA does not presume that life ever existed on Mars, but given the recent Curiosity rover findings, past Martian life seems possible.[33]

The Perseverance rover will explore a site likely to have been habitable. It will seek signs of past life, set aside a returnable cache with the most compelling rock core and soil samples, and demonstrate the technology needed for the future human and robotic exploration of Mars. A key mission requirement is that it must help prepare NASA for its long-term Mars sample-return mission and crewed mission efforts.[15][16][17] The rover will make measurements and technology demonstrations to help designers of a future human expedition understand any hazards posed by Martian dust, and will test technology to produce a small amount of pure oxygen (O2) from Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2).[34]

Improved precision landing technology that enhances the scientific value of robotic missions also will be critical for eventual human exploration on the surface.[35] Based on input from the Science Definition Team, NASA defined the final objectives for the 2020 rover. Those became the basis for soliciting proposals to provide instruments for the rover's science payload in the spring of 2014.[34] The mission will also attempt to identify subsurface water, improve landing techniques, and characterize weather, dust, and other potential environmental conditions that could affect future astronauts living and working on Mars.[36]

Campaign plans for 2021–2022
Mars 2020 Aeroshell
The heat shield (left) and back shell (right) together make up the aeroshell for NASA's Mars 2020 mission. The diameter of each part is about 15 feet (4.5 metres). The rover and its descent stage were enclosed and shielded by the aeroshell during their deep space voyage to Mars and upon entry into the Martian atmosphere, which generated intense heat. The aeroshell was made by Lockheed Martin Space in Denver, Colorado, where the photo was taken.

A key mission requirement for this rover is that it must help prepare NASA for its Mars sample-return mission (MSR) campaign,[37][38][39] which is needed before any crewed mission takes place.[15][16][17] Such effort would require three additional vehicles: an orbiter, a fetch rover, and a two-stage, solid-fueled Mars ascent vehicle (MAV).[40][41] Between 20 and 30 drilled samples will be collected and cached inside small tubes by the Perseverance rover,[42] and will be left on the surface of Mars for possible later retrieval by NASA in collaboration with ESA.[39][42] A "fetch rover" would retrieve the sample caches and deliver them to a two-stage, solid-fueled Mars ascent vehicle (MAV). In July 2018, NASA contracted Airbus to produce a "fetch rover" concept study.[43] The MAV would launch from Mars and enter a 500 km orbit and rendezvous with the Next Mars Orbiter or Earth Return Orbiter.[39] The sample container would be transferred to an Earth entry vehicle (EEV) which would bring it to Earth, enter the atmosphere under a parachute and hard-land for retrieval and analyses in specially designed safe laboratories.[38][39]

In the first science campaign Perseverance performs an arching drive southward from its landing site to the Séítah unit to perform a "toe dip" into the unit to collect remote-sensing measurements of geologic targets. After that she will return to the Crater Floor Fractured Rough to collect the first core sample there. Passing by the Octavia B. Butler landing site concludes the first science campaign.

The second campaign shall start with several months of travel towards the "Three Forks" where Perseverance can access geologic locations at the base of the ancient delta of Neretva river, as well as ascend the delta by driving up a valley wall to the northwest.[44]

Spacecraft

[edit]

Cruise stage and EDLS

[edit]
Animation of Mars 2020's trajectory from 30 July 2020 to 20 February 2021
  •   Mars 2020
  •   Sun
  •   Earth
  •   Mars

The three major components of the Mars 2020 spacecraft are the 539 kg (1,188 lb)[45] cruise stage for travel between Earth and Mars; the Entry, Descent, and Landing System (EDLS) that includes the 575 kg (1,268 lb)[45] aeroshell descent vehicle + 440 kg (970 lb) heat shield; and the 1,070 kg (2,360 lb) (fueled mass)[45] descent stage needed to deliver Perseverance and Ingenuity safely to the Martian surface. The Descent Stage carries 400 kg (880 lb) landing propellant for the final soft landing burn after being slowed down by a 21.5 m (71 ft)-wide, 81 kg (179 lb) parachute.[45] The 1,025 kg (2,260 lb)[45] rover is based on the design of Curiosity.[20] While there are differences in scientific instruments and the engineering required to support them, the entire landing system (including the descent stage and heat shield) and rover chassis could essentially be recreated without any additional engineering or research. This reduces overall technical risk for the mission, while saving funds and time on development.[46]

One of the upgrades is a guidance and control technique called "Terrain Relative Navigation" (TRN) to fine-tune steering in the final moments of landing.[47][48] This system allowed for a landing inside 7.7 km × 6.6 km (4.8 mi × 4.1 mi)[49] wide ellipse with a positioning error within 40 m (130 ft) and avoided obstacles.[50] This is a marked improvement from the Mars Science Laboratory mission that had an elliptical area of 7 by 20 km (4.3 by 12.4 mi).[51] In October 2016, NASA reported using the Xombie rocket to test the Lander Vision System (LVS), as part of the Autonomous Descent and Ascent Powered-flight Testbed (ADAPT) experimental technologies, for the Mars 2020 mission landing, meant to increase the landing accuracy and avoid obstacle hazards.[52][53]

Perseverance rover

[edit]
Main article: Perseverance (rover)
Spacecraft of Mars 2020
Perseverance rover at JPL
Seven scientific instruments aboard Perseverance
Ingenuity helicopter
The cruise stage and EDLS carried both spacecraft to Mars.

