Ulipristal acetate
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Clinical data | |
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Trade names | Ella, EllaOne, Esmya, others |
Other names | CDB-2914; 11β-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-17α-acetoxy-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
License data |
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Routes of administration | By mouth |
Drug class | Selective progesterone receptor modulator[1] |
ATC code | |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | Nearly 100% |
Protein binding | 96.7–99.5% |
Metabolism | Likely CYP3A4 |
Elimination half-life | 32 hours[1] |
Excretion | ca. 90% with feces |
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IUPHAR/BPS | |
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KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.207.349 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C30H37NO4 |
Molar mass | 475.62 g/mol g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
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Ulipristal acetate, sold under the brand name Ella among others, is a medication used for emergency birth control and uterine fibroids.[1][2][3] As emergency birth control it should be used within 120 hours of sex.[1] For fibroids it may be taken for up to six months.[4] It is taken by mouth.[1]
Common side effects include headache, nausea, feeling tired, and abdominal pain.[1] It should not be used in people who are already pregnant.[1] It is in the selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) class of medications.[1] It works by preventing the effects of progesterone thus stopping ovulation.[5]
Ulipristal acetate was approved for medical use in the United States in 2010.[1] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[6] In the United Kingdom it costs the NHS about 17 pounds per course of emergency birth control of 2015.[4] To improve access, some recommend all who can get pregnant be given a prescription for use if needed.[5]
Medical uses
Emergency contraception
For emergency contraception[7] a 30 mg tablet is used within 120 hours (5 days) after an unprotected intercourse or contraceptive failure.[8] It has been shown to prevent about 62–85% of expected pregnancies,[9] and prevents more pregnancies than emergency contraception with levonorgestrel.[10] Ulipristal acetate is available by prescription for emergency contraception in over 50 countries, with access through pharmacists without a prescription being tested in the United Kingdom.[11][12][13][14] In November 2014 European Medicines Agency recommended availability of ellaOne emergency contraceptive without prescription in the European Union.[15] In January 2015 the European Commission issued an implementing decision amending accordingly the marketing authorization of EllaOne in the EU.[16] Since July 2016, it is available without prescription in Israel.
Uterine fibroids
Ulipristal acetate is used for pre-operative treatment of moderate to severe symptoms of uterine fibroids in adult women of reproductive age in a daily dose of a 5 mg tablet.[17]
Treatment of uterine fibroids with ulipristal acetate for 13 weeks effectively controlled excessive bleeding due to uterine fibroids and reduced the size of the fibroids.[18][19][20]
Two intermittent 3-months treatment courses of ulipristal acetate 10 mg resulted in amenorrhea at the end of the first treatment course in 79.5%, at the end of the second course in 88.5% of subjects. Mean myoma volume reduction observed during the first treatment course (−41.9%) was maintained during the second one (−43.7%).[17] After two to four 3-months courses of treatment, UPA-treated fibroids shown about -70% in volume reduction.[21]
Volume reduction of uterine fibroid induced by ulipristal acetate was tentatively explained by the combination of multifactorial events involving control of proliferation of the tumor cells, induction of apoptosis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix[22] under the action of matrix metalloproteinases.[23]
In February 2018, the European Medicines Agency released a report concerning reports of serious liver injury associated with long term ulipristal. The EMA have advised monthly liver tests and against further people being started on the medication for uterine fibroids until further review is completed.[24]
Contraindications
Ulipristal acetate should not be taken by women with severe liver diseases[8] because of its CYP mediated metabolism. It has not been studied in women under the age of 18.[25]
It is also not recommended for women with severe asthma receiving glucocorticoid treatment because it has shown antiglucocorticoid effects in animal studies.[26]
Pregnancy
Unlike levonorgestrel, and like mifepristone, ulipristal acetate is embryotoxic in animal studies.[27] Before taking the drug, a pregnancy must be excluded.[8] The EMA proposed to avoid any allusion to a possible use as an abortifacient in the package insert to avert off-label use.[28] It is unlikely that ulipristal acetate could effectively be used as an abortifacient, since it is used in much lower doses (30 mg) than the roughly equipotent mifepristone (600 mg), and since mifepristone has to be combined with a prostaglandin for the induction of abortion.[29] However, data on embryotoxicity in humans are very limited, and it is not clear what the risk for an abortion or for teratogenicity (birth defects) is. Of the 29 women studied who became pregnant despite taking ulipristal acetate, 16 had induced abortions, six had spontaneous abortions, six continued the pregnancies, and one was lost to follow-up.[30]
Lactation
It is not recommended to breast feed within 36 hours of taking the drug since it is not known whether ulipristal acetate or its metabolites are excreted into the breast milk.[8][31]
Side effects
Common side effects include nausea, abdominal pain, emesis, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, breast tenderness, headache, dizziness, mood swings, myalgia, and fatigue.[8]
Interactions
