Melbourne: Difference between revisions
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{{dablink|This article is about the Australian city; the name may also refer to [[City of Melbourne]] or [[Melbourne city centre]] (also known as the Melbourne [[Central business district|CBD]] or simply the "City"). For other uses, see [[Melbourne (disambiguation)]].}} |
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{{Infobox Australian Place |
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| type = city |
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| name = Melbourne |
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| state = vic |
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| loc-x = 103 |
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| loc-y = 100 |
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| image = Melbourne Infobox Montage.jpg |
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| caption = '''Top:''' [[City of Melbourne]] skyline and [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]], '''Middle left''': [[Federation Square]], '''Middle right:''' [[Flinders Street Station]], '''Bottom:''' [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]]. |
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| pop = 3,806,092 |
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| pop_footnotes =<ref name="2007pop" /> |
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| poprank = 2nd |
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| density = 1566 |
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| density_footnotes = (2006)<ref>{{Census 2006 AUS|id=UCL232200|name=Melbourne (Urban Centre/Locality)|accessdate=2008-05-19}}</ref> |
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| coordinates = {{coord|37|48|49|S|144|57|47|E|type:city_region:AU-VIC|display=inline,title}} |
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| area = 8806 | |
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| est = 30 August 1835 |
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| county = [[County of Bourke|Bourke]] |
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| lga = [[Local Government Areas of Victoria#Municipalities of Greater Melbourne|31 Municipalities across Greater Melbourne]] |
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| stategov = [[:Image:Vic inner regions.png|54 electoral districts and regions]] |
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| fedgov = [[:Image:Map4.gif|23 Divisions]] |
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| timezone = [[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]] |
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| utc = +10 |
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| timezone-dst= [[Australian Eastern Daylight Time|AEDT]] |
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| utc-dst = +11 |
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| location1= [[Adelaide]] |
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| dist1= 723 |
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| location2= Sydney |
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| dist2= 876 |
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| location3= [[Brisbane]] |
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| dist3= 1658 |
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| location4= [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] |
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| dist4= 3412 |
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| maxtemp = 19.8 |
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| mintemp = 10.2 |
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| rainfall = 646.9 |
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}} |
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'''Melbourne''' ({{Pron-en-au|ˈmelbən}}<!--<ref>Due to the so-called '[[English-language vowel changes before historic l#Salary-celery merger|salary-celery]]' merger, locals may pronounce Melbourne as {{IPA|[ˈmæl.bən]}}. This so-called merger occurs in varieties of English where the phoneme {{IPA|/e/}} is realised phonetically as {{IPA|[æ]}} before {{IPA|/l/}} and is a feature of English spoken in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], as compared with the other [[States and territories of Australia|places in Australia]].</ref>-->) is the more common name for the geographic [[region]] and [[Census in Australia|statistical division]] of the '''Greater Melbourne'''<ref>http://www.investvictoria.com/GreaterMelbourne</ref> [[metropolitan area]]. It is the second [[List of cities in Australia by population|most populous city]] in [[Australia]], with a population of approximately 3.8 million (2007 estimate) and serves as the [[List of Australian capital cities|state capital]] of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]].<ref name="2007pop">{{Cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main%20Features32006-07?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2006-07&num=&view=#133428242927994956991334282429279950 |title=Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2006-07 |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> Melbourne is located on the lower reaches of the [[Yarra River]] and on the northern and eastern shorelines of [[Port Phillip]] and their hinterland. |
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A tiny [[pastoral]] [[human settlement|town]] [[Foundation of Melbourne|established by settlers]] from [[Van Diemen's Land]] around the [[estuary]] of the Yarra (47 years after the first [[European settlement of Australia]])<ref name="settlement"/> was rapidly transformed into a wealthy [[metropolis]] by the [[Victorian gold rush]] and [[immigration]]. By 1865, Melbourne had become Australia's largest and most important city, and by the 1880s one of the largest and richest in the world.<ref name="overtake">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/commission/books/linking-a-nation/chapter-6.html |
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|title=Chapter 6: Transport and the Making of Cities, 1850-1970 |
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|work=Linking a Nation: Australia's transport and communications 1788-1970 |
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|year=2003 |
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|author=Dr Robert Lee |
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|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref><ref>Robert B. Cervero, ''The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry'', 1998, Island Press, ISBN 1559635916, p.320</ref><ref>Statesmen's Year Book 1889</ref> |
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Many international and national conferences and events have been held in Melbourne, including the [[1956 Summer Olympics]] and the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]], the 1981 [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/33247/146799/list_of_meetings/|title=Commonwealth Secretariat — List of Meetings|publisher=thecommonwealth.org|accessdate=2008-10-13}}</ref> the [[World Economic Forum]] in 2000, and the [[2006 G20 summit]].<ref name="ohmynews">{{cite web|url=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=328944&rel_no=1|title=Melbourne Prepares for G-20 Summit|publisher=ohmynews.com|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> |
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The city is a major centre of [[commerce]], [[education]], [[tourism]], the arts and cultural activities, and also [[industry]]. It is consistently ranked one of the most liveable cities in the world.<ref>{{cite news | title = Vancouver and Melbourne top city league| publisher = BBC News| date = 4 October 2002 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2299119.stm | accessdate =2008-12-127 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title = Vancouver is 'best place to live' | publisher = BBC News | date = 4 October 2005| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4306936.stm | accessdate =2008-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Lagos, worst city to live|publisher = Online Nigeria |url=http://nm.onlinenigeria.com/templates/?a=5469&z=17 | accessdate =2009-02-07}} (password required)</ref> The city is recognised as Australia's 'sporting and cultural capital'<ref name="melbourneorg">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.org.au/325.0.html|title=Committee for Melbourne- The Sporting Capital|publisher=The Committee for Melbourne |accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> and it is home to many of the nation's most significant cultural and sporting events and institutions. |
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It has been recognised as a [[Global City|gamma world city]] by the [[Loughborough University]] group's 1999 inventory.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html |title=Research Bulletin 5: A Roster of World Cities |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |first=J.V. |last=Beaverstock |coauthors=Smith, R.G.; Taylor, P.J}}</ref> |
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Melbourne is notable for its mix of [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] and [[contemporary architecture]], its extensive [[Trams in Melbourne|tram network]] and Victorian [[Melbourne parks and gardens|parks and gardens]], as well as its diverse, [[multicultural]] society.<ref name="Fairfax ">{{cite web|url=http://150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=1797|title=The Age 150th|publisher=Fairfax Media|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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[[Image:Landing at melbourne 1840.jpg|thumb|left|Melbourne Landing, 1840; watercolour by W. Liardet (1840)]] |
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{{main|History of Melbourne}} |
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{{seealso|Timeline of Melbourne history}} |
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{{seealso|History of Victoria}} |
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===Early history and foundation=== |
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Before the arrival of European settlers, the area was occupied for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years<ref>Gary Presland, ''The First Residents of Melbourne's Western Region'', (revised edition), Harriland Press, 1997. ISBN 0646331507. Presland says on page 1: "There is some evidence to show that people were living in the [[Maribyrnong River]] valley, near present day [[Keilor]], about 40,000 years ago."</ref> by under 20,000<ref>http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1062/Indig.pdf</ref> [[hunter-gatherer]]s from three [[Indigenous Australian|indigenous]] [[Kulin|regional tribes]]: the [[Wurundjeri]], [[Bunurong|Boonwurrung]] and [[Wathaurong]], for at least 31,000 years.<ref>Gary Presland, ''Aboriginal Melbourne: The Lost Land of the Kulin People'', Harriland Press (1985), Second edition 1994, ISBN 0957700423. This book describes in some detail the archeological evidence regarding aboriginal life, culture, food gathering and land management, particularly the period from the flooding of Bass strait and Port Phillip from about 7-10,000 years ago up to the European colonisation in the nineteenth century.</ref> The area was an important meeting place for clans and territories of the [[Kulin]] nation alliance as well as a vital source of food and water.<ref name="settlement"/><ref name="merrimerri">Isabel Ellender and Peter Christiansen, ''People of the Merri Merri. The Wurundjeri in Colonial Days'', Merri Creek Management Committee, 2001 ISBN 0957772807</ref> The first European settlement in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] was established in 1803 on [[Sullivan Bay, Victoria|Sullivan Bay]], near present-day [[Sorrento, Victoria|Sorrento]], but this settlement was abandoned due to a perceived lack of resources. It would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted.<ref>{{cite news |
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| last = Button |
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| first = James |
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| title = Secrets of a forgotten settlement |
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| publisher = [[The Age]] |
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| date = 2003-10-04 |
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| url = http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/03/1064988393029.html?from=storyrhs |
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| accessdate =2008-10-19 }}</ref> |
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In May and June 1835, the area that is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by [[John Batman]], a leading member of the [[Port Phillip Association]], who negotiated a transaction for {{convert|600000|acre|km2 sqmi}} of land from eight Wurundjeri elders.<ref name="settlement" /><ref name="merrimerri" /> Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village", and returned to [[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]] in [[Tasmania]] (then known as [[Van Diemen's Land]]). However, by the time a settlement party from the Association arrived to establish the new village, a separate group led by [[John Pascoe Fawkner]] had already arrived aboard the ''[[Enterprize (1829)|Enterprize]]'' and established a settlement at the same location, on 30 August 1835. The two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement. |
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[[Batman's Treaty]] with the Aborigines was [[annulled]] by the [[New South Wales]] government (then governing all of eastern mainland Australia), which compensated the Association.<ref name="settlement">{{cite web | url = http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=52&pg=703 | title = City of Melbourne — History and heritage — Settlement – foundation and surveying | work = [[City of Melbourne]] | accessdate = 2006-10-07}}</ref> Although this meant the settlers were now trespassing on Crown land, the government reluctantly accepted the settlers' ''fait accompli'' and allowed the town (known at first by various names, including 'Bearbrass'<ref name="settlement" />) to remain. |
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In 1836, [[Governor Bourke]] declared the city the administrative capital of the [[Port Phillip District]] of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the [[Hoddle Grid]] in 1837.<ref name="COM2">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=53|title=City of Melbourne — Roads — Introduction|publisher=City of Melbourne|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> Later that year, the settlement was named Melbourne after the British [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]] [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne]], who resided in the village of [[Melbourne, Derbyshire|Melbourne]] in [[Derbyshire]]. Melbourne was declared a city by [[letters patent]] of [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], issued on 25 June 1847.<ref name="Miles25">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Miles|title=Melbourne the city's history and development|editor=2nd|year=1995|pages=220}}p25</ref> The Port Phillip District became a separate colony of Victoria in 1851 with Melbourne as its capital. |
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Before the arrival of white settlers, the indigenous population in the district was estimated at 15,000, but following settlement the number had fallen to less than 800,<ref>http://www.ccmaindig.info/culture/Timeline.html</ref> and continued to decline with an estimated 80% decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly [[smallpox]].<ref>http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/page/1062/Indig.pdf</ref> |
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===Victorian gold rush=== |
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[[Image:Parliament house plans.jpg|thumb|right|Lithograph of the original plans for [[Parliament House, Melbourne]]]] |
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The discovery of [[gold]] in Victoria in the 1850s led to the [[Victorian gold rush]], and the rapid growth of the city, which provided most [[Service industry|service industries]] and served as the major port for the region. During the optimistic 1850s and 1860s, the construction of many of Melbourne's institutional buildings began, including [[Parliament House, Melbourne|Parliament House]], the [[Old Treasury Building, Melbourne|Treasury Buildings]], the [[State Library of Victoria|State Library]], [[Supreme Court of Victoria|Supreme Court]], [[University of Melbourne|University]], [[Melbourne GPO|General Post Office]], and [[Government House, Melbourne|Government House]], as well as [[St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Paul's]] and [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Patrick's]] cathedrals. The city's inner suburbs were planned, to be linked by [[boulevard]]s and gardens. Melbourne had become a major finance centre, home to several banks and to Australia's first [[Australian Securities Exchange|stock exchange]] in 1861.<ref name="caslon">{{cite web|url=http://www.caslon.com.au/timeline6.htm|title=Media Business Communication time line since 1861|publisher=Caslon|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> |
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===The Land Boom and Bust=== |
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[[Image:Melbourne international exhibition 1880.jpg|thumb|left|Lithograph of the [[Royal Exhibition Building]] (now a [[World Heritage site]]) built to host the [[World's Fair]] of 1880]] |
