Saharan Spanish

Saharan Spanish
Español saharaui
Pronunciation	[espaˈɲol saxaˈɾawi]
Language family	Indo-European Italic Latino-Faliscan Romance Western Ibero-Romance West Iberian Castilian Spanish Saharan Spanish
Early forms	Old Latin Vulgar Latin Proto-Romance Old Spanish Early Modern Spanish
Writing system	Latin (Spanish alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

Saharan Spanish (Spanish: español saharaui) is the variety of the Spanish language spoken in Western Sahara and adjacent regions. This variety is heavily influenced by both Spanish cultural links and a strong expatriate community who live in Spain and Hispanic America, particularly Cuba.

History

Western Sahara and former colonial power Spain (above) and frequent source of expatriate education Cuba (mid). A sign welcomes visitors to the People's Liberation Army Museum, a military museum in the Sahrawi refugee camps, in Arabic and Spanish.

Although the native and dominant languages in Western Sahara are Hassaniya Arabic and some Berber languages, Spanish was introduced by settlers in Spanish West Africa and Spanish Sahara in the 19th century. Older Sahrawis who went to school in the time of the Spanish colonization (up to 1975) are typically competent in the language, and in addition Spanish is taught to the new generations in the Sahrawi refugee camps near Tindouf, Algeria. In the Moroccan-ruled parts of the country, the foreign language taught in school is typically French, rather than Spanish.

Current usage and legal status

Spanish still influences Sahrawi society today and is the preferred second language for acquisition and government in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, though not in the Moroccan-ruled areas that make up most of the territory. Arabic is the sole official language identified in the Sahrawi constitution, and the republic only uses Spanish for radio and TV broadcasts and state journalism. The Cervantes Institute estimates that there are 22,000 second-language speakers, 5% of the population, in Western Sahara, plus a larger number in the refugee camps in Algeria.

Spanish vocabulary has entered Hassaniya, particularly in fields related to agriculture, automobiles, diet, and sanitation. These loanwords are reinforced due to Sahrawis studying abroad in Hispanic lands and returning to either Western Sahara or the Sahrawi refugee camps.

Lexicon

Regarding the lexicon, the preference for Hispanisms in the framework of technique and tools has been documented, just as other countries have opted for solutions of the colonizing language such as English or French.

Hispanisms used by the Saharawi community

Lexical field	Originating loanword
Tools	enchufe destornillador tornillo martillo muelle
Automobiles/Transportation	coche caja de cambio tubo de escape chapa furgoneta motor volante
Sport	defensa extremo gol
Furniture	mueble cuna mesa cama
Health/Medicine	dispensario pomada venda jeringuilla receta
Education	biblioteca recreo lápiz
Food	pera manzana helado tortilla zumo queso
Clothing	chaqueta falda blusa

Gallery of Spanish in Saharawi society

• 
  Sahrawi woman teaching Spanish in one of the Tindouf refugee camps.
• 
  School in Bir Lehlu.
• 
  National Sahrawi Police.
• 
  Emergency room.
• 
  Sale of products in a Dajla pharmacy with posters in Spanish.
• 
  Coins of 2 Sahrawi pesetas with inscriptions in Spanish.

See also

• Western Saharan literature in Spanish
• Equatoguinean Spanish

Further reading

• Aaiún, gritando lo que se siente : poesía saharaui contemporánea. Revista Exilios. 2006. ISBN 8461117220.
• Awah, Bahia Mahmud (2008). Literatura del Sahara Occidental. Breve estudio. Bubok. ISBN 978-84-612-8912-7.
• Awah, Bahia Mahmud (April 2016). Tiris, rutas literarias. Última Línea. ISBN 9788416159239.
• Awah, Bahia Mahmud (2007). Versos refugiados. Universidad Alcalá De Henares. ISBN 978-84-88754-26-4.
• Awah, Bahia Mahmud; Moya, Conchi (2009). El porvenir del español en el Sahara Occidental. Bubok. ISBN 978-84-613-0943-6.
• Budda, Abdurrahaman (2012). Huellas del castellano en el dialecto del hassaniyya saharaui. AACHE. ISBN 9788415537083.
• Gil, Victoria (2011). Retratos saharauis. ISBN 9788461472062.
• San Martin, Pablo; Bollig, Ben, eds. (2011). Los colores de la espera: Antología de nueva poesía sahraui. Colección El Extremo Sur-Espacio Hudson. ISBN 978-987-24042-5-3.
• Treinta y uno, Thirty-One : Antología poetíca. Sandblast. 2007. ISBN 978-84-8053-474-1.
• Um Draiga: Poesía sahraui contemporánea. Zaragoza: Um Draiga. 2007. OCLC 746799119.
• Iselmu, Alí Salem (2016). VerSahara: Antología 2016. Centro Canario de Estudios Caribeños "El Atlántico". ISBN 978-84-617-6174-6.

External links

• Um Draiga, a Sahrawi expatriate organization in Spain that publishes Spanish-language Sahrawi literature and poetry (in Spanish)