Ulipristal acetate is metabolized by CYP3A4 in vitro. Ulipristal acetate is likely to interact with substrates of CYP3A4, like rifampicin, phenytoin, St John's wort, carbamazepine or ritonavir, therefore concomitant use with these agents is not recommended.[17][32] It might also interact with hormonal contraceptives and progestogens such as levonorgestrel and other substrates of the progesterone receptor, as well as with glucocorticoids.[17]
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
As an SPRM, ulipristal acetate has partial agonistic as well as antagonistic effects on the progesterone receptor. It also binds to the glucocorticoid receptor, but is only a weak antiglucocorticoid relative to mifepristone,[33] and has no relevant affinity to the estrogen, androgen and mineralocorticoid receptors.[34] Phase II clinical trials suggest that the mechanism might consist of blocking or delaying ovulation and of delaying the maturation of the endometrium.[35]
Pharmacokinetics
In animal studies, the drug was quickly and nearly completely absorbed from the gut. Intake of food delays absorption, but it is not known whether this is clinically relevant.[36]
Ulipristal acetate is metabolized in the liver, most likely by CYP3A4, and to a small extent by CYP1A2 and CYP2D6. The two main metabolites have been shown to be pharmacologically active, but less than the original drug. The main excretion route is via the feces.[37]
History
Ulipristal acetate was granted marketing authorization by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in March 2009.[38]
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the drug for use in the United States on 13 August 2010,[39] following the FDA advisory committee's recommendation.[40][41] Watson Pharmaceuticals announced the availability of ulipristal acetate in the United States on 1 December 2010, in retail pharmacies, clinics, and one on-line pharmacy, KwikMed.[42]
Society and culture
Brand names
Ulipristal acetate is marketed in the United States under the brand name Ella and in Canada under the brand name Fibristal.[3] It is also marketed under the brand names EllaOne and Esmya both in over 20 countries, of which include the United Kingdom and Ireland.[3] A few less-widely used brand names also exist.[3]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Ulipristal Acetate". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Garnock-Jones, KP; Duggan, ST (October 2017). "Ulipristal Acetate: A Review in Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids". Drugs. 77 (15): 1665–1675. doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0812-3. PMID 28900897.
- ^ a b c d "Ulipristal - Drugs.com". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ a b British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 510, 560. ISBN 9780857111562.
- ^ a b Likis, Frances E. (2016). Women’s Gynecologic Health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 243. ISBN 9781284076028. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (20th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Creinin, Mitchell D.; Schlaff, William; Archer, David F.; Wan, Livia; Frezieres, Ron; Thomas, Michael; Rosenberg, Michael; Higgins, James (2006). "Progesterone Receptor Modulator for Emergency Contraception". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 108 (5): 1089–97. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000239440.02284.45. PMC 2853373. PMID 17077229.
- ^ a b c d e "Summary of Product Characteristics: ellaOne 30 mg tablet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Trussell, James; Raymond, Elizabeth G.; Cleland, Kelly (2014). "Emergency Contraception: A Last Chance to Prevent Unintended Pregnancy" (PDF). Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice. 6 (2): 7–38. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2010.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Glasier, Anna F; Cameron, Sharon T; Fine, Paul M; Logan, Susan JS; Casale, William; Van Horn, Jennifer; Sogor, Laszlo; Blithe, Diana L; Scherrer, Bruno; Mathe, Henri; Jaspart, Amelie; Ulmann, Andre; Gainer, Erin (2010). "Ulipristal acetate versus levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a randomised non-inferiority trial and meta-analysis". The Lancet. 375 (9714): 555–62. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60101-8. PMID 20116841.
- ^ Trussell, James; Cleland, Kelly (13 February 2013). "Dedicated emergency contraceptive pills worldwide" (PDF). Princeton: Office of Population Research at Princeton University, Association of Reproductive Health Professionals. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ ICEC (2014). "EC pill types and countries of availability, by brand". New York: International Consortium for Emergency Contraception (ICEC). Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ HRA Pharma (March 2013). "Countries where ellaOne was launched". Paris: HRA Pharma. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ ECEC (2014). "Emergency contraception availability in Europe". New York: European Consortium for Emergency Contraception (ECEC). Archived from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
Ulipristal acetate Emergency Contraception Pills (UPA ECPs), while available in most European countries since 2010, are not yet available in Albania, Estonia, Macedonia, Malta, Switzerland and Turkey. For now UPA ECPs are sold with a prescription in all countries, although provision without a prescription is currently being tested in the United Kingdom.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "European Medicines Agency - News and Events - EMA recommends availability of ellaOne emergency contraceptive without prescription". www.ema.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b c d "Summary of Product Characteristics: Esmya 5mg tablet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Nieman, Lynnette K.; Blocker, Wendy; Nansel, Tonja; Mahoney, Sheila; Reynolds, James; Blithe, Diana; Wesley, Robert; Armstrong, Alicia (2011). "Efficacy and tolerability of CDB-2914 treatment for symptomatic uterine fibroids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase IIb study". Fertility and Sterility. 95 (2): 767–72.e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.09.059. PMC 4180231. PMID 21055739.