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By the 1880s, Melbourne's boom was peaking. The city had become the second largest in the [[British Empire]] (after [[London]])<ref>Statesmen's Year Book 1889</ref>, and the richest in the world.<ref>Robert B. Cervero, ''The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry'', 1998, Island Press, ISBN 1559635916, p.320</ref> During this prosperous decade, Melbourne hosted five international exhibitions in the large purpose-built [[Royal Exhibition Building|Exhibition Building]]. Melbourne served as the seat of the [[Parliament of Australia|federal government]] <!-- Do not change this to say Melbourne was the capital. It wasn't the capital. That was reserved for what ultimately became Canberra. Between 1901–1927 Australia had no federal capital-->from the time of the new nation's [[Federation of Australia|federation]] in 1901.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/articleid_4332.html |
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|title=When Melbourne was Australia’s capital city |
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|author=University of Melbourne |
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|publisher=University of Melbourne |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> Federal government was gradually migrated to [[Canberra]] and Melbourne's size and importance was overtaken by [[Sydney]] early in the [[20th Century]]. |
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During an 1885 visit, English journalist [[George Augustus Henry Sala]] coined the phrase "Marvellous Melbourne", which stuck long into the twentieth century. Growing building activity culminated in the "Land Boom" which in 1888 reached a peak of speculative development fuelled by optimism and escalating property prices. As a result of the boom, high-rise offices, commercial buildings, [[coffee palace]]s, [[terrace house|terrace housing]] and palatial [[mansion]]s proliferated in the city.<ref name="University1">The Land Boomers. By Michael Cannon. Melbourne University Press; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1966</ref> Subsequent development (assisted by council fire regulations) has seen most of the taller CBD buildings and larger mansions from this era [[demolish]]ed, though [[Victorian architecture]] still abounds in Melbourne. This period also saw the expansion of a major radial [[rail transport|rail]]-based transport network.<ref name="Miles47">Lewis, Miles ''(Melbourne the city's history and development)'' p47</ref> |
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The brash [[boosterism]] which typified Melbourne during this time came to a halt in 1891 when the start of a severe depression hit the city's economy, sending the local finance and property industries into chaos<ref name="University1"/><ref name="localhistories">{{cite web|url=http://www.localhistories.org/melbourne.html|title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF MELBOURNE|last=Lambert|first=Time|publisher=localhistories.org|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> during which 16 small banks and building societies collapsed and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis helped trigger the [[Economic history of Australia|Australian economic depression of 1890s]] and the [[Australian banking crisis of 1893]]. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, although it did continue to grow slowly during the early twentieth century.<ref name="Britannica1">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/373808/Melbourne/12674/Growth-of-the-city|title=Melbourne (victoria) - growth of the city|publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref><ref name="welovemelbourne">{{cite web|url=http://www.we-love-melbourne.net/Melbourne-history.html|title=Fast Facts on Melbourne History|publisher=we-love-melbourne.net|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> |
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===Federation of Australia=== |
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[[Image:Yarra River railway bridge 1928.jpg|right|thumb|Melbourne and the Yarra in 1928]] |
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At the time of Australia's [[Federation of Australia|federation]] on 1 January 1901, Melbourne became the temporary [[seat of government]] of the federation. The first federal [[Australian Parliament|parliament]] was convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building, where it was located until 1927, when it was moved to [[Canberra]]. The [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]] remained at Government House until 1930 and many major national institutions remained in Melbourne well into the twentieth century.<ref name="Miles113">Lewis, Miles ''(Melbourne the city's history and development)'' p. 113-114</ref> While Sydney had overtaken Melbourne in size, Melbourne's transport networks were more extensive. [[Flinders Street Station]] was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the worlds largest in the 1940s. During [[World War II]], Melbourne industries thrived on wartime production and the city became Australia's leading manufacturing centre.{{Fact|date=November 2008}} |
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===Post-war period=== |
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[[Image:Orica House.jpg|thumb|left|[[ICI House]] (now [[Orica House]]), commenced in 1955, was a powerful symbol of the [[1956 Summer Olympics|Olympic city]]'s [[Modernism|modern]] aspirations]] |
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After the war, Melbourne expanded rapidly, its growth boosted by an influx of [[Immigration to Australia|immigrants]] and the prestige of hosting the [[1956 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] in 1956. The post-war period saw a major [[urban renewal]] of the CBD and St Kilda Road which significantly modernised the city.<ref>Judith Raphael Buckrich (1996) Melbourne's Grand Boulevard: the Story of St Kilda Road. Published State Library of Victoria</ref> To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial "slum reclamation" [[public housing]] projects in the inner city which resulted in demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise housing-commission towers.<ref>{{cite book | last = William | first = Logan | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Gentrification of inner Melbourne - a political geography of inner city housing | publisher = University of Queensland Press | year = 1985 | location = Brisbane, Queensland | pages = 148-160 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 0-7022-1729-8 }}</ref> In later years, increasing motor traffic led to major freeway development, causing the city to sprawl outwards. Under premier [[Henry Bolte]], road projects including the [[Eastern Freeway]], [[Monash Freeway]], [[Tullamarine Freeway]] and the remodelling of [[St Kilda Junction]] changed the face of the city. |
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Australia's financial and mining booms between 1969 and 1970 resulted in establishment of the headquarters of many major companies ([[BHP Billiton]] and [[Rio Tinto Group|Rio Tinto]], among others) in the city. [[Nauru]]'s then booming economy fuelled several ambitious investments in Melbourne, such as [[Nauru House]]. Melbourne remained Australia's business and financial capital until the late 1970s, when it began to lose this primacy to Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/12/30/1072546531264.html?from=storyrhs |
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|title=Tell Melbourne it's over, we won |
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|work=Sydney Morning Herald |
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|date=31 December 2003 |
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|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref> |
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As the centre of Australia's "[[rust belt]]", Melbourne experienced the worst of Victoria's economic slump between 1989 to 1992, following the collapse of several of its financial institutions. In 1992 the newly elected [[Jeff Kennett|Kennett]] [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of [[public works]] centred on Melbourne and the promotion of the city as a [[tourist destination]] with a focus on major events and [[sports tourism]], attracting the [[Australian Grand Prix]] to the city. Major projects included the [[Melbourne Museum]], [[Federation Square]], the [[Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre]], [[Crown Casino]] and [[CityLink]] tollway. Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services, including power and public transport, but also a reduction in funding to public services such as health and education.<ref name="Miles206">Lewis, Miles ''(Melbourne the city's history and development)'' p203,205-206</ref> |
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===Contemporary Melbourne=== |
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Since 1997, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and [[Real estate|property market]]. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]], [[Port Melbourne]], [[Melbourne Docklands]] and, more recently, [[South Wharf, Victoria|South Wharf]]. |
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[[Image:Melbourne Docklands - Yarras Edge - marina panorama.jpg|thumb|upright|500px|right|Melbourne [[:en:Melbourne Docklands|Docklands]] - Yarra’s Edge at twilight]] |
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Figures from the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] showed that Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and [[Economic growth|economic growth rate]] of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Melbournes-population-booms/2005/03/23/1111525222758.html |
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|title=Melbourne's population booms |
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|date=24 March 2005 |
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|work=The Age |
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|publisher=Fairfax Digital, The Age |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref> |
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==Geography== |
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===Topography=== |
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[[Image:Greater Melbourne Map 4 - May 2008.png|thumb|left||Map of greater Melbourne and [[Geelong]].]] |
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Melbourne is located in the south-eastern part of [[mainland]] Australia, within the state of [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]].<ref name="Tourism Victoria">{{cite web|url=http://www.visitmelbourne.com/|title=Melbourne, Victoria, Australia — visitmelbourne.com/|publisher=Tourism Victoria|language=English|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name="aboutoz">{{cite web|url=http://www.about-australia.com/victoria/melbourne/|title=Melbourne, Victoria, - About Australia|publisher=About Australia Online Pty. Ltd. ('about-australia.com'|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> Geologically, it is built on the confluence of [[Quaternary]] [[lava flow]]s to the west, [[Silurian]] [[mudstone]]s to the east,<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.monash.vic.gov.au/city/history/section-b.htm |
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|title=Detailed History: 1900-1945 |
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|author=City of Monash |
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|publisher=www.monash.vic.gov.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref> and [[Holocene]] sand accumulation to the southeast along [[Port Phillip]]. |
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Melbourne extends along the [[Yarra River|Yarra]] through the [[Yarra Valley]]<ref name="yarra1">{{cite web|url=http://www.yarrariver.info/|title=Yarra River, Melbourne Australia|publisher=Yarra River Precinct Association, Yarra Tourism Association|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> toward the [[Dandenong Ranges]] and [[Yarra Ranges]] to the east. It extends northward through the undulating bushland valleys of the Yarra's tributaries - [[Moonee Ponds Creek]] (toward Tullamarine Airport), [[Merri Creek]] and [[Plenty River]] to the outer suburban growth corridors of [[Craigieburn, Victoria|Craigieburn]] and [[Whittlesea, Victoria|Whittlesea]]. The city sprawls south-east through [[Dandenong, Victoria|Dandenong]] to the growth corridor of [[Pakenham, Victoria|Pakenham]] towards [[West Gippsland]], and southward through the [[Dandenong Creek]] valley, the [[Mornington Peninsula]] and the city of [[Frankston, Victoria|Frankston]] taking in the peaks of [[Olivers Hill, Victoria|Olivers Hill]], [[Mount Martha, Victoria|Mount Martha]] and [[Arthurs Seat, Victoria|Arthurs Seat]], extending along the shores of Port Phillip<ref name="ParksVic">{{cite web|url=http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/1park_display.cfm?park=58|title=Port Phillip|publisher=Parks Victoria 2008.|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name="Austtravel">{{cite web|url=http://www.austtravel.com.au/victoria_port_phillip_bay.htm|title=Port Phillip Bay — Victoria|publisher=austtravel.com.au/ - Austtravel|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> as a single [[conurbation]] to reach the exclusive suburb of [[Portsea, Victoria|Portsea]] and [[Point Nepean]]. In the west, it extends along the [[Maribyrnong River]] and its [[tributary|tributaries]] north towards the foothills of the [[Shire of Macedon Ranges|Macedon Ranges]], and along the flat volcanic plain country towards [[Melton, Victoria|Melton]] in the west, [[Werribee]] at the foothills of the [[You Yangs]] [[volcanic]] peaks and [[Geelong]] as part of the greater metropolitan area to the south-west. |
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Melbourne's major bayside [[beach]]es are located in the south-eastern suburbs along the shores of Port Phillip Bay, in areas like [[Port Melbourne]], [[Albert Park, Victoria|Albert Park]], [[St Kilda, Victoria|St Kilda]], [[Elwood, Victoria|Elwood]], [[Brighton, Victoria|Brighton]], [[Sandringham, Victoria|Sandringham]], [[Mentone, Victoria|Mentone]] and [[Frankston, Victoria|Frankston]] although there are beaches in the western suburbs of [[Altona, Victoria|Altona]] and [[Williamstown, Victoria|Williamstown]]. The nearest [[ocean surface wave|surf]] beaches are located {{convert|85|km|mi|}} south-east of the Melbourne CBD in the back-beaches of [[Rye, Victoria|Rye]], [[Sorrento, Victoria|Sorrento]] and [[Portsea, Victoria|Portsea]].<ref name="smhbeach">{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/victoria/lifes-a-beach-in-melbourne/2006/01/02/1136050380503.html|title=Life's a beach in Melbourne|last=Russell|first=Mark|date=2 January 2006<!-- - 2:45PM-->|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald |accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref><ref name="epabeach">{{cite web|url=http://epanote2.epa.vic.gov.au/EPA/Publications.nsf/2f1c2625731746aa4a256ce90001cbb5/d494227d97812f42ca2574330000f2c6/$FILE/1240.pdf|format=PDF|title=BEACH REPORT 2007–08|publisher=epa.vic.gov.au|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> |
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===Climate=== |
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{{see|Extreme Weather Events in Melbourne}} |
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Melbourne has a moderate [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb'').<ref name="Köppen-Geiger ">{{cite journal|last=Peel|first=M. C. |coauthors=B. L. Finlayson, and T. A. McMahon|date=1 March 2007|title=Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification|journal=HESSD - Hydrology and Earth system sciences|issue=4|pages=439–473|url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/4/439/print-redirect.html}}</ref> and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is due in part to the city's flat topography, its situation on [[Port Phillip]], and the presence of the [[Dandenong Ranges]] to the east, a combination that creates weather systems that often circle the bay.<ref name="Bureau">{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071.shtml|title=Melbourne Climate statistics|publisher=Australian Government — Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> The phrase ''"four seasons in one day"'' is part of [[popular culture]] and observed by many visitors to the city.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=269&pg=2325 |
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|title=Welcome to Melbourne — Welcome to Melbourne — Introduction |
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|author=City of Melbourne |
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|publisher=www.melbourne.vic.gov.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> |
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{{climate chart|[[Melbourne]] |
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|14.2|25.8|48 |
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|14.5|25.8|48 |
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|13.2|23.8|50 |
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|10.7|20.3|58 |
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|8.6|16.7|56 |
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|6.9|14|49 |
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|6|13.4|48 |
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|6.6|14.9|50 |
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|7.9|17.2|59 |
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|9.5|19.6|67 |
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|11.1|21.9|60 |
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|12.9|24.2|59 |
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|float=left |
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|clear=none |
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|source=Bureau of Meteorology<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071.shtml | title = Climate statistics for Australian locations | accessdate=2007-09-05 | publisher= |
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| language = English }}</ref> |
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}} |
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Melbourne is colder than other mainland Australian state capital cities in the winter. The lowest maximum on record is {{convert|4.4|C|F}}, on 4 July 1901.<ref name="snow">{{cite web |url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/snow-misses-cbd-lunch-appointment/2005/08/10/1123353351466.html |title=Snow misses CBD lunch appointment — National — theage.com.au |publisher=[[The Age]] |