Perseverance was designed with help from Curiosity's engineering team, as both are quite similar and share common hardware.[20][54] Engineers redesigned Perseverance's wheels to be more robust than Curiosity's, which, after kilometres of driving on the Martian surface, have shown progressed deterioration.[55] Perseverance will have thicker, more durable aluminium wheels, with reduced width and a greater diameter, 52.5 cm (20.7 in), than Curiosity's 50 cm (20 in) wheels.[56][57] The aluminium wheels are covered with cleats for traction and curved titanium spokes for springy support.[58] The combination of the larger instrument suite, new Sampling and Caching System, and modified wheels makes Perseverance 14 percent heavier than Curiosity, at 1,025 kg (2,260 lb) and 899 kg (1,982 lb), respectively.[57] The rover will include a five-jointed robotic arm measuring 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) long. The arm will be used in combination with a turret to analyze geologic samples from the Martian surface.[59]

A Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG), left over as a backup part for Curiosity during its construction, was integrated onto the rover to supply electrical power.[20][60] The generator has a mass of 45 kg (99 lb) and contains 4.8 kg (11 lb) of plutonium dioxide as the source of steady supply of heat that is converted to electricity.[61] The electrical power generated is approximately 110 watts at launch with little decrease over the mission time.[61]

Two lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are included to meet peak demands of rover activities when the demand temporarily exceeds the MMRTG's steady electrical output levels. The MMRTG offers a 14-year operational lifetime, and it was provided to NASA by the United States Department of Energy.[61] Unlike solar panels, the MMRTG does not rely on the presence of the Sun for power, providing engineers with significant flexibility in operating the rover's instruments even at night and during dust storms, and through the winter season.[61]

The Norwegian-developed radar RIMFAX is one of the seven instruments that have been placed on board. The radar has been developed together with FFI (Norwegian Defence Research Establishment), led by Principal Investigator Svein-Erik Hamran of FFI, the Norwegian Space Center,[62] and a number of Norwegian companies. Space has also been found for the first time for an uncrewed helicopter, which will be controlled by NTNU (Norwegian University of Science and Technology) trained cybernetics engineer Håvard Fjær Grip and his team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Los Angeles.[63]

Each Mars mission contributes to an ongoing innovation chain. Each draws on prior operations or tested technologies and contributes uniquely to upcoming missions. By using this strategy, NASA is able to advance the frontiers of what is currently feasible while still depending on earlier advancements.[citation needed]

The Curiosity rover, which touched down on Mars in 2012, is directly responsible for a large portion of Perseverance's rover design, including its entry, descent, and landing mechanism. With Perseverance, new technological innovations will be demonstrated, and entry, descent, and landing capabilities will be improved. These advancements will help open the door for future robotic and human missions to the Moon and Mars.[citation needed]

A piece of fabric from the wing of the 1903 Wright Flyer airplane of the Wright brothers is attached under the solar panel of the Ingenuity helicopter.

Ingenuity helicopter

[edit]
Main article: Ingenuity (helicopter)

Ingenuity is a defunct robotic coaxial helicopter that made the first aircraft flights on another planet.[64]

It was deployed from the underside of Perseverance and uses autonomous control guided by flight plan instructions uploaded from mission control.[65][64]

After each landing, it transmits photographs and other data to Perseverance, which relays the information to Earth. NASA will build on the helicopter's design for future Mars missions.[66] The helicopter flew 72 times until its end of mission on January 25, 2024.[67]

Mission

[edit]
See also: Water on Mars and Life on Mars
The Jezero crater delta on Mars, where the Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter landed. Clays are visible as green in this false color CRISM / CTX image.
Jezero Crater Formation by asteroid impact

The mission is centered around exploring Jezero crater, which scientists speculate was a 250 m (820 ft) deep lake about 3.9 billion to 3.5 billion years ago.[68] Jezero today features a prominent river delta where water flowing through it deposited much sediment over the eons, which is "extremely good at preserving biosignatures".[68][69] The sediments in the delta likely include carbonates and hydrated silica, known to preserve microscopic fossils on Earth for billions of years.[70] Prior to the selection of Jezero, eight proposed landing sites for the mission were under consideration by September 2015; Columbia Hills in Gusev crater, Eberswalde crater, Holden crater, Jezero crater,[71][72] Mawrth Vallis, Northeastern Syrtis Major Planum, Nili Fossae, and Southwestern Melas Chasma.[73]

