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Starship 1
A Starship prototype in launch configuration: Starship spacecraft S24 stacked on Super Heavy B7.
FunctionGeneral purpose Super-heavy lift launch vehicle
Project costAt least US$5 billion[1]
Cost per launch$100 million[2]
Size
Height121.3 m (398 ft)
Diameter9 m (30 ft)
Mass~5,000,000 kg (11,000,000 lb)
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass100,000–150,000 kg (220,000–330,000 lb)
Volume1,000 m3 (35,000 cu ft)
Associated rockets
Derivative workStarship 2
Comparable
Launch history
StatusIn development
Launch sites
Total launches4
Success(es)2
Failure(s)2 (IFT-1, IFT-2)
First flight20 April 2023; 17 months ago (2023-04-20)
Last flight6 June 2024; 3 months ago (2024-06-06)
First stage – Super Heavy
Height71 m (233 ft)
Diameter9 m (30 ft)
Empty mass200,000 kg (440,000 lb)
Gross mass3,600,000 kg (7,900,000 lb)
Propellant mass3,400,000 kg (7,500,000 lb)
Powered by33 × Raptor engines
Maximum thrust74,400 kN (16,700,000 lbf)
Specific impulseSL: 327 s (3.21 km/s)
PropellantCH4 / LOX
Second stage – Starship
Height50.3 m (165 ft)
Diameter9 m (30 ft)
Empty mass~100,000 kg (220,000 lb)[3]
Gross mass1,300,000 kg (2,900,000 lb)[a]
Propellant mass1,200,000 kg (2,600,000 lb)
Powered by3 × Raptor engines
3 × Raptor vacuum engines
Maximum thrust12,300 kN (2,800,000 lbf)
Specific impulseSL: 327 s (3.21 km/s)
vac: 380 s (3.7 km/s)
PropellantCH4 / LOX
[edit on Wikidata]

Starship 1 is a two-stage super heavy-lift launch vehicle used by SpaceX for development of the Starship launch vehicle. It first flew on 20 April 2023, and has flown 3 additional test flights as of August 2024. Starship 1 will be retired after its sixth flight, at which point it will be replaced by Starship 2. As of August 2024, it is the most massive and powerful vehicle to ever fly.[4]

Starship 1, as well as future variants, has two stages: the Super Heavy booster and the Starship spacecraft. Both stages are equipped with Raptor engines, the first mass-produced full-flow staged combustion cycle engines, which burn liquid methane (natural gas) and liquid oxygen. Starship 1 is capable of delivering 40 t (88,000 lb)[5] to 100 t (220,000 lb)[6] to Low Earth Orbit.

Design

[edit]

When stacked and fully fueled, Starship has a mass of approximately 5,000 t (11,000,000 lb),[b] a diameter of 9 m (30 ft)[8] and a height of 121.3 m (398 ft).[9] The rocket has been designed with the goal of being fully reusable to reduce launch costs;[10] it consists of the Super Heavy first-stage booster and the Starship spacecraft[11] which are powered by Raptor and Raptor Vacuum engines.[12] The bodies of both rocket stages are made from stainless steel[13] and are manufactured by stacking and welding stainless steel cylinders.[14] These cylinders have a diameter of 9 m (30 ft) a height of 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in), a thickness of 4 mm (0.16 in) and a mass of 1,600 kg (3,500 lb) each.[14] Domes inside the spacecraft separate the methane and oxygen tanks.[14]

Super Heavy booster

[edit]
Main article: SpaceX Super Heavy

The first-stage booster, named Super Heavy, is 71 m (233 ft) tall and 9 m (30 ft) wide.[8] It contains 33 Raptor engines arranged in three concentric rings.[15] The outermost ring of 20 engines lack gimbal actuators and onboard startup hardware to save weight.[16] These engines are started using attachments on the launch mount and are not reignited for later burns. At full power, all engines combined produce 74,400 kN (16,700,000 lbf) of thrust, more than double that of the Saturn V first stage.[17] The 33 individual plumes interact to produce large shock diamonds in the exhaust.[18]

