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Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas

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Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. ^ a b Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. ^ a b Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. ^ Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^ a b c d e The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^ A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. ^ Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^ Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^ Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^ Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^ Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. ^ Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  1. ^ a b Not yet in effect.
LGBTQ portal
State recognition of same-sex relationships in North America & Hawaii.1
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Same-sex marriages recognized, but not performed
  Binding decision overturning a ban on same-sex marriage not in effect2
1May include recent laws or court decisions which have created legal recognition of same-sex relationships, but which have not entered into effect yet.
2Some states in these categories also have a ban unions similar to marriage and binding judicial rulings against bans unions similar to marriage.
Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Foreign same-sex marriages recognized
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but not enforced
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal only for males
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal for males and females
Recognition of same-sex unions in South America
  Marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unrecognized
  Same-sex marriage banned
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal
Homosexuality legislation in Lesser Antilles.
  Same-sex marriage
  Same-sex marriage only recognized
  Other type of partnership
  Unrecognized or unknown
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but not enforced
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal

Currently, Canada and the United States[nb 1] are the only countries in North America that allow same-sex couples to marry everywhere within their boundaries. In Mexico, twelve Mexican states and the Mexican federal district of Mexico City have legalized same-sex marriage, although such marriages are recognized throughout the 31 states of Mexico, and same-sex couples can get married in any other state by obtaining a court injunction ("amparo"). A majority of people in both North America and South America live in jurisdictions providing marriage rights to LGBT citizens.Same-sex marriages are also performed in the Caribbean Netherlands, Bermuda, Greenland, and in French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin and Saint Pierre and Miquelon). Furthermore, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten recognize same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands. In addition, one Mexican state performs civil unions.

Debate has taken place throughout South America over proposals to legalize same-sex marriage as well as civil unions. Currently, 6 of the 12 sovereign countries in South America recognize some type of same-sex union. Same-sex marriage is currently legal in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Uruguay and is also legal in the territories of French Guiana and the Falkland Islands. An additional two countries have a form of civil union or registered partnership, namely Chile and Ecuador. South America was the first continent to have a majority of its inhabitants living in a jurisdiction that afforded same-sex couples the right to marry.

On 8 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the legalisation of same-sex marriage. The landmark ruling was fully binding on Costa Rica and set binding precedent in the other signatory countries. The Court recommended that governments issue temporary decrees legalising same-sex marriage until new legislation is brought in. The ruling applies to the countries of Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname. The Costa Rican government subsequently announced that it would implement the ruling "in its totality",[1] and the government of Panama has also signalled that it would accept the ruling.[2][3]

Current situation

National level

Status Country Legal since Country population
(Last count, 2015 est.)
Marriage
(6 countries) 		Argentina Argentina 2010[4] 43,590,400
Brazil Brazil 2013[5] 205,574,000
Canada Canada 2005[6] 35,819,000
Colombia Colombia 2016[7] 48,509,200
United States United States 2015[8][9] 321,234,000
Uruguay Uruguay 2013[10] 3,480,222
Subtotal — — 658,206,822
(67.32% of the American population)
Marriage recognized nationwide;

legal in some jurisdictions; allowed by injunction in others
(1 country)