A workshop was held on February 8–10, 2017, in Pasadena, California, to discuss these sites, with the goal of narrowing down the list to three sites for further consideration.[74] The three sites chosen were Jezero crater, Northeastern Syrtis Major Planum, and Columbia Hills.[75] Jezero crater was ultimately selected as the landing site in November 2018.[68] The "fetch rover" for returning the samples is expected to launch in 2026. The landing and surface operations of the "fetch rover" would take place early in 2029. The earliest return to Earth is envisaged for 2031.[76]

Launch and cruise

[edit]
Mars 2020 launching from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida, at 11:50 UTC on 30 July 2020

The launch window, when the positions of Earth and Mars were optimal for traveling to Mars, opened on July 17, 2020, and lasted through August 15, 2020.[77] The rocket was launched on July 30, 2020, at 11:50 UTC, and the rover landed on Mars on February 18, 2021, at 20:55 UTC, with a planned surface mission of at least one Mars year (668 sols or 687 Earth days).[78][79][80] Two other missions to Mars were launch in this window: the United Arab Emirates Space Agency launched its Emirates Mars Mission with the Hope orbiter on July 20, 2020, which arrived in Mars orbit on February 8, 2021, and China National Space Administration launched Tianwen-1 on July 23, 2020, arriving in orbit on February 10, 2021, and successfully soft landed with the Zhurong rover on May 14, 2021.[81]

NASA announced that all of the trajectory correction maneuvers (TCM) were a success. The spacecraft fired thrusters to adjust its course toward Mars, shifting the probe's initial post-launch aim point onto the Red Planet.[82]

Entry, descent, and landing (EDL)

[edit]
Diagram of the various stages of the EDL process for Perseverance
The rover photographed from the sky crane during descent

Prior to landing, the Science Team from an earlier NASA lander, InSight, announced that they would attempt to detect the entry, descent and landing (EDL) sequence of the Mars 2020 mission using InSight's seismometers. Despite being more than 3,400 km (2,100 mi) away from the Mars landing site, the team indicated that there was a possibility that InSight's instruments would be sensitive enough to detect the hypersonic impact of Mars 2020's cruise mass balance devices with the Martian surface.[83][84]

The rover's landing was planned similar to the Mars Science Laboratory used to deploy Curiosity on Mars in 2012. The craft from Earth was a carbon fiber capsule that protected the rover and other equipment from heat during entry into the Mars atmosphere and initial guidance towards the planned landing site. Once through, the craft jettisoned the lower heat shield and deployed a parachute from the backshell to slow the descent to a controlled speed. With the craft moving under 320 km/h (200 mph) and about 1.9 km (1.2 mi) from the surface, the rover and sky crane assembly detached from the backshell, and rockets on the sky crane controlled the remaining descent to the planet. As the sky crane moved closer to the surface, it lowered Perseverance via cables until it confirmed touchdown, detached the cables, and flew a distance away to avoid damaging the rover.[85]

Perseverance recording of the ambient noise on Mars, modified to remove the background sounds of the rover

Perseverance successfully landed on the surface of Mars with help of the sky crane on February 18, 2021, at 20:55 UTC, to begin its science phase, and began sending images back to Earth.[86] Ingenuity reported back to NASA via the communications systems on Perseverance the following day, confirming its status. The helicopter was not expected to be deployed for at least 60 days into the mission.[87] NASA also confirmed that the on-board microphone on Perseverance had survived entry, descent and landing (EDL), along with other high-end visual recording devices, and released the first audio recorded on the surface of Mars shortly after landing,[88] capturing the sound of a Martian breeze[89] as well as a hum from the rover itself. On May 7, 2021, NASA confirmed that Perseverance managed to record both audio and video from Ingenuity's fourth flight which took place on April 30, 2021.[90]

