Pregnenolone (medication)
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| Trade names | Arthenolone, Bina-Skin, Enelone, Natolone, Pregneton, Prenolone, Regnosone, Sharmone, Skinostelon[1][2] |
| Other names | P5; 5-Pregnenolone; δ5-Pregnene-3β-ol-20-one; Pregn-5-en-3β-ol-20-one; NSC-1616 |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth, transdermal |
| Drug class | Neurosteroid; Anti-inflammatory |
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| Formula | C21H32O2 |
| Molar mass | 316.485 g·mol−1 |
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Pregnenolone, sold under the brand name Enelone among others, is a medication and supplement as well as a naturally occurring and endogenous steroid.[3][1][4][5][6] It is described as a neurosteroid and anti-inflammatory drug and was used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and soft-tissue rheumatism in the 1950s but is no longer used today.[3][2][4] Pregnenolone can be taken by mouth, as a topical medication, or by injection into muscle.[3][2]
Pregnenolone is promoted online with false claims that it can treat a variety of health conditions including cancer, arthritis and multiple sclerosis.[7]
Medical uses
[edit]Pregnenolone was approved for use as a pharmaceutical medication in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and soft-tissue rheumatism in the 1950s.[2] It is no longer used today.[4]
Available forms
[edit]Pregnenolone acetate was available as Enelone in the form of 100 mg oral tablets and as a 100 mg/mL crystalline aqueous suspension in 10 mL vials.[2]
Pharmacology
[edit]Pregnenolone is a neurosteroid.[5][6] It is a negative allosteric modulator of the CB1 receptor,[5][8] a ligand of the microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2),[9][10] and an agonist of the pregnane X receptor.[11] Pregnenolone has no progestogenic, corticosteroid, estrogenic, androgenic, or antiandrogenic activity.[3] In addition to its own activities, pregnenolone is a precursor for other neurosteroids such as pregnenolone sulfate, allopregnanolone, and pregnanolone and for steroid hormones.[12][13][14][15]
Pregnenolone has low bioavailability and is subject to high metabolism.[5] Oral administration of 50 or 100 mg pregnenolone has been found to have minimal or negligible effect on urinary levels of testosterone and testosterone metabolites, including of androsterone, etiocholanolone, 5β-androstanediol, androstadienol, and androstenol (and/or their conjugates), and this suggests that only a small amount of pregnenolone is converted into testosterone.[13][14] This is in accordance with findings on the conversion of DHEA into testosterone, in which only 1.5% of an oral dose of DHEA was found to be converted into testosterone.[13] In contrast to the androstanes, 50 or 100 mg oral pregnenolone has been found to significantly and in fact "strongly" increase urinary levels of the progesterone metabolites pregnanediol and pregnanolone (and/or their conjugates), whereas pregnanetriol was unaffected.[13][14] Unlike the case of oral administration, transdermal administration of 30 mg/day pregnenolone cream has not been found to affect urinary levels of metabolites of any other steroids, including of progesterone.[14] Intranasal administration of pregnenolone was found to have low bioavailability of around 23%.[5]
Sripada et al. reported that oral pregnenolone is preferentially metabolized into the neurosteroid allopregnanolone rather than into other steroids such as DHEA or cortisol.[15] In further research by their group, a single 400 mg dose of oral pregnenolone at 3 hours post-administration was found to result in a 3-fold elevation in serum levels of pregnenolone and a 7-fold increase in allopregnanolone levels.[15] Pregnanolone levels increased by approximately 60% while DHEA levels decreased non-significantly by approximately 5% and cortisol levels were not affected.[15] Another study found that allopregnanolone levels were increased by 3-fold at 2 hours post-administration following a single 400 mg oral dose of pregnenolone.[15]
In addition to allopregnanolone, pregnenolone acts as a prodrug of pregnenolone sulfate.[12] However, pregnenolone sulfate does not cross the blood–brain barrier.[16][17]
Chemistry
[edit]Pregnenolone, also known as 5-pregnenolone or as pregn-5-en-3β-ol-20-one, is a naturally occurring pregnane steroid and a derivative of cholesterol.[3][1][4] Related steroids include pregnenolone sulfate, 3β-dihydroprogesterone (4-pregnenolone), progesterone, allopregnanolone, and pregnanolone.[3][1][4]
Derivatives
[edit]A few synthetic ester derivatives of pregnenolone exist.[1] These include pregnenolone acetate (Antofin, Previsone, Pregno-Pan) and pregnenolone succinate (Panzalone, Formula 405).[1] Prebediolone acetate (Acetoxanon, Acetoxy-Prenolon, Artisone, Artivis, Pregnartrone, Sterosone), the 21-acetate ester of 21-hydroxypregnenolone, also exists.[1] These esters are all described as glucocorticoids similarly to pregnenolone.[1]
The 3β-methyl ether of pregnenolone, 3β-methoxypregnenolone (MAP-4343), retains similar activity to pregnenolone in regard to interaction with MAP2,[9][10] and is under development for potential clinical use for indications such as the treatment of brain and spinal cord injury and depressive disorders.[18][19][20][21]
History
[edit]Pregnenolone was first synthesized by Adolf Butenandt and colleagues in 1934.[3] It was first used in medicine, as an anti-inflammatory medication, in the 1940s.[5]
Society and culture
[edit]Generic names
[edit]Pregnenolone is the generic name of the drug and its INN, BAN, DCF, and JAN.[1][4][22]
Brand names
[edit]Pregnenolone has been marketed in the past under a variety of brand names including Arthenolone, Bina-Skin, Enelone, Natolone, Pregnetan, Pregneton, Pregnolon, Prenolon, Prenolone, Regnosone, Sharmone, and Skinostelon.[1][4]
Availability
[edit]Pregnenolone is no longer marketed as a medication, but remains available as a supplement.[4][23]
Alternative medicine
[edit]Pregnenolone has been promoted online with claims it can treat a variety of diseases including multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and cancer, but such claims are not backed by evidence.[7]
Research
[edit]As of 2016[update] pregnenolone is being researched for possible therapeutic applications, but its poor bioavailability makes its prospects for usefulness low.[5] Pregnenolone is available as an over-the-counter supplement, for instance in the United States.[23]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 665–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
- ^ a b c d e Gutman J (1955). Modern Drug Encyclopedia and Therapeutic Index. Yorke Medical Group. pp. 382–.
