Rhaeto-Romance languages
| Rhaeto-Romance | |
|---|---|
| Rhaetian | |
| (debated) | |
| Geographic distribution | Italy, Switzerland |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
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| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | None |
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Rhaeto-Romance, or Rhaetian, is a traditional subfamily of the Romance languages that is spoken in north and north-eastern Italy and in Switzerland. The name "Rhaeto-Romance" refers to the former Roman province of Rhaetia. The linguistic basis of the subfamily is discussed in the so-called Questione Ladina.
Varieties
The area where Rhaeto-Romance languages (also called Ladin languages in a wider sense, not to be confused with Judaeo-Spanish) were spoken during the Middle Ages stretched from Switzerland to the Julian Alps (in modern-day western Slovenia).
The Rhaeto-Romance languages can be distinguished into the following varieties:[1]
- Romansh: Switzerland. Romansh has status in Switzerland as a national language with three other national languages; however, its usage is rather limited to the canton of Graubünden (Romansh: Grischun). It is composed of the following dialects:
- Puter (Engadin valley)
- Vallader (Engadin valley)
- Surmiran
- Sursilvan
- Sutsilvan
- Rumantsch Grischun, the standardized literary language, constructed by the Swiss linguist Heinrich Schmid in 1982.
- Ladin:
- Dolomitic Ladin in Italy (in Trentino, South Tyrol and the province of Belluno)
- Friulian: Friuli region, Italy
A phylogenetic classification[2] using basic lexicon identifies a primary split between Romansh in Switzerland and Ladin in Italy. One secondary split distinguishes Engadinic from the other Romansh varieties in Switzerland. In Italy, another secondary split is evidently caused by the Dolomite mountain range that divides Ladin into a northern and a southern subbranch, with Friulian being grouped closest to the southern branch.
In this study, the divergence of the Rhaeto-Romance languages from their reconstructed lexical ancestor is about 7% on average. This would correspond to a time depth of about 500 years if the glottochronological replacement rate of 14% per millennium for Romance were trustworthy. However, the earliest available Romance text from the Alpine area is somewhat older and dates to AD1200.[3]
See also
- Rhaetian language, an unrelated language spoken in ancient times around the area where Rhaeto-Romance is now spoken.
- Western Romance languages
References
- ^ Paul Videsott, Chiara Marcocci, Bibliografia retoromanza 1729-2010
- ^ Peter Forster, Alfred Toth, Hans-Jurgen Bandelt (1998) Evolutionary Network Analysis of Word Lists: Visualising the Relationships between Alpine Romance Languages. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 5:174-187 [1]
- ^ T. Gartner (1910) Handbuch der ratoromanischen Sprache und Literatur. Halle, Niemeyer
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