Major mission milestones and works

[edit]
Main article: Timeline of Mars 2020
"Crater Floor Fractured Rough" is the area from which the first rock sample shall be collected[91]
  • February 18, 2021 – Landing of Perseverance on Mars surface
  • March 4, 2021 – First major test of Perseverance drive functions
  • April 3, 2021 – Deployment of Ingenuity
  • April 3–4, 2021 – Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) recorded the first weather report on Mars[92]
  • April 19, 2021 – First flight of Ingenuity
  • April 20, 2021 – Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE) generated 5.37 g (0.189 oz) of oxygen gas from carbon dioxide on its first test on Mars.
  • June 1, 2021 – Perseverance begins its first science campaign.
  • June 8, 2021 – Seventh flight of Ingenuity.
  • June 21, 2021 – Eighth flight of Ingenuity. The "watchdog issue", a recurring issue which occasionally prevented Ingenuity from taking flight, is fixed.
  • July 5, 2021 – Ninth flight of Ingenuity. This flight is the first to explore areas only an aerial vehicle can, by taking a shortcut over the Séítah unit. The sandy ripples of the Séítah unit would prove too difficult for Perseverance to travel through directly.
  • August 6, 2021 – Perseverance acquired its first sample from the ancient lakebed.[93]
  • May 3, 2022 – After 27 flights of Ingenuity, the rover lost contact with the helicopter. By suspending scientific operations on the rover to listen for signals from the helicopter, NASA was able to regain contact and resume flights.
  • January 25, 2024 – NASA announces end of mission for Ingenuity. Engineers determined that the helicopter sustained damage after a communications blackout with Perseverance just before the landing of flight 72. Photos taken by Ingenuity showed that its rotor blades, possibly all four, were damaged, resulting in the decision not to fly again. Final system tests and retrieval of data are ongoing.[67][94][13] Ingenuity Team have named the final landing spot and resting place of Ingenuity in Airfield Chi (χ) as "Valinor Hills Station", after the fictional location in J.R.R. Tolkien's fantasy novels.[95]
  • July 25, 2024 - NASA's Perseverance rover discovered "leopard spots" on a reddish rock nicknamed "Cheyava Falls" in Mars' Jezero Crater, that has some indications it may have hosted microbial life billions of years ago, but further research is needed.[96][97]
[edit]
Perseverance rover's sampling bits
  • The pointed one with two windows on the left is the regolith drill
  • the two shorter ones on the right are abrasion tools
  • the others in the center are rock drills
Mapping Perseverance's samples collected to date (The 10 duplicate samples to be left behind at Three Forks Sample Depot are framed in green colour.)
In support of the NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return, rock, regolith (Martian soil), and atmosphere samples are being cached by Perseverance. As of October 2023, 27 out of 43 sample tubes have been filled,[98] including 8 igneous rock samples, 12 sedimentary rock sample tubes, a Silica-cemented carbonate rock sample tube,[99] two regolith sample tubes, an atmosphere sample tube,[100] and three witness tubes.[101] Before launch, 5 of the 43 tubes were designated "witness tubes" and filled with materials that would capture particulates in the ambient environment of Mars. Out of 43 tubes, 3 witness sample tubes will not be returned to Earth and will remain on rover as the sample canister will only have 30 tube slots. Further, 10 of the 43 tubes are left as backups at the Three Forks Sample Depot.[102]
Mars Perseverance rover – Octavia E. Butler Landing Site in the Jezero crater (5 March 2021)
First image taken by the rover after its successful landing
Second Perseverance rover image on Mars
First color image from Perseverance rover after landing
Mars Perseverance rover – Panoramic view of landing site (18 February 2021)
The Ingenuity helicopter views the Perseverance rover (left) about 85 m (279 ft) away from 5.0 m (16.4 ft) in the air (25 April 2021)
Mars Perseverance rover – Possible route for exploration and study
Ingenuity helicopter
Ingenuity being deployed from under Persevervence
The deployed Ingenuity on Sol 46
Black-and-white photo from Ingenuity during its first test flight at an altitude of 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in), showing its shadow on the ground
First color aerial image on Mars taken by Ingenuity, at around 5.2 m (17 ft) high in flight
Ingenuity after its fifth flight landing on Airfield B (7 May 2021)
Entry-descent-landing debris
Ingenuity photographed the spacecraft backshell and parachute (April 19).[103]
Perseverance photographed the spacecraft backshell and parachute (April 14).
Ingenuity photographed an apparent EDL debris (April 3).
Perseverance photographed a thermal blanket from the skycrane 2 km (1.2 mi) away from its crash site.
Perseverance Rover instruments
Graph of MOXIE's first martian oxygen production test, 20 April 2021
Valinor Hills in the Airfield Chi (χ), Mars, Ingenuity's final airfield (see SQUARE near off-center right of image) as viewed by the Perseverance rover on February 4, 2024.

Cost

[edit]

NASA plans to expend roughly US$2.8 billion on the Mars 2020 mission over 10 years: almost $2.2 billion on the development of the Perseverance rover, $80 million on the Ingenuity helicopter, $243 million for launch services, and $296 million for 2.5 years of mission operations.[37][104] Adjusted for inflation, Mars 2020 is the sixth-most expensive robotic planetary mission made by NASA and is cheaper than its predecessor, the Curiosity rover.[105] As well as using spare hardware, Perseverance also used designs from Curiosity's mission without needing to redesign them, which helped save "probably tens of millions, if not 100 million dollars" according to Mars 2020 Deputy Chief Engineer Keith Comeaux.[106]

Public outreach

[edit]