Mexico Mexico 2010[11] 121,006,000
Subtotal — — 121,006,000
(12.35% of the American population)
Other type of partnership
(2 countries) 		Chile Chile 2015[12] 18,191,900
Ecuador Ecuador 2008[13] 16,278,844
Subtotal — — 34,471,744
(3.49% of the American population)
Unregistered cohabitation
(1 country) 		Costa Rica Costa Rica 2013[14][15] 4,851,000
Subtotal — — 4,851,000
(0.49% of the American population)
Total — — 818,535,566
(83.65% of the American population)
No recognition
(19 countries) 		Homosexuality is legal
The Bahamas Bahamas — 379,000
Belize Belize — 369,000
El Salvador El Salvador — 6,460,000
Guatemala Guatemala — 16,176,000
Haiti Haiti — 10,994,000
Nicaragua Nicaragua — 6,514,000
Panama Panama — 3,764,000
Peru Peru — 31,488,700
Suriname Suriname — 534,189
Venezuela Venezuela — 31,648,930
Homosexuality is illegal but legislation is not enforced
Barbados Barbados — 283,000
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago — 1,357,000
Homosexuality is illegal
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda — 89,000
Dominica Dominica — 71,000
Grenada Grenada — 104,000
Guyana Guyana — 746,900
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis — 46,000
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia — 172,000
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines — 110,000
Subtotal — — 111,306,719
(11.21% of the American population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(7 countries)
* Another type of union is possible
** Homosexuality is illegal 		Bolivia Bolivia 2009[16] 10,985,059
Cuba Cuba 1976[17] 11,252,000
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 2010[18] 9,980,000
Ecuador Ecuador* 2008[13] 16,278,844
Honduras Honduras 2005[19][20] 8,950,000
Jamaica Jamaica** 1962[21] 2,729,000
Paraguay Paraguay 1992[22] 6,854,536
Subtotal — — 67,029,439
(6.81% of the American population)
Total — — 178,336,158
(18.02% of the American population)

Sub-national level

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since
Marriage
(65 jurisdictions)
Denmark Denmark 2016
France France 2013
Mexico Mexico Varies
Netherlands Netherlands 2012
United Kingdom United Kingdom 2017
United States United States Varies
Other type of partnership
(2 jurisdictions)
Netherlands Netherlands 2016
Mexico Mexico 2017
Marriage recognized,
but not performed
(3 jurisdictions)
Netherlands Netherlands 2007
Some recognition for limited purposes (1 jurisdiction)
United Kingdom United Kingdom 2016
No recognition
(2 jurisdictions)
United Kingdom United Kingdom —
Constitutional ban on same-sex marriage
(3 jurisdictions)
United Kingdom United Kingdom Varies

2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling

On 9 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an advisory opinion that states party to the American Convention on Human Rights must grant same-sex couples accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage. The opinion was issued after the Government of Costa Rica sought clarification of its obligations to LGBT people under the convention.[83] The opinion sets precedent for all 23 member states, 19 of which did not recognize same-sex marriage at the time of the ruling: Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname. Of these, all but Dominica, Grenada and Jamaica have accepted the court's blanket jurisdiction. However, states must each individually apply the ruling before it takes effect.

Future legislation

Marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Chile Chile: On 10 December 2014, a group of senators from various parties joined LGBT rights group MOVILH in presenting a bill to allow same-sex marriage and adoption to Congress.[84] On 17 February 2015, lawyers representing the Government and the LGBT rights group MOVILH met to discuss an amicable solution to the same-sex marriage lawsuit before the Inter-American Commission Of Human Rights. The Government announced that they would drop their opposition to same-sex marriage. A formal agreement was reached in April, though MOVILH's lawyer stated that the case would continue until the law was enacted in Chile.[85] On 1 July 2016, the Government announced that it would begin consultations on a same-sex marriage bill in September 2016, with the aim of finalising it by mid-2017.[86] In June 2017, President Bachelet announced in a speech to Congress that her Government would send a bill to Congress in the second half of 2017 to allow same-sex marriage.[87] On 28 August 2017, Bachelet sent a same-sex marriage bill that included full adoption rights to Congress.[88]

Costa Rica Costa Rica: On March 19, 2015, a bill to legalize same-sex marriage was introduced to the Legislative Assembly by Deputy Ligia Elena Fallas Rodríguez from the Broad Front.[89] On December 10, 2015, the organization Front for Equal Rights (Frente Por los Derechos Igualitarios) and a group of deputies from the Citizens' Action Party, the National Liberation Party and the Broad Front presented another bill.[90][91][92] On 9 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an advisory opinion that Costa Rica was obligated to legalize same-sex marriage. The Costa Rican government announced that it will abide by the resolution.[93][94] The Foreign Ministry notified the Judiciary, the Supreme Electoral Court (responsible for the Civil Registry) and the Legislative Assembly about the ruling on 12 January.[95][96]