The booster uses four electrically actuated grid fins for control, each with a mass of 3 t (6,600 lb).[3] The booster is lifted from protruding hardpoints, which are located between gridfins.[19] Above the grid fins is the vented interstage, used for hot staging;[20] in which the upper stage fires its engines during stage separation rather than after.[21]

Starship spacecraft

[edit]
Main article: SpaceX Starship (spacecraft)

The Starship spacecraft is 50.3 m (165 ft) tall and 9 m (30 ft) in diameter. It uses 6 Raptor engines, three of which are optimized for use in vacuum.[8][22] The engines produce 14,700 kN (3,300,000 lbf) of thrust.[17] The vehicle's payload bay is planned to measure 17 m (56 ft) tall and 8 m (26 ft) in diameter with an internal volume of 1,000 m3 (35,000 cu ft); slightly larger than the ISS's pressurized volume.[23] Starship has a total propellant capacity of 1,200 t (2,600,000 lb)[7] across its main tanks and header tanks.[24] According to Elon Musk in 2019, the header tanks are better insulated due to their position and are reserved for use to flip and land the spacecraft following reentry.[25] A set of reaction control thrusters, which use the pressure in the fuel tank, control attitude while in space.[26]

Diagram of a Starship 1's internal structure. Not shown in this diagram are the flaps: the aft flaps are placed at the bottom (or left in this orientation), and the forward flaps are placed at the top (here, right) portion of the spaceship.

The spacecraft has four body flaps to control the spacecraft's orientation and help dissipate energy during atmospheric entry, composed of two forward flaps and two aft flaps.[27] According to SpaceX, the flaps replace the need for wings or tailplane, and reduce the fuel needed for landing.[28]: 1  Under the forward flaps, hardpoints are used for lifting the spacecraft via mechanical arms.[19] The flap's hinges are sealed in aero-covers to prevent damage during reentry.[3]

Heat shield

[edit]

Starship's heat shield is composed of eighteen thousand[29][30] hexagonal black tiles that can withstand temperatures of 1,400 °C (2,600 °F).[31][32] It is designed to protect the vehicle during atmospheric entry and to be used multiple times with minimal maintenance between flights.[10] The silica-based tiles[33] are attached to Starship with pins[32] and have small gaps in between to allow for heat expansion.[3] After IFT-4, SpaceX added a secondary ablative layer under the primary heat shield.[34]

Planned launch and landing profile

[edit]
Animation of Super Heavy's integration to the launch mount, using mechanical arms.

Super Heavy and Starship are stacked onto their launch mount and loaded with fuel via the ship quick disconnect (SQD) arm and booster quick disconnect (BQD).[19] The SQD and BQD retract, all thirty-three engines of Super Heavy ignite, and the rocket lifts off.[19]

At approximately 159 seconds after launch[35] at an altitude of roughly 64 km (40 mi), Super Heavy cuts off all but three of its center gimbaling rocket engines.[36]: 58  Starship then ignites its engines while still attached to the booster, and separates.[21] During hot-staging, the booster throttles down its engines.[21] The booster then rotates, before igniting ten additional engines for the boostback burn.[37] After the boostback burn, the booster's engines shut off with Super Heavy on a trajectory for a controlled descent to the launch site using its grid fins for minor course corrections. After six minutes, shortly before landing,[38] it ignites its inner 13 engines, then shuts off all but the inner 3,[39] to slow sufficiently to be caught by two mechanical arms attached to the tower.[40]

Meanwhile, the Starship spacecraft continues to accelerate to orbital velocity with its six Raptor engines.[41] To land on bodies with an atmosphere, such as the Earth and Mars, Starship first slows by entering the atmosphere via a heat shield.[10]After completing its mission, the Starship spacecraft reenters the atmosphere at a 60°–70° pitch angle. Once close to the landing site it performs a 'landing flip' maneuver, where the spacecraft turns from a horizontal to a vertical orientation. Finally, Starship slows to a hover with its engines, before splashing down.[42]