To raise public awareness of the Mars 2020 mission, NASA undertook a "Send Your Name To Mars" campaign, through which people could send their names to Mars on a microchip stored aboard Perseverance. After registering their names, participants received a digital ticket with details of the mission's launch and destination. There were 10,932,295 names submitted during the registration period.[107] In addition, NASA announced in June 2019 that a student naming contest for the rover would be held in the fall of 2019, with voting on nine finalist names held in January 2020.[108] Perseverance was announced to be the winning name on March 5, 2020.[109][110]

  • "Send Your Name" placard attached to Perseverance
    "Send Your Name" placard attached to Perseverance
  • Sample souvenir boarding pass for those who registered their names to be flown aboard the Perseverance rover
    Sample souvenir boarding pass for those who registered their names to be flown aboard the Perseverance rover
  • NASA Eventbrite Virtual Guest Program Post flight mission patch given to Eventbrite subscribers
    NASA Eventbrite Virtual Guest Program Post flight mission patch given to Eventbrite subscribers

In May 2020, NASA attached a small aluminum plate to Perseverance to commemorate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and pay "tribute to the perseverance of healthcare workers around the world". The COVID-19 Perseverance Plate features planet Earth above the Rod of Asclepius, with a line showing the trajectory of the Mars 2020 spacecraft departing Earth.[111]

The supersonic parachute that helped decelerate Perseverance carried an Easter egg along with it.

On February 22, 2021, NASA released uninterrupted footage of the landing process of Mars 2020 from parachute deployment to touchdown in a livestream broadcast.[112] Upon release of this footage, engineers revealed that the rover's parachute contained a puzzle; Internet users had solved it within six hours. The parachute's pattern was based on binary code and translated to the motto of JPL (Dare Mighty Things) and the coordinates of its headquarters. Irregular patterns are frequently used on spacecraft parachutes to better determine the performance of specific parts of the parachute.[113]

A small piece of the wing covering from the Wright brothers' 1903 Wright Flyer is attached to a cable underneath Ingenuity's solar panel.[114]