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|date=2005-08-10 |wokr=The Age |accessdate=2008-07-18 }}</ref> However, [[snow]]falls are extremely rare: the most recent occurrence of sleet in the CBD was on 25 July 1986 and the most recent snowfalls in the outer eastern suburbs and [[Mount Dandenong]] were on 10 August 2005,<ref>[http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/08/10/1123353352628.html Snow falls in Melbourne] Sydney Morning Herald, 10 August 2005 accessed online 7 November 2006</ref> 15 November 2006, 25 December 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,20972481-661,00.html |title=Santa brings snow to Melbourne |work= Herald Sun |date=2006-12-25 |publisher=[[News Limited]] |accessdate=2008-07-18}}</ref> and 10 August 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/vic/20050810.shtml |title=Snow in Victoria - 10 August 2005 |publisher=Bom.gov.au |date= |accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> More commonly, Melbourne experiences [[frost]]s and [[fog]] in winter. |
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During the spring, Melbourne commonly enjoys extended periods of mild weather and clear skies. On average, Melbourne is not as hot as more northern cities such as Sydney or Brisbane in summer, but occasionally experiences hotter and drier summer days, with maximum temperatures above {{convert|40|°C|°F}} when northerly winds blow dry air from the arid [[The Mallee|Mallee region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.melbourneaustralia.org/climate.html |title=Melbourne Weather (climate) |work=Melbourne travel guide |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto 0 auto; text-align:right;" |
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|+ '''Other daily elements''' |
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|- |
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! !! Jan !! Feb !! Mar !! Apr !! May !! Jun !! Jul !! Aug !! Sep !! Oct !! Nov !! Dec !! Yearly |
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|- |
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! Mean number of rain days |
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| 8.3 || 7.4 || 9.3 || 11.5 || 14.0 || 14.2 || 15.1 || 15.6 || 14.8 || 14.3 || 11.8 || 10.5 || 146.7 |
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|- |
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! Mean number of clear days |
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|6.3 || 6.3 || 5.7 || 4.4 || 3.0 || 2.5 || 2.7 || 2.9 || 3.4 || 3.6 || 3.5 || 4.4 || 48.5 |
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|- |
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! Mean number of cloudy days |
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|11.2 || 9.7 || 13.4 || 14.9 || 18.0 || 16.8 || 17.2 || 16.8 || 15.7 || 16.4 || 15.1 || 14.2 || 179.5 |
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|- |
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| colspan="15" style="text-align:center;" | <small>'''Source:''' [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_086071.shtml Bureau of Meteorology]</small> |
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|} |
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==Environmental sustainability== |
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{{seealso|Environmental issues in Australia}} |
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[[File:Litter trap.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Parks Victoria litter trap on the river catches floating rubbish on the Yarra at Birrarung Marr]] |
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Like many urban environments, Melbourne faces some significant environmental issues. |
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One such issue is water usage, drought and low rainfall. Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures deplete Melbourne water supplies and [[climate change]] will have a long-term impact on the water supplies of Melbourne.<ref>http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water/water_storages/water_storages.asp?bhcp=1</ref>Melbourne is in its tenth consecutive year of drought.<ref>http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/publications/fact_sheets/water/living_with_drought.asp</ref> In response to low water supply's and low rainfall due to drought, the government implemented [[Water restrictions in Australia|water restrictions]] and a range of other options including: [[water recycling]] schemes for the city, incentives for household water tanks, [[greywater]] systems, water consumption awareness initiatives, and other water saving and reuse initiatives; also, in June 2007, the Bracks Government announced that a $3.1 billion [[Wonthaggi desalination plant]] would be built on Victoria's south-east coast, capable of treating 150 billion litres of water per year,<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/desal-plant-to-be-publicprivate-deal/2007/09/19/1189881595089.html |
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|title=Desal plant to be public-private deal |
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|work=The Age |
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|publisher=theage.com.au |
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|date=20 September 2007 |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> as well as a {{convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} pipeline from the Goulburn area in Victoria's north to Melbourne and a new water pipeline linking Melbourne and [[Geelong]].<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/current_projects/water_supply/seawater_desalination_plant/seawater_desalination_plant.asp |
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|title=Water Supply: Seawater Desalination Plant |
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|author=Melbourne Water |
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|publisher=www.melbournewater.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> |
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The [[City of Melbourne]], in 2002, set a target to reduce [[carbon emissions]] to net zero by 2020.<ref>http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=218&pa=4025&pa2=1612&pg=1618</ref> |
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Melbourne has one of the highest urban footprints in the world due to its low density housing, suburban sprawl, and car dependence due to minimal public transport outside of the inner city.<ref name="Urbanfootprint">{{cite book|last=R |first=Cardew|coauthors=P Fanning|others=J George,|title=Urban Footprints and Stormwater Management: A Council Survey p16-25|year=1998}}</ref> Much of the vegetation within the city are non-native species, most of European origin, and in many cases plays host to [[invasive species]] and noxious weeds.<ref name="weeds">{{cite web|url=http://www.weeds.org.au/target.htm|title=Target Species for Biological Control|publisher=weeds.org.au|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> Significant introduced urban pests include the [[Common Myna]],<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2002/s595922.htm |
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|title=Scientists declare war on Indian mynah |
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|work=7.30 Report |
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|date=2002-07-01: |
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|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> [[Feral Pigeon]],<ref name="Pidgeonproblem">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/opm/bc/CTEE/meetings/CSCaCD_51_20040907.pdf|format=PDF|title=UPDATE ON PIGEON MANAGEMENT ISSUE|last=Bradbury|first=Garth |date=7 September 2004|publisher=[[City of Melbourne]]|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref> [[Common Starling]], [[Brown Rat]], [[German wasp|European Wasp]],<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.csiro.au/resources/ps1sm.html |
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|title=The picnickers nightmare: European wasp |
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|publisher=[[CSIRO]] |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> and [[Red Fox]].<ref>Marks, C.A. & Bloomfield, T.E. (1999) Distribution and density estimates for urban foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Melbourne: implications for rabies control</ref> Many outlying suburbs, particularly those in the [[Yarra Valley]] and the hills to the north-east and east, have gone for extended periods without regenerative fires leading to a lack of saplings and undergrowth in urbanised native bushland, the Department of Sustainability and Environment partially addresses this problem by regularly burning off.<ref name="environ">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/publications/series/paper8/paper9.html|title=Fire and Biodiversity: The Effects and Effectiveness of Fire Management|date=Australian government — Department of environment|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref><ref name="stateoffire">{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Robert|coauthors=Kate White, P de B Kock|title=State of Fire: A History of Volunteer Firefighting and the Country Fire Authority in Victoria|publisher=Hargreen Publishing|year=1995|pages=339 pages|isbn=0949905631}}</ref> Several [[national park]]s have been designated around the urban area of Melbourne, including the [[Mornington Peninsula National Park]], [[Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park]] and [[Point Nepean, Victoria|Point Nepean National Park]] in the south east, [[Organ Pipes National Park]] to the north and [[Dandenong Ranges National Park]] to the east. There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne.<ref name="parkweb">{{cite web|url=http://www.parkweb.vic.gov.au/1aboutus.cfm|title=About Parks Victoria|publisher=parkweb.vic.gov.au|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref><ref>Wild Places of Greater Melbourne. R Taylor, 9780957747104, CSIRO Publishing, January 1999, 224pp, PB</ref> |
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Responsibility for regulating pollution falls under the jurisdiction of the [[Environment Protection Authority Victoria|EPA]] Victoria and several local councils. [[Air pollution]], by world standards, is classified as being good, however summer and autumn are the worst times of year for atmospheric [[haze]] in the urban area.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.dar.csiro.au/information/urbanpollution.html |
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|title=Urban and regional air pollution |
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|author=CSIRO: Marine and atmospheric research |
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|publisher=[[CSIRO]] |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref><ref name="Age3"/> |
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Another current environmental issue in Melbourne is the Victorian government project of channel deepening Melbourne Ports by dredging Port Phillip Bay - the [[Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project]]. It is subject to controversy and strict regulations among fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected by the disturbance of [[heavy metals]] and other industrial sediments.<ref name="epabeach"/><ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/02/05/2155149.htm |
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|title=Garrett approves Port Phillip Bay dredging |
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|work=ABC News |
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|date=2008-02-05 |
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|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> Other major pollution problems in Melbourne include levels of bacteria including [[E-coli]] in the [[Yarra River]] and its tributaries caused by septic systems,<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23784623-2862,00.html |
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|title=E coli running riot in Yarra River |
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|date=31 May 2008 |
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|work=[[Herald Sun]] |
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|publisher=[[News Limited]] |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> as well as up to 350,000 [[cigarette]] butts entering the storm water runoff every day.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.aius.org.au/indicators/sectiontype.cfm?ThemeID=11&SectionTypeID=2 |
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|title=AIUS Indicators |
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|work=Environmental indicators for Metropolitan Melbourne |
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|author=Australian Institute of Urban Studies and City of Melbourne |
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|publisher=Australian Institute of Urban Studies |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> Several programs are being implemented to minimise beach and river pollution.<ref name="epabeach"/><ref name="litter1">{{cite web|url=http://www.litter.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Victoria%27s_Litter_Strategy_Sep95.pdf|format=PDF|title=Victoria's Litter reduction Strategy|publisher=litter.vic.gov.au|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> |
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==Urban structure== |
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{{seealso|List of heritage listed buildings in Melbourne|Parks and gardens of Melbourne}} |
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[[Image:Melbourne Skyline from Rialto Crop - Nov 2008.jpg|thumb|A ~180 degree panoramic image of Melbourne's [[Hoddle Grid]] ([[CBD]]) and [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]] on the right side, as viewed from the Rialto Observation Deck]] |
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[[Image:Victorian terrace on canterbury road, Middle Park.jpg|thumb|left|"Melbourne Style" Victorian terrace houses are common in the inner suburbs and have been the subject of [[gentrification]]]] |
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The original city (known today as the [[central business district]] or CBD) is laid out in the [[Hoddle Grid]] (dimensions of {{convert|1|by|0.5|mi|km}}), its southern edge fronting onto the Yarra. The city centre is well known for its historic and attractive [[List of lanes and arcades in Melbourne city centre|lanes and arcades]] (the most notable of which are [[Block Arcade, Melbourne|Block Place]] and [[Royal Arcade, Melbourne|Royal Arcade]]) which contain a variety of shops and cafes.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/Opinion/Melbournes-love-affair-with-lanes/2004/12/31/1104344983928.html |
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|title=Melbourne's love affair with lanes — Opinion — www.theage.com.au |
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|publisher=theage.com.au |
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|date=10 August 2005 |
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|author=Suzy Freeman-Greene |
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|work=The Age |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> The Melbourne CBD, compared with other Australian cities has comparatively unrestrictive height limits and as the result of waves of post war development contains five of the six [[List of tallest buildings in Australia|tallest buildings in Australia]], the tallest of these being the [[Eureka Tower]].<ref name="Eureka1">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurekatower.com.au/main.cfm|title=Eureka Tower|publisher=Eureka Tower Official|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> Prior to the Eureka tower, the Rialto tower was the tallest building in the CBD, which still has an observation deck which is open for the visitors. The CBD and surrounds also contain many significant historic buildings such as the [[Royal Exhibition Building]], the [[Melbourne Town Hall]] and [[Parliament House, Melbourne|Parliament House]].<ref name="Walking Melbourne">{{cite web|url=http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/|title=Walking Melbourne, Heritage, Architecture, Skyscraper and Buildings Database|publisher=Walking Melbourne|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name="MTG">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourneaustralia.org/arts-architecture.html|title=Melbourne Architecture|publisher=Melbourne Travel Guide|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> |
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Although the area is described as the ''centre'', it is not actually the demographic centre of Melbourne at all, due to an [[urban sprawl]] to the south east, the demographic centre being located at Bourne St, [[Glen Iris, Victoria|Glen Iris]].<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/08/04/1028157880515.html |
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|title=Glen Iris still the heart of city's sprawl |
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|work=The Age |
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|date=5 August 2002 |
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|publisher=www.theage.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> |
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Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and [[garden]]' for every family, often referred to locally as the ''[[Australian Dream]]''. Much of [[Metropolitan area|metropolitan]] Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl. The provision of an extensive passenger [[railway]] and [[tram]] service in the earlier years of development encouraged this low density development, mostly in radial lines along the [[transport]] corridors. |