Panama Panama: On 16 January, the Panamanian Government welcomed the ruling by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights that signatories to the American Convention on Human Rights were required to allow same-sex marriages. Vice President Isabel Saint Malo, speaking on behalf of the Government, announced that the country would fully abide by the ruling. Official notices, requiring compliance with the ruling, were sent out to various governmental departments that same day.[97][98]

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

Mexico Mexico: A decision of the Mexico Supreme Court on 12 June 2015 resulted in a ruling that found that state bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional. The court's ruling is considered a "jurisprudential thesis" and does not invalidate any state laws, meaning same-sex couples denied the right to wed would still have to seek individual injunctions. The ruling standardized the procedures for judges and courts throughout Mexico, to approve all applications for same-sex marriage,[99][100] and made the approval mandatory.[101] The ruling was published in the country's Judicial Gazette on 19 June 2015 and became binding on 22 June 2015.[102] Some have suggested the ruling "effectively legalises" same-sex marriage in Mexico,[103][104] though without legislative change, civil registrars are still bound to follow the state constitutions.[105][106][107]

Peru Peru: On 14 February 2017, a bill legalizing same-sex marriage was introduced in the Peruvian Congress, sponsored by a group of legislators from the Broad Front and Peruvians for Change.[108] The proposal seeks to alter Article 234 of the Civil Code to define marriage as "the union voluntarily agreed upon by two persons legally able to do so".[109]

Venezuela Venezuela: On 31 January 2014, during a debate on a Civil Code reform bill, LGBT activists submitted a proposal seeking to legalize same-sex marriage. The proposal was accompanied with 21,000 signatures as well as support from the governments of the states of Barinas, Falcón, Mérida, Monagas, Táchira, Yaracuy and Zulia.[110] The proposal seeks to alter Article 44 of the Civil Code to allow for same-sex marriages in Venezuela.

Non-marital partnership

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Peru Peru: On 30 November 2016, a pair of representatives introduced a civil union bill in the Peruvian Congress. The bill has the support of the recently elected President, who promised to introduce civil unions during the election campaign.[111]

Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

Bolivia Bolivia: On 21 September 2015, the country's largest LGBT rights group handed the Bolivian Assembly a bill to legalize same-sex unions under the term "Family Life Agreement". The Family Life Agreement proposal seeks to grant same-sex couples the same rights as heterosexual couples with the exception of adoptions.[112]

Guatemala Guatemala: In December 2016, Congresswoman Sandra Morán of the Convergence Party announced the introduction of a civil unions bill in the Congress of Guatemala.[113]

Ban on same-sex marriage

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Bermuda Bermuda: In 2017, Government MP Wayne Furbert reintroduced a bill that would re-ban same-sex marriage in Bermuda by amending the Human Rights Act to exclude the Matrimonial Causes Act from its jurisdiction, and introduce domestic partnerships for same-sex and opposite-sex couples.[114] The Domestic Partnerships Bill passed the House of Representatives on December 8, and the Senate on December 13. It is currently awaiting the Governor's signature.[115]

Haiti Haiti: In August 2017, the Haitian Senate approved a bill that would ban same-sex marriage and criminalize anyone who entered or facilitated a same-sex marriage. It must be passed by the Chamber of Deputies and signed by the President before it becomes law.[116]