NASA scientist Swati Mohan delivered the news of the successful landing.[115]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Where is Perseverance?". Mars 2020 Mission Perseverance Rover. NASA. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  2. ^ "NASA's Mars Helicopter Survives First Cold Martian Night on Its Own". Nasa Mars Website. April 5, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ^ "NASA to Attempt First Controlled Flight on Mars As Soon As Monday". April 17, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ^ "NASA, ULA Launch Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover Mission to Red Planet". NASA. July 30, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ^ "Touchdown! NASA's Mars Perseverance Rover Safely Lands on Red Planet". NASA's Mars Exploration Program. February 18, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ "Welcome to 'Octavia E. Butler Landing'". NASA. March 5, 2021. Retrieved March 5, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ^ Strickland, Ashley (April 15, 2021). "Why Mars? The fascination with exploring the red planet". CNN. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  8. ^ "Mars | Facts, Surface, Moons, Temperature, & Atmosphere | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  9. ^ Ben Turner (July 16, 2021). "Some evidence of ancient Martian life has mysteriously vanished, NASA finds". livescience.com. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  10. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Mars Technologies - NASA". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  11. ^ Chang, Kenneth (September 15, 2022). "Life on Mars? This Could Be the Place NASA's Rover Helps Us Find It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  12. ^ "After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends". Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  13. ^ a b NASA Science Live: Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Tribute & Legacy, January 31, 2024, retrieved February 1, 2024
  14. ^ Chang, Alicia (July 9, 2013). "Panel: Next Mars rover should gather rocks, soil". Associated Press. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  15. ^ a b c d Schulte, Mitch (December 20, 2012). "Call for Letters of Application for Membership on the Science Definition Team for the 2020 Mars Science Rover" (PDF). NASA. NNH13ZDA003L. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  16. ^ a b c d "Summary of the Final Report" (PDF). NASA / Mars Program Planning Group. September 25, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 3, 2020. Retrieved December 13, 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. ^ a b c Moskowitz, Clara (February 5, 2013). "Scientists Offer Wary Support for NASA's New Mars Rover". Space.com. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  18. ^ Amos, Jonathan (December 4, 2012). "NASA to send new rover to Mars in 2020". BBC News. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
  19. ^ February 2021, Mike Wall 17 (February 17, 2021). "The sounds of Mars: NASA's Perseverance rover will put ears on the Red Planet for the 1st time". Space.com. Retrieved February 18, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ a b c d e f Harwood, William (December 4, 2012). "NASA announces plans for new US$1.5 billion Mars rover". CNET. Retrieved December 5, 2012. Using spare parts and mission plans developed for NASA's Curiosity Mars rover, the space agency says it can build and launch the rover in 2020 and stay within current budget guidelines.
  21. ^ Matson, John (February 21, 2013). "Has NASA Become Mars-Obsessed?". Scientific American. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
  22. ^ Reilly, Doug (December 6, 2012). "NASA Announces New Mars Rover: De ja vu, all over again..." bicycleastronomy.org. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 8, 2013.
  23. ^ Rosie Mestel (December 6, 2012). "Bill Nye, the (planetary) science guy, on NASA's future". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  24. ^ "Program And Missions – 2020 Mission Plans". NASA. 2015. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  25. ^ Mann, Adam (December 4, 2012). "NASA Announces New Twin Rover for Curiosity Launching to Mars in 2020". Wired. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
  26. ^ Leone, Dan (October 3, 2012). "Mars Planning Group Endorses Sample Return". SpaceNews.
  27. ^ Greicius, Tony (March 2, 2015). "Science Team Outlines Goals for NASA's 2020 Mars Rover". NASA. Archived from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  28. ^ Davis, Jason (August 28, 2017). "NASA considers kicking Mars sample return into high gear". The Planetary Society.
  29. ^ "Announcement of Opportunity: Mars 2020 Investigations". NASA. September 24, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2009. Retrieved May 18, 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  30. ^ "Mars 2020 Mission: Instruments". NASA. 2013. Retrieved May 18, 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  31. ^ Brown, Dwayne (July 31, 2014). "Release 14-208 – NASA Announces Mars 2020 Rover Payload to Explore the Red Planet as Never Before". NASA. Retrieved July 31, 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  32. ^ "Objectives – 2020 Mission Plans". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved December 4, 2015. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  33. ^ a b "Science Team Outlines Goals for NASA's 2020 Mars Rover". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. July 9, 2013. Retrieved July 10, 2013. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  34. ^ a b Klotz, Irene (November 21, 2013). "Mars 2020 Rover To Include Test Device To Tap Planet's Atmosphere for Oxygen". SpaceNews. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
  35. ^ Bergin, Chris (September 2, 2014). "Curiosity EDL data to provide 2020 Mars Rover with super landing skills". NASASpaceFlight.com.
  36. ^ "Mars 2020 Rover – Overview". NASA/JPL. Retrieved July 6, 2018. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  37. ^ a b "Mars 2020 Landing Press Kit" (PDF). JPL. NASA. p. 15. Retrieved February 17, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  38. ^ a b Evans, Kim (October 13, 2015). "NASA Eyes Sample-Return Capability for Post-2020 Mars Orbiter". Denver Museum of Nature and Science. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  39. ^ a b c d Mattingly, Richard (March 2010). "Mission Concept Study: Planetary Science Decadal Survey – MSR Orbiter Mission (Including Mars Returned Sample Handling)" (PDF). NASA. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  40. ^ Ross, D.; Russell, J.; Sutter, B. (March 2012). "Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV): Designing for high heritage and low risk". 2012 IEEE Aerospace Conference. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/AERO.2012.6187296. ISBN 978-1-4577-0557-1. S2CID 21266048.