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Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria was once known as ''the garden state''.<ref name="Age3">{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2008/03/10/1205125821732.html|title=Victoria: the garden state or greenhouse capital?|publisher=The Age — Fairfax Media|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref><ref name="wilmap">{{cite web|url=http://www.wilmap.com.au/vic.html|title="Victoria"|publisher=wilmap.com.au|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref><ref name="goway">{{cite web|url=http://www.goway.com/downunder/australia/victoria/|title=Victoria Australia, aka "The Garden State"|publisher=goway.com|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> There is an abundance of [[Melbourne parks and gardens|parks and gardens in Melbourne]],<ref name="COM">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=25&pg=617|title=City of Melbourne — Parks and Gardens|publisher=City of Melbourne|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> many close to the [[Melbourne Central Business District|CBD]] with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities of [[City of Stonnington|Stonnington]], [[City of Boroondara|Boroondara]] and [[City of Port Phillip|Port Phillip]], south east of the CBD. |
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The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of [[suburb]]s (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas.<ref name="vicnet">{{cite web|url=http://www.vicnet.net.au/government/localgovt/|title=Vicnet Directory — Local Government|publisher=Vicnet|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> |
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==Culture== |
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{{main|Culture of Melbourne}} |
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[[Image:Fed Square August 2007.jpg|thumb|The [[Federation Square]] cultural precinct]] |
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[[Image:Shrine of Remembrance 1.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Shrine of Remembrance]] is an important cultural landmark]] |
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Melbourne is widely regarded as the cultural and sport capital of Australia.<ref name="visitvictoria">{{cite web|url=http://www.visitvictoria.com/displayobject.cfm/objectid.EC23FF99-5AE4-4C56-86BBCE92B6D361CF/|title=About Melbourne|publisher=Tourism Victoria — visitvictoria.com|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name="ioltravel">{{cite web|url=http://www.ioltravel.co.za/article/view/4471038|title=Melbourne is the 'world sports capital'|date=26 June 2008|publisher=ioltravel.co.za|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> It has thrice shared top position<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/06/1075854028808.html |
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|title=Melbourne 'world's top city' |
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|work=The Age |
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|date=6 February 2004 |
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|publisher=theage.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> in a survey by ''[[The Economist]]'' of the ''[[World's Most Livable Cities]]'' on the basis of its cultural attributes, [[Melbourne#climate|climate]], [[cost of living]], and social conditions such as [[crime rate]]s and [[health care]], in 2002,<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/10/04/world.cities/ |
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|title=Melbourne, Vancouver top city list |
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|date=4 October 2002 |
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|publisher=archives.cnn.com |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}} ([[Economist Intelligence Unit]] 2002)</ref> 2004 and 2005.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.citymayors.com/environment/eiu_bestcities.html |
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|title=City Mayors: Best cities in the world (EIU) |
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|publisher=www.citymayors.com |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}} (Economist Intelligence Unit 2005)</ref> In recent years rising property prices have led to Melbourne being named the 36th least affordable city in the world and the second least affordable in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/cost_survey.html |title=Cost of living — The world's most expensive cities |publisher=City Mayors}}</ref> |
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The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events, performing arts and architecture. Melbourne is also considered to be Australia's live music capital with a large proportion of successful Australian artists emerging from the Melbourne live music scene. [[Street Art in Melbourne]] is becoming increasingly popular with the ''[[Lonely Planet]]'' guides listing it as a major attraction. The city is also admired as one of the great cities of the Victorian Age (1837-1901) and a vigorous city life intersects with an impressive range of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century buildings.<ref>Peter Fischer and Susan Marsden, ''Vintage Melbourne: beautiful buildings from Melbourne city centre'', East Street Publications, Bowden South Australia 2007</ref> |
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===Sport=== |
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[[Image:MCG August 2007.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] is the home of cricket and Australian rules football]] |
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Melbourne is a notable sporting location as the host city for the [[1956 Summer Olympics]] games, the first Olympic Games ever held in Australia<ref name="IOC ">{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/games/past/index_uk.asp?OLGT=1&OLGY=1956|title=International Olympic Committee - 1956 Olympics|publisher=IOC — International Olympic Committee|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> along with the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]].<ref name="M2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne2006.com.au/Channels/|title=M2006 - Home|publisher=Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games Corporation |accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name="cgquote">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/commonwealthgames/ |
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|title=Commonwealth Games Melbourne 2006 |
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|publisher=www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> |
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In recent years, the city has claimed the SportsBusiness title "World's Ultimate Sports City".<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23463520-2862,00.html |
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|title=Melbourne victorious again |
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|work=Herald Sun |
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|date=1 April 2008 |
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|publisher=www.news.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> The city is home to the [[National Sports Museum]], which until 2006 was located outside the members pavilion at the Melbourne Cricket Ground and reopened in 2008 in the Great Northern Stand.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/australian-sports-museum-opens-at-mcg/2008/03/05/1204402550094.html |
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|title=Australian sports museum opens at MCG |
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|work=The Age |
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|date=5 March 2008 |
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|author=Geoff Strong |
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|publisher=theage.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> |
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[[Australian rules football]] and [[cricket]] are the most popular sports in Melbourne and also the spiritual home of these two sports in Australia and both are mostly played in the same stadia in the city and its suburbs. The first ever official [[cricket]] Test match was played at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] in March 1877 and the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] is the largest cricket ground in the world. The first Australian rules football matches were played in Melbourne in 1859 and the [[Australian Football League]] is headquartered at the [[Telstra Dome]]. Nine of its teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area and the five Melbourne AFL matches per week attract an average 40,000 people per game.<ref name="AFL12321312">{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24109399-12270,00.html|title=AFL blueprint for third stadium|last=Smith|first=Patrick|date=August 1, 2008|publisher=The Australian|language=news.com.au|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref> Additionally, the city annually hosts the [[AFL Grand Final]]. |
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The city is also home to several professional franchises in national competitions including the [[Melbourne Storm]] ([[rugby league]]),<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.melbournestorm.com.au/default.asp?sec=7&ssec=5 |
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|title=Melbourne Storm — The Beginning |
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|publisher=www.melbournestorm.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> who play in the [[NRL]] competition, [[Melbourne Victory]] ([[Association football (soccer)]]) who play in the [[A-league]], [[netball]] team [[Melbourne Vixens]] who play in the trans-Tasman trophy [[ANZ Championship]] and [[basketball]] teams [[Melbourne Tigers]] and [[South Dragons]] who play in the [[National Basketball League (Australia)|National Basketball League]]. |
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Melbourne is home to the three major annual international sporting events in the [[Australian Open]] ([[tennis]]),<ref name="Tennisa">{{cite web|url=http://www.australianopen.com/en_AU/index.html|title=Australian Open Tennis Championships|publisher=Tennis Australia|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> [[Melbourne Cup]] ([[horse racing]]),<ref name="MelbourneCup">{{cite web|url=http://www.melbournecup.com/melbourne-cup-carnival/|title=Melbourne Cup Carnival|publisher=The Victoria Racing Club Ltd (VRC) |accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> and the [[Australian Grand Prix]] ([[Formula 1]]).<ref name="AGPC">{{cite web|url=http://www.grandprix.com.au/|title=Formula 1 Australia Gran Prix|publisher=The Australian Grand Prix Corporation (AGPC) |accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> |
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==Economy== |
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Melbourne is home to Australia's busiest [[Port of Melbourne|seaport]] and much of Australia's [[Automaker|automotive industry]], which include [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] and [[Toyota]] manufacturing facilities, and the [[engine]] manufacturing facility of [[Holden]]. It is home to many other [[manufacturing]] industries, along with being a major business and financial centre.<ref name="sov">{{cite web|url=http://www.business.vic.gov.au/BUSVIC/INDUSTRY//pc=PC_51081.html|title=Business Victoria - Manufacturing|date=26 May 2008|publisher=State of Victoria, Australia |language=english|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref> International freight is an important industry. The [[Port of Melbourne|city's port]], Australia's largest, handles more than $75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade.<ref name="goway"/><ref name="pom">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news.php?id=267171 |
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|title=Port Of Melbourne Sets Shipping Record |
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|date=13 June 2007 |
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|work=Malaysian National News Agency |
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|publisher=www.bernama.com.my |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/National/Growth-of-Australias-largest-port-essential/2004/12/17/1102787275601.html |
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|title=Growth of Australia's largest port essential |
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|work=The Age |
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|date=18 December 2004 |
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|publisher=theage.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> [[Melbourne Airport]] provides an entry point for national and international visitors. |
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Melbourne is also a major technology hub, with an [[Information and Communication Technology|ICT]] industry that employs over 60,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), has a turnover of $19.8 billion and export revenues of $615 million. Melbourne retains a significant presence of being a financial centre for Asia-Pacific. Two of the [[Big Four (banks)|big four]] banks, [[National Australia Bank|NAB]] and [[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ]], are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia’s leading centre for [[Superannuation in Australia|superannuation]] (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of [[Industry superannuation|industry super-funds]]. Melbourne is also home to the $40 billion-dollar Federal Government [[Future Fund]], and could potentially be home to the world's largest company should the proposed merger between [[BHP Billiton]] and [[Rio Tinto Group]] be carried out.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/bhp-chief-spruiks-up-bid-to-take-over-rio-tinto/2007/11/12/1194766590048.html BHP chief spruiks up bid to take over Rio Tinto], ''The Age'', 13 November 2007</ref> [[Melbourne tourism|Tourism]] also plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with approximately 7.6 million domestic visitors and 1.88 million international visitors in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.dpc.vic.gov.au/domino/Web_Notes/newmedia.nsf/bc348d5912436a9cca256cfc0082d800/55b1f13cef7b139cca256ed80081ebd6!OpenDocument |
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|title=MELBOURNE AIRPORT PASSENGER FIGURES STRONGEST ON RECORD |
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|work=Media Release: MINISTER FOR TOURISM |
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|date=21 July 2004 |
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|publisher=www.dpc.vic.gov.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> In 2008, Melbourne overtook Sydney with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/news/now-sydney-loses-its-tourism-ascendancy/2008/05/16/1211049134065.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 |
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|title=Now Sydney loses its tourism ascendancy |
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|work=The Age |
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|date=19 May 2008 |
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|publisher=theage.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> |
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The city is headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue)<ref>[http://www.brw.com.au/lists/detail/?listId=5 BRW 1000]</ref> ([[Australia and New Zealand Banking Group|ANZ]], [[BHP Billiton]], the [[National Australia Bank]], [[Rio Tinto Group|Rio Tinto]] and [[Telstra]]); as well as such representative bodies and thinktanks as the [[Business Council of Australia]] and the [[Australian Council of Trade Unions]]. Melbourne rated 34th within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the Mastercard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2007),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/wcoc/pdf/index_2007_us.pdf |title=MW-IndexRpt-CoComm FA.indd<!-- Bot generated title --> |date= |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref> between Barcelona and Geneva, and second only to Sydney (14th) in Australia. Most recent major infrastructure projects, such as the redevelopment of [[Southern Cross Station]] (formerly Spencer Street Station),<ref name="doi123232">{{cite web|url=http://www.doi.vic.gov.au/Doi/Internet/transport.nsf/AllDocs/51A6FE0B0EA5C80BCA2571F800066647?OpenDocument|title=Southern Cross Station project|publisher=doi.vic.gov.au/|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> have been centred around the [[2006 Commonwealth Games]], which were held in the city from 15 March to 26 March 2006. The centrepiece of the Commonwealth Games projects was the redevelopment of the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], the stadium used for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games. The project involved rebuilding the northern half of the stadium and laying a temporary athletics track at a cost of [[AUD|$]]434 million.<ref name="ozstad">{{cite web|url=http://www.austadiums.com/stadiums/redevelopment/mcg/|title=»Melbourne Cricket Ground »Redevelopment|publisher=AustralianStadiums.com|accessdate=2008-09-29}}</ref> Melbourne has also been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of a [[AUD|$]]1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to the [[Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre]] to link development along the [[Yarra River]] with the [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank precinct]] and multi-billion dollar [[Melbourne Docklands|Docklands]] redevelopment.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/councillors-furious-about-convention-centre-deal/2006/04/30/1146335610761.html Councillors furious about convention centre deal], ''The Age'', 1 May 2006</ref> |
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==Demographics== |