Development

[edit]
See also: SpaceX Starship flight tests

Early design concepts (2012–2019)

[edit]
Main article: SpaceX Starship design history

In November 2005,[43] before SpaceX had launched its first rocket the Falcon 1,[44] CEO Elon Musk first mentioned a high-capacity rocket concept able to launch 100 t (220,000 lb) to low Earth orbit, dubbed the BFR.[43] Later in 2012, Elon Musk first publicly announced plans to develop a rocket surpassing the capabilities of their existing Falcon 9.[45] SpaceX called it the Mars Colonial Transporter, as the rocket was to transport humans to Mars and back.[46] In 2016, the name was changed to Interplanetary Transport System, as the rocket was planned to travel beyond Mars as well.[47] The design called for a carbon fiber structure,[48] a mass in excess of 10,000 t (22,000,000 lb) when fully fueled, a payload of 300 t (660,000 lb) to low Earth orbit while being fully reusable.[48] By 2017, the concept was temporarily re-dubbed the BFR.[49]

In December 2018, the structural material was changed from carbon composites[50][48] to stainless steel,[51][52] marking the transition from early design concepts of the Starship.[51][53][54] Musk cited numerous reasons for the design change; low cost and ease of manufacture, increased strength of stainless steel at cryogenic temperatures, as well as its ability to withstand high heat.[55][53] In 2019, SpaceX began to refer to the entire vehicle as Starship, with the second stage being called Starship, and the booster Super Heavy.[56][57][58] They also announced that Starship would use reusable heat-shield tiles similar to those of the Space Shuttle.[59][60] The second-stage design had also settled on six Raptor engines by 2019: three optimized for sea-level and three optimized for vacuum.[61][62] In 2019 SpaceX announced a change to the second stage's design, reducing the number of aft flaps from three to two in order to reduce weight.[63] In March 2020 SpaceX released a Starship Users Guide, in which they stated the payload of Starship to LEO would be in excess of 100 t (220,000 lb), with a payload to GTO of 21 t (46,000 lb).[64]

Cost and funding

[edit]

SpaceX develops the Starship primarily with private funding.[65][58][1] SpaceX Chief Financial Officer Bret Johnsen disclosed in court that SpaceX has invested more than $3 billion into the Starbase facility and Starship systems from July 2014 to May 2023.[1] Elon Musk stated in April 2023 that SpaceX expected to spend about $2 billion on Starship development in 2023.[66][67]

Facilities

[edit]
Further information: SpaceX Starbase and SpaceX facilities

Testing and manufacturing

[edit]
Various spacecraft constructed inside bays
Ship 27, Ship 26 and Booster 10 forward section under construction in Starbase build site, March 2023

Starbase consists of a manufacturing facility and launch site,[68] and is located at Boca Chica, Texas. Both facilities operate twenty-four hours a day.[14] A maximum of 450 full-time employees may be onsite.[69]: 28  The site is planned to consist of two launch sites, one payload processing facility, one seven-acre solar farm, and other facilities.[69]: 34–36  The company leases Starbase's land for the STARGATE research facility, owned by the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. It uses part of it for Starship development.[70]

Raptor engines are tested at the Rocket Development facility in McGregor, Texas. The facility has two main test stands: one horizontal stand for both engine types and one vertical stand for sea-level-optimized rocket engines.[71] In the future, a nearby factory, which as of September 2021 was under construction, will make the new generation of sea-level Raptors while SpaceX's headquarters in California will continue building the Raptor Vacuum and test new designs.[71]

Heat shield tiles for the second stage are produced at Cocoa, Florida. Additionally, I=in the past, workers constructed the Starship Mk2 prototype in competition with Starbase's crews.[33]

Launch sites

[edit]