- ^ Levens, Eric D.; Potlog-Nahari, Clariss; Armstrong, Alicia Y.; Wesley, Robert; Premkumar, Ahalya; Blithe, Diana L.; Blocker, Wendy; Nieman, Lynnette K. (2008). "CDB-2914 for Uterine Leiomyomata Treatment". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 111 (5): 1129–36. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181705d0e. PMC 2742990. PMID 18448745.
- ^ Donnez, Jacques; Tatarchuk, Tetyana F.; Bouchard, Philippe; Puscasiu, Lucian; Zakharenko, Nataliya F.; Ivanova, Tatiana; Ugocsai, Gyula; Mara, Michal; Jilla, Manju P.; Bestel, Elke; Terrill, Paul; Osterloh, Ian; Loumaye, Ernest (2012). "Ulipristal Acetate versus Placebo for Fibroid Treatment before Surgery". New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (5): 409–20. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1103182. PMID 22296075.
- ^ Donnez, Jacques; Vázquez, Francisco; Tomaszewski, Janusz; Nouri, Kazem; Bouchard, Philippe; Fauser, Bart C.J.M.; Barlow, David H.; Palacios, Santiago; Donnez, Olivier; Bestel, Elke; Osterloh, Ian; Loumaye, Ernest (2014). "Long-term treatment of uterine fibroids with ulipristal acetate". Fertility and Sterility. 101 (6): 1565–73.e1–18. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.008. PMID 24630081.
- ^ Courtoy, Guillaume E.; Donnez, Jacques; Marbaix, Etienne; Dolmans, Marie-Madeleine (2015). "In vivo mechanisms of uterine myoma volume reduction with ulipristal acetate treatment". Fertility and Sterility. 104 (2): 426–34.e1. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.04.025. PMID 26003270.
- ^ Courtoy, Guillaume E.; Henriet, Patrick; Marbaix, Etienne; de Codt, Matthieu; Luyckx, Mathieu; Donnez, Jacques; Dolmans, Marie-Madeleine (1 February 2018). "Matrix metalloproteinase activity correlates with uterine myoma volume reduction after ulipristal acetate treatment". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. doi:10.1210/jc.2017-02295. ISSN 1945-7197. PMID 29408988.
- ^ "Women taking Esmya for uterine fibroids to have regular liver tests while EMA review is ongoing" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|dead-url=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ CHMP (2009:33, 43)
- ^ CHMP (2009:10, 44)
- ^ CHMP (2009:16)
- ^ CHMP (2009:41)
- ^ RCOG (2004). The Care of Women Requesting Induced Abortion : Evidence-based clinical guideline number 7 (PDF). London: RCOG Press. ISBN 1-904752-06-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008.
- ^ CHMP (2009:37)
- ^ CHMP (2009:43)
- ^ CHMP (2009:12, 14)
- ^ Hilal-Dandan, Randa; Brunton, Laurence L. (2013). Goodman and Gilman's Manual of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. McGraw Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-176917-4.[page needed]
- ^ Attardi, Barbara J.; Burgenson, Janet; Hild, Sheri A.; Reel, Jerry R. (2004). "In vitro antiprogestational/antiglucocorticoid activity and progestin and glucocorticoid receptor binding of the putative metabolites and synthetic derivatives of CDB-2914, CDB-4124, and mifepristone". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 88 (3): 277–88. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2003.12.004. PMID 15120421.
- ^ CHMP (2009:22–23)
- ^ CHMP (2009:12, 20)
- ^ CHMP (2009:13–14, 21)
- ^ CHMP (2009:[page needed])
- ^ "FDA grants approval of ella for emergency contraception" (PDF) (Press release). HRA Pharma. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
- ^ Emma Hitt (18 June 2010). "FDA Panel Gives Ulipristal Acetate Unanimous Positive Vote for Emergency Contraception Indication". Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 22 June 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Harris, Gardiner (14 August 2010). "F.D.A. Approves 5-Day Emergency Contraceptive". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Watson PR (1 December 2010). "Watson Launches ella(R)(ulipristal acetate)". Retrieved 12 January 2010.
External links
- CHMP (2009). "Assessment Report for Ellaone" (PDF). EMA. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
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