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{{main|Demographics of Melbourne}} |
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{| class="infobox" align=right |
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|colspan="2"|'''Significant overseas born populations'''<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?action=404&documentproductno=205&documenttype=Details&order=1&tabname=Details&areacode=205&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&javascript=true&textversion=false&navmapdisplayed=true&breadcrumb=LPTD&&collection=Census&period=2006&productlabel=Country%20of%20Birth%20of%20Person%20by%20Year%20of%20Arrival%20in%20Australia&producttype=Census%20Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&topic=Migrants& |
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|title=2006 Census Tables : Country of Birth of Person by Year of Arrival in Australia — Melbourne |
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|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |
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|accessdate=2008-04-16}}</ref> |
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|- |
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! Place of Birth || Population (2006) |
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|- |
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|[[United Kingdom]] ||156,457 |
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|- |
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|[[Italy]] ||73,801 |
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|- |
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|[[Vietnam]] ||57,926 |
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|- |
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|[[People's Republic of China]] ||54,726 |
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|- |
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|[[New Zealand]] ||52,453 |
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|- |
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|[[Greece]] ||52,279 |
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|- |
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|[[India]] ||50,686 |
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|- |
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|[[Sri Lanka]] ||30,594 |
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|- |
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|[[Malaysia]] ||29,174 |
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|- |
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|[[Croatia]] ||24,568 |
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|- |
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|[[Germany]] ||21,182 |
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|- |
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|[[Malta]] ||18,951 |
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|- |
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|[[South Africa]] ||17,317 |
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|- |
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|[[Republic of Macedonia|Rep. Macedonia]] ||17,287 |
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|- |
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|[[Hong Kong]] ||16,917 |
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|- |
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|[[Poland]] ||16,439 |
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|- |
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|[[Philippines]] ||15,367 |
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|- |
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|[[Lebanon]] ||14,645 |
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|- |
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|[[Netherlands]] ||14,581 |
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|- |
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|[[Turkey]] ||14,124 |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; margin:10px; text-size:60%; text-align:right;" |
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|- |
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!align=center colspan=3| '''Melbourne<br />population by year''' |
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|- |
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|1836 || 177 || |
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|- |
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|1854 || 123,000|| (gold rush) |
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|- |
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|1880 || 280,000|| (property boom) |
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|- |
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|1956 || 1,500,000 || |
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|- |
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|1981 || 2,806,000 || |
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|- |
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|1991 || 3,156,700 || (economic slump) |
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|- |
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|2001 || 3,366,542 || |
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|- |
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|2006 || 3,744,373 || |
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|} |
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Melbourne is a diverse and [[multicultural]] city and [[melting pot]].<ref name="bahai2">{{cite web|url=http://news.bahai.org/story/654|title=Melburnians turn to ‘Soul Food’ for nourishment|date=28 September 2008|publisher=Baha'i World News Service, Israel|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> This is reflected by the fact that the city is home to restaurants serving cuisines from all over the world. |
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Almost a quarter of Victoria's population was born overseas, and the city is home to residents from 233 countries, who speak over 180 languages and dialects and follow 116 religious faiths. Melbourne has the second largest Asian population in Australia, which includes the largest [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]], Indian and [[Sri Lanka]]n communities in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vicnet.net.au/community/ethnic/indian/|title=Vicnet Directory Indian Community|publisher=Vicnet |accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vicnet.net.au/community/ethnic/srilankan/|title=Vicnet Directory Sri Lankan Community|publisher=Vicnet|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yarranet.net.au/~acacia/vietcom.htm|title=Vietnamese Community Directory|publisher=yarranet.net.au|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> |
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The first European settlers in Melbourne were [[British people|British]] and [[Irish people|Irish]]. These two groups accounted for nearly all arrivals before the gold rush, and supplied the predominant number of [[Immigration to Australia|immigrants]] to the city until the [[Second World War]]. Melbourne was transformed by the 1850s [[Australian gold rush|gold rush]]; within months of the discovery of [[gold]] in August 1852, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants.<ref name="gold1850">{{cite web |
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|url=http://sbs.com.au/sbsmain/gold/story.html?storyid=49 |
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|title=Gold! |
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|author=Victorian Cultural Collaboration |
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|publisher=sbs.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city.<ref name="largeby1865">[http://www.atse.org.au/index.php?sectionid=289 The Snowy Mountains Scheme and Multicultural Australia]</ref> Large numbers of [[Chinese Australian|Chinese]], [[German Australian|German]] and [[American Australian|United States]] nationals were to be found on the goldfields and subsequently in Melbourne. The various nationalities involved in the [[Eureka Stockade]] revolt nearby give some indication of the migration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century.<ref name="annear">{{cite book|last=Annear|first=Robyn|title=Nothing But Gold|publisher=The Text Publishing Company|year=1999}}</ref> |
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In the aftermath of the [[Second World War]], Melbourne experienced unprecedented inflows from [[southern Europe]], primarily Greece, Italy and Cyprus and [[West Asia]] mostly from [[Turkey]], and [[Lebanon]]. According to the 2001 Census, there were 151,785 ethnic Greeks in the metropolitan area.<ref name="L a z z a r o">{{cite journal|last=L a z z a r o|first=V i n c e|date=1 1 : 3 0 A M ( C A N B E R R A T I M E ) T U E S 1 1 F E B 2 0 0 3|title=Melbourne 2001 Census|journal=2001 Australian Census|publisher=Australian Beureau of Statistics|location=Canbera, ACT, Australia|volume=1|issue=2030.2|pages=92|language=english|url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/FDC769F10D49F074CA256CC900833D7D/$File/20302_2001.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> 47% of all [[Greek Australian]]s live in Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=100&pg=917 |
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|title=Multicultural communities — Greeks |
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|author=City of Melbourne |
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|publisher=www.melbourne.vic.gov.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> Ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese also maintain significant presences. |
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Melbourne exceeds the national average in terms of proportion of residents born overseas: 34.8% compared to a national average of 23.1%. In concordance with national data, [[UK|Britain]] is the most commonly reported overseas country of birth, with 4.7 %, followed by Italy (2.4%), Greece (1.9 %) and then China (1.3 %). Melbourne also features substantial [[Vietnam]]ese, Indian and [[Sri Lanka]]n-born communities, in addition to recent South African and [[Sudanese]] influxes. |
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Over two-thirds of people in Melbourne speak only English at home (68.8 %). Italian is the second most common home language (4.0 %), with Greek third and [[Chinese languages|Chinese]] fourth, each with over 100,000 speakers.<ref name="egov123211">{{cite web|url=http://www.egov.vic.gov.au/index.php?env=-innews/detail:m1497-1-1-8-s-0:n-1582-1-0--|title=Demographic Profiling of Victorian Government Website Visitors 2007|publisher=egov.vic.gov.au|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> |
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Melbourne is also home to a wide range of religious faiths. The largest of which is [[Christian]] (64%) with a large [[Catholic]] population (28.3%).<ref name="qs">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?&action=401&tabname=Summary&areacode=205&issue=2006&producttype=QuickStats&textversion=true&navmapdisplayed=true&&breadcrumb=PLD& |
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|title=QuickStats : Melbourne (Statistical Division) |
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|work=2006 Census |
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|publisher=www.censusdata.abs.gov.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> However Melbourne and indeed Australia are highly [[Secularity|secular]]ised, with the proportion of people identifying themselves as [[Christianity|Christian]] declining from 96% in 1901 to 64% in 2006 and those who did not state their religion or declared no religion rising from 2% to over 30% over the same period.<ref name = "ABS 2008 Yr Bk">{{cite web|url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/7d12b0f6763c78caca257061001cc588/636F496B2B943F12CA2573D200109DA9?opendocument |work = 1301.0 - Year Book Australia, 2008 |title = Cultural diversity |date = 2008-02-07 | publisher = Australian Bureau of Statistics|accessdate = 2008-07-15}}</ref> Nevertheless, the large Christian population is signified by the city's two large [[cathedral]]s - [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Patrick's]] (Roman Catholic),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stpatrickscathedral.org.au/|title=St Patrick's Cathedral |publisher=Catholic Communication, Melbourne|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> and [[St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne|St Paul's]] (Anglican).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stpaulscathedral.org.au/|title=St. Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne|publisher=anglican.com.au|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> |
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Both were built in the [[Victorian era]] and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/period_info2.html?period=Victorian|title=Victorian Architectural Period — Melbourne|publisher=walkingmelbourne.com|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> |
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The next highest response was [[Irreligion|No Religion]] (20.0%, 717,717), [[Anglican]] (12.1%, 433,546), [[Eastern Orthodox]] (5.9%, 212,887) and the [[Uniting Church]] (4.0%, 143,552).<ref name="qs" /> |
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[[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Judaism|Jews]] and [[Hinduism|Hindus]] collectively account for 7.5% of the population. |
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The Jewish population in Melbourne is significant as four out of ten [[History of the Jews in Australia|Australian Jews]] call Melbourne home. The city is also residence to the largest number of [[Holocaust]] survivors of any Australian city,<ref name="Freda">{{cite web|url=http://www.australianhumanitiesreview.org/archive/Issue-December-2001/freiberg.html|title=Judith Berman, Holocaust Remembrance in Australian Jewish Communities, 1945-2000|last=Freiberg|first=Freda|year=2001|publisher=UWA Press |language=english|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref> indeed the highest per capita concentration outside [[Israel]] itself.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://home.iprimus.com.au/kadimah/k90.htm | title = The Kadimah & Yiddish Melbourne in the 20th Century | work = Jewish Cultural Centre and National Library: "Kadima" | accessdate 9 January | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> To service the needs of the vibrant Jewish community, Melbourne's [[Judaism|Jewry]] have established multiple [[synagogue]]s, which today number over 30,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bh.org.il/Communities/Archive/Melbourne.asp|title=Jewish Community of Melbourne, Australia|publisher=Beth Hatefutsoth — The Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora.|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> along with a [[Australian Jewish News|local Jewish newspaper]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ajn.com.au/news/news.asp?catID=2|title=Welcome to the AJN!|publisher=The Australian Jewish News|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> Melbourne's largest [[university]] - [[Monash University]] is named after prominent Jewish general and statesman, [[John Monash]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Perry|first=Roland|title=Monash: The Outsider who Won A War|publisher=Random House|year=2004}}</ref> |
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Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the Melbourne statistical division has grown by approximately 50,000 people a year since 2003. Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living, which have been two recent key factors driving Melbourne's growth.<ref name="Oleary">{{cite journal|last=O'Leary |first=John|title=Resurgance of Marvellous Melbourne|journal=People and Place|publisher=Monash University|volume=7, 1|pages=38|url=http://elecpress.monash.edu.au/pnp/free/pnpv7n1/v7n1_6oleary.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> In recent years, [[Shire of Melton|Melton]], [[City of Wyndham|Wyndham]] and [[City of Casey|Casey]], part of the Melbourne statistical division, have recorded the highest growth rate of all [[Local Government Areas in Australia|local government area]]s in Australia. Despite a demographic study stating that Melbourne could overtake Sydney in population by 2028,<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22741975-601,00.html |
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|title=Population pushing Melbourne to top |
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|work= The Australian |
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|date=12 November 2007 |
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|publisher=www.theaustralian.news.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics|ABS]] has projected in two scenarios that Sydney will remain larger than Melbourne beyond 2056, albeit by a margin of less than 3% compared to a margin of 12% today. However, the first scenario projects that Melbourne's population overtakes Sydney in 2039, primarily due to larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney.<ref name="popprojections">{{Cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3222.02006%20to%202101?OpenDocument |title=Population Projections, Australia, 2006 to 2101 |publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |accessdate=2008-09-04}}</ref> |
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After a trend of declining population density since [[World War II|Second World War]], the city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs aided in part by Victorian Government planning blueprints, such as [[Postcode 3000]] and [[Melbourne 2030]] which have aimed to curtail the [[urban sprawl]].<ref name="Melbourne2030">{{cite web|url=http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/introduction/02_summary.html|title=Melbourne 2030 - in summary|publisher=Victorian Government, Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE) |accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=288&pg=1362|title=City of Melbourne — Strategic Planning — Postcode 3000|publisher=City of Melbourne |accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> |