  41. ^ Prince, Andrew; McCauley, Rachel; Kibbey, Timothy; McCollum, Lisa; Oglesby, Britt; Stenfanski, Philip (March 2019). "Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV)" (PDF). Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  42. ^ a b How NASA's Next Mars Rover Will Hunt for Alien Life. Mike Wall, Space.com, 11 December 2019
  43. ^ Amos, Jonathan (July 6, 2018). "Fetch rover! Robot to retrieve Mars rocks". BBC News. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  44. ^ "Perseverance's First Road Trip".
  45. ^ a b c d e "Fiche Technique: Mars 2020 Vaisseau Spatial" [Mars 2020]. Espace & Exploration (in French). No. 61. January 2021. pp. 42–43. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
  46. ^ Dreier, Casey (January 10, 2013). "New Details on the 2020 Mars Rover". The Planetary Society. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
  47. ^ Agle, D. C. (July 1, 2019). "A Neil Armstrong for Mars: Landing the Mars 2020 Rover". NASA. Retrieved July 1, 2019. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  48. ^ "Mars 2020 Rover: Entry, Descent, and Landing System". NASA. July 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  49. ^ Mehta, Jatan (February 17, 2021). "How NASA Aims to Achieve Perseverance's High-Stakes Mars Landing". Scientific American. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  50. ^ Here's an example of the crazy lengths NASA goes to land safely on Mars. Eric Berger, Ars Technica, 7 October 2019
  51. ^ "NASA Mars Rover Team Aims for Landing Closer to Prime Science Site". June 11, 2012. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  52. ^ Williams, Leslie; Webster, Guy; Anderson, Gina (October 4, 2016). "NASA Flight Program Tests Mars Lander Vision System". NASA. Retrieved October 5, 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  53. ^ Murphy, Marshall (October 4, 2016). "Fresh Eyes on Mars: Mars 2020 Lander Vision System Tested through NASA's Flight Opportunities Program". NASA. Retrieved January 28, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  54. ^ Wall, Mike (December 4, 2012). "NASA to Launch New Mars Rover in 2020". Space.com. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
  55. ^ Lakdawalla, Emily (August 19, 2014). "Curiosity wheel damage: The problem and solutions". planetary.org/blogs. The Planetary Society. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  56. ^ Gebhardt, Chris (October 11, 2016). "Mars 2020 rover receives upgraded eyesight for tricky skycrane landing". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  57. ^ a b "Mars 2020 – Body: New Wheels for Mars 2020". NASA/JPL. Retrieved July 6, 2018. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  58. ^ "Mars 2020 Rover – Wheels". NASA. Retrieved July 9, 2018. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  59. ^ "Mars 2020 Rover's 7-Foot-Long Robotic Arm Installed". mars.nasa.gov. June 28, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2019. The main arm includes five electrical motors and five joints (known as the shoulder azimuth joint, shoulder elevation joint, elbow joint, wrist joint and turret joint). Measuring 7 feet (2.1 meters) long, the arm will allow the rover to work as a human geologist would: by holding and using science tools with its turret, which is essentially its "hand". Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  60. ^ Boyle, Alan (December 4, 2012). "NASA plans 2020 Mars rover remake". Cosmic Log. NBC News. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2012.
  61. ^ a b c d "Mars 2020 Rover Tech Specs". JPL/NASA. Retrieved July 6, 2018. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  62. ^ Romsenter, Norsk. "Svein-Erik Hamran". Norsk Romsenter (in Norwegian). Retrieved June 4, 2021.
  63. ^ Helland Urke, Eirik (February 18, 2021). "Direkte: Mars Perseverance har landet!". Teknisk Ukeblad (in Norwegian). Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  64. ^ a b "Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Landing Press Kit" (PDF). NASA. January 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  65. ^ Decision expected soon on adding helicopter to Mars 2020 Jeff Fout, SpaceNews, 4 May 2018
  66. ^ Mars Helicopter Technology Demonstrator, J. (Bob) Balaram, Timothy Canham, Courtney Duncan, Matt Golombek, Håvard Fjær Grip, Wayne Johnson, Justin Maki, Amelia Quon, Ryan Stern, and David Zhu. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), SciTech Forum Conference; 8–12 January 2018, Kissimmee, Florida doi:10.2514/6.2018-0023 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  67. ^ a b "After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends - NASA". Retrieved January 25, 2024.
  68. ^ a b c Chang, Kenneth (November 19, 2018). "NASA Mars 2020 Rover Gets a Landing Site: A Crater That Contained a Lake – The rover will search the Jezero Crater and delta for the chemical building blocks of life and other signs of past microbes". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  69. ^ Wall, Mike (November 19, 2018). "Jezero Crater or Bust! NASA Picks Landing Site for Mars 2020 Rover". Space.com. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  70. ^ The Perseverance rover will visit the perfect spot to find signs of life, new studies show Sarah Kaplan, The Washington Post, 16 November 2019
  71. ^ Hand, Eric (August 6, 2015). "Mars scientists tap ancient river deltas and hot springs as promising targets for 2020 rover". Science News. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
  72. ^ "PIA19303: A Possible Landing Site for the 2020 Mission: Jezero Crater". NASA. March 4, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2015. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  73. ^ Farley, Ken (September 8, 2015). "Researcher discusses where to land Mars 2020". Phys.org. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
  74. ^ "2020 Landing Site for Mars Rover Mission". NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2017. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  75. ^ Witze, Alexandra (February 11, 2017). "Three sites where NASA might retrieve its first Mars rock". Nature. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..279W. Retrieved February 12, 2017.
  76. ^ How the Perseverance Mars Rover Will Help NASA Return Mars Samples to Earth. NASA. July 28, 2020. Event occurs from 39:55 to 42:13. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  77. ^ Foust, Jeff (June 30, 2020). "Mars 2020 launch slips again". SpaceNews. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
  78. ^ Ray, Justin (July 25, 2016). "NASA books nuclear-certified Atlas 5 rocket for Mars 2020 rover launch". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