Public opinion

Country Pollster Year For same-sex marriage Against
Argentina Argentina IPSOS 2015 59%[117] 26%[117]
The Bahamas Bahamas Baròmetro de las Américas por LAPOP 2014 10.6%[118] -
Belize Belize Baròmetro de las Américas por LAPOP 2014 8.4%[118] -
Bolivia Bolivia Pew Research Center 2014 22%[119] 67%[119]
Brazil Brazil DataFolha 2016 44%[120] 42%[120]
Canada Canada Forum Research 2015 70%[121] 22%[121]
Chile Chile Plaza Pùblica 2017 64%[122] 32%[122]
Colombia Colombia Gallup 2017 43%[123] 54%[123]
Costa Rica Costa Rica Centro de Investigación y Estudios Políticos 2016 45%[124] 49%[124]
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Pew Research Center 2014 25%[119] 72%[119]
Ecuador Ecuador Pew Research Center 2014 16%[119] 74%[119]
El Salvador El Salvador Baròmetro de las Américas por LAPOP/Pew Research Center 2014 13.9%[118] 81%[118]
Guatemala Guatemala Pew Research Center 2014 12%[119] 82%[119]
Guyana Guyana Vanderbilt University 2012 14%[125] -
Haiti Haiti Baròmetro de las Américas por LAPOP 2014 6.7%[118] -
Honduras Honduras Baròmetro de las Américas por LAPOP/Pew Research Center 2014 14.1%[118] 83%[118]
Jamaica Jamaica ILGA 2016 16%[126] 30%[126]
Mexico Mexico Gabinete de Comunicación Estratégica 2016 69%[127] 25%[127]
Nicaragua Nicaragua Pew Research Center 2014 16%[119] 77%[119]
Panama Panama Baròmetro de las Américas por LAPOP/Pew Research Center 2014 25%[118] 72%[118]
Paraguay Paraguay Baròmetro de las Américas por LAPOP 2014 20.8%[118] -
Peru Peru CPI 2017 13.4%[128] 82.2%[128]
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Pew Research Center 2014 33%[119] 55%[119]
Suriname Suriname Vanderbilt University 2012 22.5%[125] -
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago ILGA 2016 22%[129] 50%[129]
United States United States Gallup 2016 61%[130] 37%[130]
Uruguay Uruguay Baròmetro de las Américas por LAPOP 2014 70.6%[118] -
Venezuela Venezuela Baròmetro de las Américas por LAPOP 2014 29.6%[118] 61%[118]

Other polls

  • Argentina: A November 2009 poll conducted in the six biggest cities of Argentina found support for same-sex marriage at 63.3%, opposition was at 23.1%[131]
  • Brazil: A July 2012 nationwide poll revealed that 50% of Brazilians were in favor of the Supreme Court decision that expanded civil unions to same-sex couples. Those in favor were mostly women, younger people and Catholics.[132] Another poll released in March 2013 showed that 47% of the population was in favor of same-sex marriage, while 57% of Brazilians were in favor of same-sex couples adopting children.[133]
  • Chile: A January 2017 nationwide poll found that 45% of Chileans support same-sex adoption.[122]
  • Colombia: A poll conducted between December 2009 and January 2010 in Colombia's capital, Bogotá, showed that 63% of the city's population was in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage while 36% was against it.[134]
  • Peru: In August 2010, a poll revealed 21.3% of Peruvians approved same-sex marriage, 71.5% were against it. Support in younger people was higher at 31.9%[135]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Excluding most Native American tribes. (Same-sex marriage is legal at least in 40 of them)