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==Media== |
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Melbourne is served by three daily newspapers, the [[Herald Sun]] (a tabloid),<ref name="heraldsun1">{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/|title=Herald Sun Homepage|Victorian, National and International news|publisher=Herals Sun — News.com.au|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> [[The Age]] (broadsheet)<ref name="theage">{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/|title=The Age — Homepage|publisher=Fairfax Digital|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> and [[The Australian]] (national broadsheet).<ref name="TheAustralian123">{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/|title=The Australian, News from Australia's national newspaper|publisher=The Australian — news.com.au|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> The free [[mX (newspaper)|mX]] is also distributed every weekday afternoon at railway stations and on the streets of central Melbourne.<ref name="MX1">{{cite web|url=http://www.mxnet.com.au/|title=MX|publisher=Herald and Weekly Times (HWT)|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> |
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Melbourne is served by six television stations: [[HSV-7]], which broadcasts from the [[Melbourne Docklands]] precinct; [[GTV-9]], which broadcasts from their [[Richmond, Victoria|Richmond]] studios; and [[ATV-10]], which broadcasts from the Como Complex in [[South Yarra, Victoria|South Yarra]]. National stations that broadcast into Melbourne include the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ABC), which has two studios, one at [[Ripponlea, Victoria|Ripponlea]] and another at [[Southbank, Victoria|Southbank]]; and [[Special Broadcasting Service]] (SBS), which broadcasts from their studios at [[Federation Square]] in central Melbourne. [[C31 Melbourne]] is the only local community television station in Melbourne, and its broadcast range also branches out to [[Geelong]]. Melbourne also receives Pay TV, largely through cable services. [[Foxtel]] and [[Optus Television|Optus]] are the main Pay TV providers. |
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A number of radio stations service the areas of Melbourne and beyond on the AM and FM band. Popular stations on the FM band include [[DMG Radio]] channels [[Nova 100]] and [[Vega 91.5]] as well as [[Australian Radio Network]]'s [[Gold 104.3]] and [[Mix 101.1]], both in Richmond, and [[Austereo]] channels [[Fox FM]] and [[3MMM|Triple M]], which share studios in [[South Melbourne, Victoria|South Melbourne]] and [[Triple J]]. Stations that are popular on the AM band include [[774 ABC Melbourne]], [[3AW]], a prominently [[talkback]] radio station, and its affiliate, [[Magic 1278]], which plays a selection of music from the 1930s-60s. Community radio is also strong in Melbourne, with a number of community and subscription based radio stations on both the AM and FM bands. The best known of these stations are [[3RRR| Triple R]], [[3SYN| SynFM]], [[3JOY]], [[3PBS|PBS]] & [[3CR (Melbourne)|3CR]]. There are also a number of community stations based around the greater Melbourne area.<ref name="yahoo">{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/radio1600/|title=Melbourne Radio Stations Australia > Melbourne|publisher=Yahoo — geocities|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> |
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==Governance== |
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The [[Melbourne City Council]] governs the [[City of Melbourne]], which takes in the CBD and a few adjoining inner suburbs. However the head of the Melbourne City Council, the [[Lord Mayor of Melbourne]], is frequently treated as a representative of greater Melbourne (the entire metropolitan area),<ref>Dunstan, David [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/11/11/1100131127769.html?from=storylhs The evolution of 'Clown Hall'], [[The Age]], 12 November 2004, accessed online 7 November 2006</ref> particularly when interstate or overseas. [[Robert Doyle]], elected in 2008, is current Lord Mayor. The rest of the metropolitan area is divided into [[Local Government Areas of Victoria|31 local government areas]]. All these are designated as Cities, except for five on the city's outer fringes which have the title of Shire. The local government authorities have elected councils and are responsible for a range of functions (delegated to them from the State Government of Victoria under the Local Government Act of 1989<ref>[http://www.dms.dpc.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/PubLawToday.nsf/0/B171E800B03D6A9ECA256E5B00037B12/$FILE/89-11a030.pdf Local Government Act 1989]</ref>), such as [[urban planning]] and [[waste management]]. |
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Most city-wide government activities are controlled by the [[government of Victoria|Victorian state government]], which governs from [[Parliament House, Melbourne|Parliament House]] in [[Spring Street, Melbourne|Spring Street]]. These include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, and planning of major infrastructure projects. Because three quarters of Victoria's population lives in Melbourne, state governments have traditionally been reluctant to allow the development of citywide governmental bodies, which would tend to rival the state government. The semi-autonomous [[Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works]] was abolished in 1992 for this reason.<ref>{{cite book|last=T|first=Dingle|coauthors=Rasmussen, C|title=Vital Connections: Melbourne and its Board of Works|publisher=McPhee Gribble (Penguin)|location=Ringwood, Australia|year=1991|language=english}}</ref> |
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This is not dissimilar to other Australian states where State Governments have similar powers in greater metropolitan areas. |
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==Education== |
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{{see also|List of universities and research institutions in Melbourne}} |
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{{see also|List of schools in Victoria}} |
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[[Image:State Library of Victoria La Trobe Reading room 5th floor view.jpg|thumb|right|[[State Library of Victoria]], Melbourne's largest public library. ([[Charles La Trobe|La Trobe]] Reading Room - 5th floor view)]] |
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Education is overseen statewide by the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.education.vic.gov.au/about/default.htm |
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|title=About the Department |
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|author=Department of Education and Early Childhood Development |
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|publisher=www.education.vic.gov.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> It acts as advisor to two state ministers, that for Education and for Children and Early Childhood Development. |
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===Preschool, primary and secondary=== |
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Primary and secondary assessment, curriculum development and educational research initiatives throughout Melbourne and Victoria is undertaken by the [[Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority]] (VCAA),<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/aboutus/functions.html |
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|title=Function of the VCAA |
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|work=VCAA |
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|publisher=www.vcaa.vic.edu.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> which offers the Victorian Essential Learning Standards (VELS) and Achievement Improvement Monitor (AIM) certificates from years Prep through Year 10, and the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) and Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning (VCAL) as part of senior secondary programs (Years 11 to 12). |
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Many [[high schools]] in Australia are called 'Secondary Colleges', a legacy of the [[Joan Kirner|Kirner]] [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] government.{{Fact|date=January 2009}} There are two selective public schools in Melbourne (mentioned above), but all public schools may restrict entry to students living in their regional 'zone'.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/10/16/1065917547157.html?from=storyrhs |
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|title=Schools inequality calls for bold reform |
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|work=The Age |
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|date=17 October 2003 |
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|publisher=www.theage.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref><ref>[http://econrsss.anu.edu.au/%7Ealeigh/pdf/SchoolQualityHousePrices.pdf How Much Do Public Schools Really Cost? Estimating the Relationship Between House Prices and School Quality], ANU, 6 August 2006</ref> |
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Although non-tertiary [[public education]] is free, 35% of students attend a private primary or secondary school.<ref name="ABS123">{{cite web|url=http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/2D8FFEDFC0C6F32ACA25711D000DFEB8/$File/42210_2005.pdf|format=PDF|title=SCHOOLS AU S T R A L I A|date=11.30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) THURS 23 February 2006|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=2008-10-24}}</ref> The most numerous [[private school]]s are [[Catholic school|Catholic]], and the rest are [[Independent schools|independent]] (see [[Public and Private Education in Australia]]). |
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===Tertiary, vocational and research=== |
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[[Image:Parkville - University of Melbourne (Queen’s College).jpg|thumb|left|[[University of Melbourne]], Queen’s College]] |
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Melbourne's two largest universities are the [[University of Melbourne]] and [[Monash University]], the largest university in Australia. Both are members of the [[Group of Eight (Australian universities)|Group of Eight]]. Melbourne University ranked second among Australian universities in the 2006 [[THES]] international rankings.<ref name="melbuni">{{cite news | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/anu-up-there-with-the-best/2006/10/05/1159641468047.html | title = ANU up there with the best | work = Sydney Morning Herald |date=6 October 2005 | accessdate = 2006-10-12}}</ref> While ''[[The Times Higher Education Supplement]]'' ranked the University of Melbourne as the 22nd best university in the world, [[Monash University]] was ranked the 38th best university in the world. Melbourne was ranked the world's fourth top university city in 2008 after London, [[Boston]] and Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.rmit.net.au/browse;ID=q3l220b3wzs5 |
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|title=World’s top university cities revealed |
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|author=RMIT |
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|publisher=www.rmit.net.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> |
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</div></div> |
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Some of the nation's oldest educational institutions and faculities are located in Melbourne, including the oldest [[Engineering]] (1860), [[Medical school|Medical]] (1862), [[Dentistry|Dental]] (1897) and [[Music school|Music]] (1891) schools and the oldest [[Law school|law course]] in Australia (1857), all at the University of Melbourne. [[The University of Melbourne]] is also the oldest university in Victoria and the second oldest university in Australia. |
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In recent years, the number of [[international student]]s at Melbourne's universities has risen rapidly, a result of an increasing number of places being made available to full fee paying students.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://uninews.unimelb.edu.au/articleid_3967.html |
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|title=University of Melbourne's international student offers rise — as its demand leaps |
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|work= University of Melbourne Media Release |
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|date=12 January 2007 |
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|publisher=uninews.unimelb.edu.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> |
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==Infrastructure== |
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===Health=== |
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The [[Government of Victoria]]'s Department of Human Services oversees approximately 30 public [[hospital]]s in the Melbourne metropolitan region, and 13 health services organisations.<ref>[http://www.health.vic.gov.au/maps/metro_hs.htm Melbourne public hospitals and Metropolitan Health Services] Victorian Department of Health</ref> |
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There are many major [[medical]], [[neuroscience]] and [[biotechnology]] research institutions located in Melbourne: [[St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research]], [[Australian Stem Cell Centre]], the [[Burnet Institute]], [[Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute]], Victorian Institute of Chemical Sciences, Brain Research Institute, [[Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute]], the [[Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research]], [[Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre]], [[Howard Florey Institute]], the [[Murdoch Childrens Research Institute]], [[Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute]] and the [[Australian Synchrotron]].<ref name="health">{{cite web|url=http://www.health.vic.gov.au/|title=Victorian Government Health Information Web site|publisher=health services, Victoria|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> Many of these institutions are associated with and are located near universities. |
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===Transport=== |
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{{main|Transport in Melbourne}} |
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[[Image:BolteBridge.jpg|thumb|right|right|The [[Bolte Bridge]] is part of the [[CityLink]] tollway system]] |
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[[File:Melb- Flinders St Station aerial view from Rialto.JPG|thumb|right|right|Melbourne's suburban public transport hub - [[Flinders Street Station]] - as seen from the observation deck on Rialto Tower]] |
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Melbourne has an integrated [[public transport]] system promoted under the [[Metlink]] brand. Originally laid out late in the 19th century when trains and trams were the primary methods of travelling to the suburbs, the 1950s saw an increase in private vehicles and freeway construction.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/11/1076388428001.html |
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|title=The cars that ate Melbourne |
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|work=The Age |
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|date=14 February 2004 |
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|publisher=theage.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> This trend has continued with successive governments despite relentless traffic congestion,<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/09/07/1062901941527.html |
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|title=Bid to end traffic chaos |
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|date=8 September 2003 |
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|work=The Age |
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|publisher=www.theage.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> with a resulting drop in public transport modeshare from the 1940s level of around 25% to the current level of around 9%<ref>[http://www.150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=1823 Trial by public transport: why the system is failing] article from The Age</ref> Melbourne's public transport system was [[privatization|privatised]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/12bn-sting-in-the-rail/2006/04/08/1143916767672.html |
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|title=$1.2bn sting in the rail |
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|work=The Age |
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|date=9 April 2006 |
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|publisher=theage.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> Between 1999 and 2008, funding for road expansion was five times greater than public transport extension.<ref name="Newroadcash">{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/new-road-cash-five-times-funding-of-rail/2008/05/04/1209839456871.html|title=New road cash five times funding of rail|last=Dowling|first=Jason|date=May 5, 2008|publisher=Fairfax Digital|language=The Age|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref> [[Trams in Melbourne|Melbourne's tram network]] is the largest [[tram]] network in the world.<ref name=investingtransport>{{cite web |
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| title = Investing in Transport |
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| publisher = Victorian Department of Transport |