- ^ a b c d e f g Henderson E, Weinberg M, Wright WA (April 1950). "Pregnenolone". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 10 (4): 455–474. doi:10.1210/jcem-10-4-455. PMID 15415436.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 872–873. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g Vallée M (June 2016). "Neurosteroids and potential therapeutics: Focus on pregnenolone". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 160: 78–87. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.030. PMID 26433186. S2CID 3468546.
- ^ a b Weng JH, Chung BC (July 2016). "Nongenomic actions of neurosteroid pregnenolone and its metabolites". Steroids. 111: 54–59. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2016.01.017. PMID 26844377. S2CID 21839652.
- ^ a b Russell J, Rovere A, eds. (2009). "Pregnenolone". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). American Cancer Society. pp. 807-810. ISBN 9780944235713.
- ^ Pertwee RG (2015). "Endocannabinoids and Their Pharmacological Actions". Endocannabinoids. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 231. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–37. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_1. ISBN 9783319208244. PMID 26408156.
- ^ a b Mellon SH (October 2007). "Neurosteroid regulation of central nervous system development". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 116 (1): 107–124. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.04.011. PMC 2386997. PMID 17651807.
- ^ a b Fontaine-Lenoir V, Chambraud B, Fellous A, David S, Duchossoy Y, Baulieu EE, Robel P (March 2006). "Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is a neurosteroid receptor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (12): 4711–4716. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.4711F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0600113103. PMC 1450236. PMID 16537405.
- ^ Kliewer SA, Lehmann JM, Milburn MV, Willson TM (1999). "The PPARs and PXRs: nuclear xenobiotic receptors that define novel hormone signaling pathways". Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 54: 345–67, discussion 367–8. PMID 10548883.
- ^ a b Ducharme N, Banks WA, Morley JE, Robinson SM, Niehoff ML, Mattern C, Farr SA (September 2010). "Brain distribution and behavioral effects of progesterone and pregnenolone after intranasal or intravenous administration". European Journal of Pharmacology. 641 (2–3): 128–134. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.033. PMC 3008321. PMID 20570588.
- ^ a b c d Saudan C, Desmarchelier A, Sottas PE, Mangin P, Saugy M (March 2005). "Urinary marker of oral pregnenolone administration". Steroids. 70 (3): 179–183. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2004.12.007. PMID 15763596. S2CID 25490229.
- ^ a b c d Piper T, Schlug C, Mareck U, Schänzer W (May 2011). "Investigations on changes in ¹³C/¹²C ratios of endogenous urinary steroids after pregnenolone administration". Drug Testing and Analysis. 3 (5): 283–290. doi:10.1002/dta.281. PMID 21538944.
- ^ a b c d e Sripada RK, Marx CE, King AP, Rampton JC, Ho SS, Liberzon I (June 2013). "Allopregnanolone elevations following pregnenolone administration are associated with enhanced activation of emotion regulation neurocircuits". Biological Psychiatry. 73 (11): 1045–1053. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.12.008. PMC 3648625. PMID 23348009.
- ^ Klein P, Janousek J (18 June 2010). "Impact of Neuroendocrine Factors on Seizure Genesis and Treatment". In Rho J, Sankar R, Stafstrom CE (eds.). Epilepsy: Mechanisms, Models, and Translational Perspectives. CRC Press. pp. 479–. ISBN 978-1-4200-8560-0.
- ^ CIBA Foundation Symposium (30 April 2008). Steroids and Neuronal Activity. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 101–. ISBN 978-0-470-51399-6.
- ^ "Pregnenolone methyl ether". AdisInsight. Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
- ^ Duchossoy Y, David S, Baulieu EE, Robel P (July 2011). "Treatment of experimental spinal cord injury with 3β-methoxy-pregnenolone". Brain Research. 1403: 57–66. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.05.065. PMID 21704982. S2CID 42657539.
- ^ Bianchi M, Baulieu EE (January 2012). "3β-Methoxy-pregnenolone (MAP4343) as an innovative therapeutic approach for depressive disorders". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (5): 1713–1718. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.1713B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1121485109. PMC 3277154. PMID 22307636.
- ^ Baulieu ÉÉ (2015). "From steroid hormones to depressive states and senile dementias: New mechanistic, therapeutical and predictive approaches". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 338 (8–9): 613–616. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2015.06.003. PMID 26251072.
- ^ "145-13-1 - ORNBQBCIOKFOEO-QGVNFLHTSA-N - Pregnenolone [INN:BAN] - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information". ChemIDplus. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b Meieran SE, Reus VI, Webster R, Shafton R, Wolkowitz OM (May 2004). "Chronic pregnenolone effects in normal humans: attenuation of benzodiazepine-induced sedation". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 29 (4): 486–500. doi:10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00056-8. PMID 14749094. S2CID 36847870.