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  96. ^ López, Ronny (12 January 2018). "Gobierno ordena a instituciones aplicar criterio de CIDH sobre matrimonio gay". AM Prensa. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  97. ^ "Panamá acoge a la opinión de Corte IDH sobre matrimonio gay". La Estrella de Panamá. 16 January 2018.
  98. ^ "El Gobierno panameño acoge opinión de la CorteIDH sobre matrimonio homosexual". W Radio. 16 January 2018.
  99. ^ "Mexico supreme court says state laws limiting marriage to man and woman unconstitutional". Minneapolis Star Tribune. 12 June 2015.
  100. ^ "Suprema Corte ampara matrimonio igualitario" (in Spanish). Mexico: Animal Politico. 13 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  101. ^ "SCJN abre la puerta a matrimonio gay en todo el país" (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: La Journada. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  102. ^ México avalará el matrimonio gay a partir del lunes
  103. ^ "Mexico is the latest Latin American country to introduce marriage for same-sex couples". The Independent. 16 June 2015.
  104. ^ "With Little Fanfare, Mexican Supreme Court Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage". New York Times. 16 June 2015.
  105. ^ "Organizaciones civiles demandan a tribunal de Yucatán por obstaculizar el matrimonio homosexual" (in Spanish). Mérida, Mexico: Animo Politico. 14 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  106. ^ "Puebla entre los estados que violan la Constitución por impedir matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo" (in Spanish). Puebla, Mexico: Periodico Central. 14 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  107. ^ Rodríguez Castro, Óscar (14 June 2014). "Genera división de opiniones aprobación de la SCJN a la legalización de la unión entre personas del mismo sexo" (in Spanish). Mexico: El Diario de Delicias. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  108. ^ Peruvian Lawmakers Introduce Gay Marriage Bill On Valentine's Day
  109. ^ Template:Es icon Se presentó proyecto de ley de Matrimonio Igualitario en el Peru
  110. ^ Becker, Sabina (29 January 2014). "Equal marriage: coming soon to Venezuela?". News of the Restless.
  111. ^ "Presentan nuevo proyecto de ley de unión civil gay en Perú". Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  112. ^ Template:Es icon Entregan propuesta sobre parejas del mismo sexo
  113. ^ Template:Es icon Preparan reformas al Código Civil para legalizar unión de personas del mismo sexo
  114. ^ "Human Rights Amendment Act 2017" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  115. ^ "Bermuda Senate votes to end same-sex marriage in territory". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
  116. ^ "Haitian Senate approves bill to ban same-sex marriage". {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  117. ^ a b "Of 23 Countries Surveyed, Majority (65%) in 20 Countries Support Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Unions". Ipsos. March 29, 2015.
  118. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Costa Rica lidera índices de apoyo al matrimonio gay en Centroamérica; 10° a nivel regional
  119. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Chapter 5: Social Attitudes
  120. ^ a b Perfil e opinião dos evangélicos no Brasil – total da amostra, PO813906, 07 e 08/12/2016
  121. ^ a b "US court ruling boosts approval of same sex marriage in Canada" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  122. ^ a b c "Track semanal de Opinión Pública 23 de Enero 2017 Estudio Nº 158" (PDF). Plaza Pública Cadem. January 23, 2017.
  123. ^ a b Gallup Poll August 2016
  124. ^ a b Template:Es icon Se mantienen actitudes conservadoras en Costa Rica sobre matrimonio igualitario y Estado laico
  125. ^ a b "THE ILGA/RIWI GLOBAL ATTITUDES SURVEY ON LGBTI PEOPLE IN PARTNERSHIP WITH LOGO" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  126. ^ a b "69% approve EPN's gay marriage changes". Mexico News Daily.
  127. ^ a b "El matrimonio igualitario y la opinión pública" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  128. ^ a b "THE ILGA/RIWI GLOBAL ATTITUDES SURVEY ON LGBTI PEOPLE IN PARTNERSHIP WITH LOGO" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  129. ^ a b "Americans' Support for Gay Marriage Remains High, at 61%". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  130. ^ Most Argentineans Support Same-Sex Marriage
  131. ^ Template:Pt icon Evolução: 50% da população brasileira aprova o casamento gay, diz pesquisa
  132. ^ Quase 60% dos brasileiros são a favor de adoção de crianças por gays
  133. ^ Template:Es icon Los habitantes de Bogotá aprueban el matrimonio homosexual, según encuesta
  134. ^ Template:Es icon ESTUDIO DE OPINIÓN PÚBLICA A NIVEL PERÚ URBANO - Informe de resultados - (5 al 9 de agosto de 2010)
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