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| url = http://210.15.220.118/east_west_report/Investing_in_Transport_East_West-Chapter03.pdf |
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| format = [[PDF]] |
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| pages = p.69 |
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| accessdate = 2008-12-22}}</ref><ref name="Metlink">{{cite web|url=http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/about_metlink|title=Metlink — Your guide to Public transport in Meloburne and Victoria|publisher=Metlink|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref><ref name="railpage">{{cite web|url=http://www.railpage.org.au/tram/melbhist.html|title=Melbourne's Tram History|publisher=railpage.org.au|accessdate=2008-09-28}}</ref> Melbourne's is Australia's only tram network to comprise more than a single line. Sections of the tram network are on road, others are separated or [[light rail]] routes. The iconic trams are also recognised as a cultural asset and tourist attraction. [[City Circle Tram|Heritage trams]] operate on the free City Circle route, intended for visitors to Melbourne, and heritage [[Colonial Tramcar Restaurant|restaurant trams]] travel through the city during the evening.<ref name="Metlink1">{{cite web|url=http://www.metlinkmelbourne.com.au/|title=Metlink — Your guide to public transport in Melbourne and Victoria|publisher=Metlink-Melbourne|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> |
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The [[Melbourne rail network|Melbourne rail network]] consists of 19 suburban lines which radiate from the [[City Loop, Melbourne|City Loop]], a partially underground metro section of the network beneath the Central Business District (Hoddle Grid). [[Flinders Street Station]] is Melbourne's busiest railway station, and was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926. It remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place.<ref> |
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[http://www.nla.gov.au/pict/list/vicgovrail.html Melbourne and scenes in Victoria 1925–1926 from Victorian Government Railways] From the National Library of Australia</ref> The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities, as well as interstate rail services to Sydney and [[Adelaide]], which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, [[Southern Cross Station]] in Spencer Street. [[Buses in Melbourne|Melbourne's bus network]] consists of almost [[List of Melbourne bus routes|300 routes]] which mainly service the outer suburbs fill the gaps in the network between rail and light rail services.<ref name="Metlink1"/><ref name="Buses">{{cite web|url=http://www.getting-around-melbourne.com.au/melbourne-buses.html|title=Melbourne Buses|publisher=getting-around-melbourne.com.au|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> Melbourne has a high dependency on private cars for transport, with 7.1% of trips made by public transport.<ref name="newman">[http://www.mtf.org.au/binary.php/resouces_presentation/mtf_launch_presentation_071105_handout_.pdf Most Liveable and Best Connected?] The Economic Benefits of Investing in Public Transport in Melbourne, by Jan Scheurer, Jeff Kenworthy, and [[Peter Newman (Australian)|Peter Newman]]</ref> |
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However there has been a significant rise in patronage in the last two years mostly due to higher fuel prices,<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,22561141-2862,00.html |
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|title=Still addicted to cars |
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|work= Herald Sun |
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|date=10 October 2007 |
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|publisher=www.news.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> since 2006, public transport patronage has grown by over 20%.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/public-transport-makes-inroads-but-not-beyond-the-fringe/2008/01/13/1200159277533.html |
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|title=Public transport makes inroads, but not beyond the fringe |
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|work=The Age |
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|date=14 January 2008 |
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|publisher=theage.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> The largest number of cars are bought in the outer suburban area, while the inner suburbs with greater access to train and tram services enjoy higher public transport patronage. Melbourne has a total of 3.6 million private vehicles using {{convert|22320|km|mi|abbr=on}} of road, and one of the highest lengths of road per capita.<ref name="newman"/> |
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Major highways feeding into the city include the [[Eastern Freeway]], [[Monash Freeway]] and [[West Gate Freeway]] (which spans the large [[Westgate Bridge]]), whilst other freeways circumnavigate the city or lead to other major cities, including [[CityLink]], [[EastLink, Melbourne|Eastlink]], the [[Western Ring Road, Melbourne|Western Ring Road]], [[Calder Freeway]], [[Tullamarine Freeway]] (main airport link) and the [[Hume Freeway]] which links Melbourne and Sydney.<ref name="VicRoads">{{cite web|url=http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadNetwork/|title=Victoria's Road Network|publisher=VicRoads|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> |
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The [[Port of Melbourne]] is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest. In 2007, the port handled two million shipping containers in a 12 month period, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name="pom"/> [[Station Pier]] in [[Port Phillip Bay]] handles [[cruise ships]] and the [[TT-Line Pty. Ltd.|Spirit of Tasmania]] ferries which cross [[Bass Strait]] to [[Tasmania]].<ref name="Tasy">{{cite web|url=http://www.spiritoftasmania.com.au/|title=Spirit of Tasmania — One of Australia's great journeys|publisher=TT-Line Company Pty Ltd|accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> Melbourne has [[List of airports in the Melbourne area|four airports]]. [[Melbourne Airport]] located at [[Tullamarine]] is the city's main international and domestic gateway. The airport is home base for passenger airlines [[Jetstar]] and [[Tiger Airways Australia]] and cargo airlines [[Australian air Express]] and [[Toll Priority]] and is a major hub for [[Qantas]] and [[Virgin Blue]]. [[Avalon Airport]], located between Melbourne and [[Geelong]], is a secondary hub of [[Jetstar]]. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. This makes Melbourne the only city in Australia to have a second commercial airport. [[Moorabbin Airport]] is a significant [[general aviation]] airport in the city's south east as well as handling a limited number of passenger flights. [[Essendon Airport]], which was once the city's main airport before the construction of the airport at Tullamarine, handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights.<ref name="EssendonAir">{{cite web|url=http://www.essendonairport.com.au/|title=Essendon Airport|publisher=Essendon Airport Pty Ltd |accessdate=2008-10-05}}</ref> |
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===Utilities=== |
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{{main|Energy in Victoria}} |
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Gas is provided by private companies, as is electricity, which is sourced mostly from [[coal-fired power station]]s. |
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Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by [[Melbourne Water]], which is owned by the Victorian Government. The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major [[water catchment]]s in the region and will be responsible for the [[Wonthaggi desalination plant]] and the [[North-South Pipeline]]. Water is mainly stored in the largest dam, the [[Thomson River Dam]] which is capable of holding around 60% of Melbourne's water capacity,<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.melbournewater.com.au/content/water/water_storages/water_storages.asp?bhcp=1 |
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|title=Dam Water Storage Levels |
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|author=Melbourne Water |
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|publisher=www.melbournewater.com.au |
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|accessdate=2008-07-18 |
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}}</ref> while smaller dams such as the [[Upper Yarra Dam]] and the [[Cardinia Reservoir]] carry secondary supplies. |
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Numerous telecommunications companies provide Melbourne with terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services and wireless internet services. |
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==International relations== |
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{{Melb sister cities map|width=293|float=right}} |
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The [[City of Melbourne]] has six [[sister city|sister cities]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=161&pg=2979|title=City of Melbourne — International relations — Sister cities|publisher=City of Melbourne|accessdate=2008-04-04}}</ref> They are: |
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{{Col-begin|width=}} |
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{{Col-break}} |
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* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Osaka, Osaka|Osaka]], Japan, 1978 |
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* {{flagicon|China}} [[Tianjin]], China, 1980 |
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* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Thessaloniki]], Greece, 1984 |
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* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], United States, 1985 |
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* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia, 1989 |
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* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Milan]], Italy, 2004 |
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{{Col-end}} |
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Some other local councils in the Melbourne metropolitan area have sister city relationships; see [[Local Government Areas of Victoria]]. |
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Melbourne is a member of the C40: [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]] and the [[United Nations Global Compact]] - Cities Programme. |
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==See also== |
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{{commonscat|Melbourne}} |
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{{sisterlinks|Melbourne}} |
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{{Col-begin|width=}} |
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{{Col-break}} |
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* [[Timeline of Melbourne history]] |
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* [[Melbourne tourism]] |
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* [[List of Melburnians]] |
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* [[List of Melbourne suburbs]] |
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* [[List of Mayors and Lord Mayors of Melbourne]] |
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* [[Local Government Areas of Victoria]] |
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* [[Crime in Melbourne]] |
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{{Col-break}} |
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* [[List of songs about Melbourne]] |
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* [[List of heritage listed buildings in Melbourne]] |
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* [[Melway]] — the native street directory and general information source in Melbourne. |
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* [[Hook turn]] — driving manoeuvre that is common in the inner city area. |
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* [[World's Most Livable Cities]] — Melbourne has twice been ranked equal first with Vancouver. |
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* [[Melbourne Model]] |
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* [[The Southern Star (observation wheel)]] |
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* [[2am Lockout]] |
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* Victorian Division of the [http://www.unaavictoria.org.au/pages/home.php/ [[United Nations Association of Australia]]] |
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{{Col-end}} |
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{{clear}} |
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==Further reading== |
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{| |
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| valign = "top" style = "font-size: 90%;" | |
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*{{cite book|last=Bell|first=Agnes Paton|title=Melbourne: John Batman's Village|publisher=Cassell Australia,|location=Melbourne, Vic |year=1965|pages=178}} |
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*{{cite book|last=McClymont|first=David|coauthors=Mark Armstrong|title=Lonely Planet Melbourne|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2000|pages=200 pages|isbn=1864501243, 9781864501247|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1pwGAAAACAAJ&dq=Melbourne|language=english}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Cecil|first=David|title=Melbourne|publisher=Bobbs-Merrill|year=1954|pages=450}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Newnham|first=William Henry|title=Melbourne: The Biography of a City|publisher=F. W. Cheshire|year=1956|pages=225 pages}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Boldrewood|first=Rolf|title=Old Melbourne Memories |publisher=Macmillan and Co|year=1896|pages=259 pages}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Borthwick|first=John Stephen|coauthors=David McGonigal|title=Insight Guide: Melbourne|publisher=Prentice Hall Travel|year=1990|pages=247|isbn=0134677137, 9780134677132}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Priestley|first=Susan|title=South Melbourne: A History|publisher=Melbourne University Press|year=1995|pages=455|isbn=0522846645, 9780522846645 |
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}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Caroll|first=Brian|title=Melbourne: An Illustrated History|publisher=Lansdowne|year=1972|pages=128|isbn=0701801956, 9780701801953}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Coote|first=Maree|title=The Melbourne Book: A History of Now|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|year=2003|pages=356|isbn=1740660498, 9781740660495}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=John Joseph|title=The History of Melbourne, in the County of Derby: Including Biographical Notices of the Coke, Melbourne, and Hardinge Families|publisher=Bemrose & Son|year=1852|pages=205}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Miles Bannatyne|coauthors=Philip Goad, Alan Mayne|others= |title=Melbourne: The City's History and Development|publisher=[[City of Melbourne]]|year=1994|edition=2nd ed.|isbn=0949624713, 9780949624710}} |
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|} |
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==Notes== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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{{ref|demonym|[a]}} |
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The variant spelling 'Melbournian' is sometimes found but is considered grammatically incorrect. The term 'Melbournite' is also sometimes used. See:<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray-Smith|first=Stephen|title=Right Words: A Guide to English Usage in Australia|publisher=Viking|location=Ringwood, Vic|year=1989|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref><br /> |
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{{ref|SECV|[b]}} |
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Legislation passed in December 1920 resulted in the formation of the [[State Electricity Commission of Victoria|SECV]] from the Electricity Commission. (State Electricity Commission Act 1920 (No.3104)) |
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==References== |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ City of Melbourne official site] |
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* [http://www.visitmelbourne.com/ Official tourist board site of Melbourne] |
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Revision as of 06:22, 5 March 2009
Melbourne Victoria | |||||||||
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![]() Top: City of Melbourne skyline and Southbank, Middle left: Federation Square, Middle right: Flinders Street Station, Bottom: Melbourne Cricket Ground. | |||||||||
Coordinates | 37°48′49″S 144°57′47″E / 37.81361°S 144.96306°E | ||||||||
Population | 3,806,092[1] (2nd) | ||||||||
• Density | 1,566/km2 (4,060/sq mi) (2006)[2] | ||||||||
Established | 30 August 1835 | ||||||||
Area | 8,806 km2 (3,400.0 sq mi) | ||||||||
Time zone | AEST (UTC+10) | ||||||||
• Summer (DST) | AEDT (UTC+11) | ||||||||
Location | |||||||||
LGA(s) | 31 Municipalities across Greater Melbourne | ||||||||
County | Bourke | ||||||||
State electorate(s) | 54 electoral districts and regions | ||||||||
Federal division(s) | 23 Divisions | ||||||||
|
Melbourne (Template:Pron-en-au) is the more common name for the geographic region and statistical division of the Greater Melbourne[3] metropolitan area. It is the second most populous city in Australia, with a population of approximately 3.8 million (2007 estimate) and serves as the state capital of Victoria.[1] Melbourne is located on the lower reaches of the Yarra River and on the northern and eastern shorelines of Port Phillip and their hinterland.