  79. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Overview – Mars 2020 Rover". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2019. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  80. ^ "Mission: Overview". NASA. Retrieved March 7, 2015. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  81. ^ Bachman, Justin (February 8, 2021). "Three Mars Missions Set to Arrive This Month". Bloomberg News. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  82. ^ "Mars missions complete first course corrections on journey to Red Planet". Spaceflight Now. August 19, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  83. ^ Fernando, Benjamin; Wójcicka, Natalia; Froment, Marouchka; Maguire, Ross; Stähler, Simon C.; Rolland, Lucie; Collins, Gareth S.; Karatekin, Ozgur; Larmat, Carene; Sansom, Eleanor K.; Teanby, Nicholas A. (2021). "Listening for the Landing: Seismic Detections of Perseverance's arrival at Mars with InSight". Earth and Space Science. 8 (4): e2020EA001585. Bibcode:2021E&SS....801585F. doi:10.1029/2020EA001585. hdl:20.500.11937/90005. ISSN 2333-5084.
  84. ^ O'Callaghan, Jonathan. "NASA probe on Mars may feel the ground shake as rovers land in 2021". New Scientist. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  85. ^ Betz, Eric (February 18, 2021). "The Skycrane: How NASA's Perseverance rover will land on Mars". Astronomy.com. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  86. ^ Strickland, Ashley (February 19, 2021). "Incredible new images shared by Perseverance rover after Mars landing". CNN. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
  87. ^ Strickland, Ashley (February 20, 2021). "Ingenuity helicopter phones home from Mars". CNN. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
  88. ^ Strickland, Ashley (February 23, 2021). "NASA shares first video and audio, new images from Mars Perseverance rover". CNN. Retrieved February 23, 2021.
  89. ^ Crane, Leah (February 22, 2021). "Perseverance rover has sent back stunning video and audio from Mars". New Scientist. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
  90. ^ "NASA's Perseverance Captures Video, Audio of Fourth Ingenuity Flight". NASA. May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  91. ^ "Perseverance Scouts First Sampling Location". NASA. July 7, 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  92. ^ Cappucci, Matthew (April 8, 2021). "NASA receives first weather reports from Perseverance rover on Mars at Jezero Crater – The weather data is crucial as the first flight of Ingenuity draws near". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
  93. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Perseverance Rover Mars Rock Samples". NASA Mars Exploration. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
  94. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Images from the Mars Perseverance Rover - NASA". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
  95. ^ "x.com".
  96. ^ "NASA's Perseverance Rover Scientists Find Intriguing Mars Rock - NASA". July 25, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
  97. ^ "Has NASA's Mars rover Perseverance found evidence of ancient life?". cosmosmagazine.com. July 27, 2024. Retrieved July 30, 2024.
  98. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Perseverance Rover Mars Rock Samples". NASA Mars Exploration. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2023.
  99. ^ "Nobody Tell Elmo About Issole". nasa.gov. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
  100. ^ mars.nasa.gov (August 26, 2021). "NASA's Perseverance Plans Next Sample Attempt". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  101. ^ "Sample Caching Dry Run, 1st sample tube cached". Twitter. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  102. ^ mars.nasa.gov. "Perseverance Sample Tube 266". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
  103. ^ Chang, Kenneth (April 27, 2022). "NASA Sees 'Otherworldly' Wreckage on Mars With Ingenuity Helicopter - The debris was part of the equipment that helped the Perseverance mission safely land on the red planet in 2021". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2022.
  104. ^ "Cost of Perseverance". The Planetary Society.
  105. ^ Dreier, Casey (July 29, 2020). "The Cost of Perseverance, in Context". The Planetary Society.
  106. ^ "Answering Your (Mars 2020) Questions: Perseverance versus Curiosity Rover Hardware". techbriefs.com. June 19, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
  107. ^ "Send Your Name to Mars: Mars 2020". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved February 12, 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  108. ^ Agle, D.C.; Hautaluoma, Grwy; Johnson, Alana (January 21, 2020). "Nine Finalists Chosen in NASA's Mars 2020 Rover Naming Contest". NASA. Retrieved January 21, 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  109. ^ Hautaluoma, Grey; Johnsom, Alana; Agle, DC (March 5, 2020). "Virginia Middle School Student Earns Honor of Naming NASA's Next Mars Rover "Perseverance"". NASA. Retrieved March 5, 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  110. ^ Chang, Kenneth (March 5, 2020). "NASA's Mars 2020 Rover Gets New, Official Name: Perseverance – The robotic explorer is to join Curiosity on the red planet next year, and is expected to get more rolling companions built by China, Europe and Russia". The New York Times. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  111. ^ "The Launch Is Approaching for NASA's Next Mars Rover, Perseverance". NASA. June 17, 2020. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  112. ^ See Mars Like Never Before! NASA's Perseverance Rover Sends New Video and Images of the Red Planet, February 22, 2021, retrieved January 17, 2024
  113. ^ Strickland, Ashley (February 24, 2021). "The inspiring hidden message in the Mars Perseverance rover's parachute". CNN. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
  114. ^ Potter, Sean (May 23, 2021). "NASA Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Prepares for First Flight". NASA. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  115. ^ Kaur, Harmeet (February 19, 2021). "The face of the Perseverance landing was an Indian American woman". CNN. Retrieved February 20, 2021.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mars 2020.
Video


Map of Mars
Interactive image map of the global topography of Mars, overlaid with the position of Martian rovers and landers. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
Clickable image: Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
(   Active •   Inactive •   Planned)
Bradbury Landing
Deep Space 2
Mars Polar Lander
Perseverance
Schiaparelli EDM
Spirit
Viking 1
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mars_2020&oldid=1256860339"