Starbase

[edit]
The orbital launch mount under construction in Starbase, August 2021

Starbase is planned to host two launch sites, named Pad A and Pad B.[69]: 34  A launch site at Starbase has large facilities, such as a tank farm, an orbital launch mount, and an integration tower.[69] Smaller facilities are present at the launch site: tanks surrounding the area containing methane, oxygen, nitrogen, helium, hydraulic fluid, etc.;[69]: 161  subcoolers near the tank farm cool propellant using liquid nitrogen; and various pipes are installed at large facilities.[19] Each tank farm consists of eight tanks, enough to support one orbital launch.[19] The current launch mount on Pad A has a water-powered flame diverter, twenty clamps holding the booster, and a quick disconnect mount providing liquid fuel and electricity to the Super Heavy booster before it lifts off.[19]

The integration tower or launch tower consists of steel truss sections, a lightning rod on top,[72] and a pair of mechanical arms that can lift, catch and recover the booster.[19] The decision to catch the booster with the arms rather than landing with landing legs was made to enable flights and reduce the rocket's mass and part count.[28]: 2  The mechanical arms are attached to a carriage and controlled by a pulley at the top of the tower.[19] The pulley is linked to a winch and spool at the base of the tower using a cable.[19] Using the winch and the carriage, the mechanical arms can move vertically, with support from bearings attached at the sides of the carriage.[19] A linear hydraulic actuator moves the arms horizontally. Tracks are mounted on top of arms, which are used to position the booster or spacecraft.[19] The tower is mounted with a quick disconnect arm extending to and contracting from the Starship spacecraft; its functions are similar to the quick disconnect mount that powers the booster.[19]

Responses to Starship development

[edit]
Further information: SpaceX Starbase § Impact

In order to compete with SpaceX and close their technological gap with the company, the China Aerospace Science and Tech Corp and other aerospace actors in China have reportedly been working on their own equivalent of Starship – the Long March 9 super-heavy lift rocket,[73] which is also designed to eventually be fully reusable.[74] In 2021, the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT) showed a rendered video of a rocket noted to be "strikingly" similar to Starship in appearance and function.[75] In a 2022 event organized by the International Astronautical Federation and the Chinese Society of Astronautics, the CALT communicated performing research on a crewed launch vehicle powered by LOX-methane propellant, with a second stage that was very similar to Starship's.[76]

SpaceNews noted that the Chinese start-up Space Epoch and engine maker Jiuzhou Yunjian were developing a smaller Starship-like rocket with a methane-LOX engine similar to Raptor, stainless steel tanks and an iterative design.[77] Starship's reusability and stainless-steel construction might also have inspired Project Jarvis, a reusable upper stage for Blue Origin's New Glenn heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to replace New Glenn's expendable upper stage in the future.[78]

In 2021, members of Congress voiced concerns about the FAA's response to SpaceX's launch license violations following the explosion of SN8, calling on the FAA to "resist any potential undue influence on launch safety decision-making".[79] In 2023, prior to Starship's second orbital test flight, SpaceX's vice president and ex-NASA engineer Bill Gerstenmaier made statements at the U.S. Senate on the importance of innovation in light of "strategic competition from state actors like China".[80][81][82] He said SpaceX was under a contract with NASA to use Starship to land American astronauts on the moon before China does,[83][80] and that the Starship test flights campaign was being held up by "regulatory headwinds and unnecessary bureaucracy" unrelated to public safety.[81][84]

Following the second integrated flight test of Starship, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) made recommendations to the FAA to "improve its mishap investigation process", finding that historically they have allowed the launch operator to conduct their own investigation with the FAA supervising.[85]

Several environmental groups have filed lawsuits against the FAA and SpaceX, claiming that environmental reviews were bypassed due to Musk's political and financial influence.[86]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Gross mass is the total of the propellant mass (1,200 tonnes) and approximate empty mass (100 tonnes).
  2. ^ Super Heavy dry mass: 200 t (440,000 lb); Starship dry mass: 100 t (220,000 lb); Super Heavy propellant mass: 3,400 t (7,500,000 lb);[3] Starship propellant mass: 1,200 t (2,600,000 lb).[7] The total of these masses is about 5,000 t (11,000,000 lb).

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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