A tiny pastoral town established by settlers from Van Diemen's Land around the estuary of the Yarra (47 years after the first European settlement of Australia)[4] was rapidly transformed into a wealthy metropolis by the Victorian gold rush and immigration. By 1865, Melbourne had become Australia's largest and most important city, and by the 1880s one of the largest and richest in the world.[5][6][7]
Many international and national conferences and events have been held in Melbourne, including the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the 1981 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting[8] the World Economic Forum in 2000, and the 2006 G20 summit.[9]
The city is a major centre of commerce, education, tourism, the arts and cultural activities, and also industry. It is consistently ranked one of the most liveable cities in the world.[10][11][12] The city is recognised as Australia's 'sporting and cultural capital'[13] and it is home to many of the nation's most significant cultural and sporting events and institutions. It has been recognised as a gamma world city by the Loughborough University group's 1999 inventory.[14] Melbourne is notable for its mix of Victorian and contemporary architecture, its extensive tram network and Victorian parks and gardens, as well as its diverse, multicultural society.[15]
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg/220px-Landing_at_melbourne_1840.jpg)
Early history and foundation
Before the arrival of European settlers, the area was occupied for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years[16] by under 20,000[17] hunter-gatherers from three indigenous regional tribes: the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong, for at least 31,000 years.[18] The area was an important meeting place for clans and territories of the Kulin nation alliance as well as a vital source of food and water.[4][19] The first European settlement in Victoria was established in 1803 on Sullivan Bay, near present-day Sorrento, but this settlement was abandoned due to a perceived lack of resources. It would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted.[20]
In May and June 1835, the area that is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association, who negotiated a transaction for 600,000 acres (2,400 km2; 940 sq mi) of land from eight Wurundjeri elders.[4][19] Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village", and returned to Launceston in Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land). However, by the time a settlement party from the Association arrived to establish the new village, a separate group led by John Pascoe Fawkner had already arrived aboard the Enterprize and established a settlement at the same location, on 30 August 1835. The two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement.
Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales government (then governing all of eastern mainland Australia), which compensated the Association.[4] Although this meant the settlers were now trespassing on Crown land, the government reluctantly accepted the settlers' fait accompli and allowed the town (known at first by various names, including 'Bearbrass'[4]) to remain.
In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the Hoddle Grid in 1837.[21] Later that year, the settlement was named Melbourne after the British prime minister William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, who resided in the village of Melbourne in Derbyshire. Melbourne was declared a city by letters patent of Queen Victoria, issued on 25 June 1847.[22] The Port Phillip District became a separate colony of Victoria in 1851 with Melbourne as its capital.
Before the arrival of white settlers, the indigenous population in the district was estimated at 15,000, but following settlement the number had fallen to less than 800,[23] and continued to decline with an estimated 80% decrease by 1863, due primarily to introduced diseases, particularly smallpox.[24]
Victorian gold rush
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Parliament_house_plans.jpg/220px-Parliament_house_plans.jpg)
The discovery of gold in Victoria in the 1850s led to the Victorian gold rush, and the rapid growth of the city, which provided most service industries and served as the major port for the region. During the optimistic 1850s and 1860s, the construction of many of Melbourne's institutional buildings began, including Parliament House, the Treasury Buildings, the State Library, Supreme Court, University, General Post Office, and Government House, as well as St Paul's and St Patrick's cathedrals. The city's inner suburbs were planned, to be linked by boulevards and gardens. Melbourne had become a major finance centre, home to several banks and to Australia's first stock exchange in 1861.[25]
The Land Boom and Bust
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Melbourne_international_exhibition_1880.jpg/220px-Melbourne_international_exhibition_1880.jpg)
By the 1880s, Melbourne's boom was peaking. The city had become the second largest in the British Empire (after London)[26], and the richest in the world.[27] During this prosperous decade, Melbourne hosted five international exhibitions in the large purpose-built Exhibition Building. Melbourne served as the seat of the federal government from the time of the new nation's federation in 1901.[28] Federal government was gradually migrated to Canberra and Melbourne's size and importance was overtaken by Sydney early in the 20th Century.
During an 1885 visit, English journalist George Augustus Henry Sala coined the phrase "Marvellous Melbourne", which stuck long into the twentieth century. Growing building activity culminated in the "Land Boom" which in 1888 reached a peak of speculative development fuelled by optimism and escalating property prices. As a result of the boom, high-rise offices, commercial buildings, coffee palaces, terrace housing and palatial mansions proliferated in the city.[29] Subsequent development (assisted by council fire regulations) has seen most of the taller CBD buildings and larger mansions from this era demolished, though Victorian architecture still abounds in Melbourne. This period also saw the expansion of a major radial rail-based transport network.[30]
The brash boosterism which typified Melbourne during this time came to a halt in 1891 when the start of a severe depression hit the city's economy, sending the local finance and property industries into chaos[29][31] during which 16 small banks and building societies collapsed and 133 limited companies went into liquidation. The Melbourne financial crisis helped trigger the Australian economic depression of 1890s and the Australian banking crisis of 1893. The effects of the depression on the city were profound, although it did continue to grow slowly during the early twentieth century.[32][33]
Federation of Australia
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Yarra_River_railway_bridge_1928.jpg/220px-Yarra_River_railway_bridge_1928.jpg)
At the time of Australia's federation on 1 January 1901, Melbourne became the temporary seat of government of the federation. The first federal parliament was convened on 9 May 1901 in the Royal Exhibition Building, where it was located until 1927, when it was moved to Canberra. The governor-general remained at Government House until 1930 and many major national institutions remained in Melbourne well into the twentieth century.[34] While Sydney had overtaken Melbourne in size, Melbourne's transport networks were more extensive. Flinders Street Station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the worlds largest in the 1940s. During World War II, Melbourne industries thrived on wartime production and the city became Australia's leading manufacturing centre.[citation needed]
Post-war period
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Orica_House.jpg/220px-Orica_House.jpg)
After the war, Melbourne expanded rapidly, its growth boosted by an influx of immigrants and the prestige of hosting the Olympic Games in 1956. The post-war period saw a major urban renewal of the CBD and St Kilda Road which significantly modernised the city.[35] To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial "slum reclamation" public housing projects in the inner city which resulted in demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise housing-commission towers.[36] In later years, increasing motor traffic led to major freeway development, causing the city to sprawl outwards. Under premier Henry Bolte, road projects including the Eastern Freeway, Monash Freeway, Tullamarine Freeway and the remodelling of St Kilda Junction changed the face of the city.
Australia's financial and mining booms between 1969 and 1970 resulted in establishment of the headquarters of many major companies (BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto, among others) in the city. Nauru's then booming economy fuelled several ambitious investments in Melbourne, such as Nauru House. Melbourne remained Australia's business and financial capital until the late 1970s, when it began to lose this primacy to Sydney.[37]
As the centre of Australia's "rust belt", Melbourne experienced the worst of Victoria's economic slump between 1989 to 1992, following the collapse of several of its financial institutions. In 1992 the newly elected Kennett Coalition government began a campaign to revive the economy with an aggressive development campaign of public works centred on Melbourne and the promotion of the city as a tourist destination with a focus on major events and sports tourism, attracting the Australian Grand Prix to the city. Major projects included the Melbourne Museum, Federation Square, the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, Crown Casino and CityLink tollway. Other strategies included the privatisation of some of Melbourne's services, including power and public transport, but also a reduction in funding to public services such as health and education.[38]
Contemporary Melbourne
Since 1997, Melbourne has maintained significant population and employment growth. There has been substantial international investment in the city's industries and property market. Major inner-city urban renewal has occurred in areas such as Southbank, Port Melbourne, Melbourne Docklands and, more recently, South Wharf.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Melbourne_Docklands_-_Yarras_Edge_-_marina_panorama.jpg/500px-Melbourne_Docklands_-_Yarras_Edge_-_marina_panorama.jpg)
Figures from the Australian Bureau of Statistics showed that Melbourne sustained the highest population increase and economic growth rate of any Australian capital city in the three years ended June 2004.[39]
Geography
Topography
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Greater_Melbourne_Map_4_-_May_2008.png/220px-Greater_Melbourne_Map_4_-_May_2008.png)
Melbourne is located in the south-eastern part of mainland Australia, within the state of Victoria.[40][41] Geologically, it is built on the confluence of Quaternary lava flows to the west, Silurian mudstones to the east,[42] and Holocene sand accumulation to the southeast along Port Phillip.
Melbourne extends along the Yarra through the Yarra Valley[43] toward the Dandenong Ranges and Yarra Ranges to the east. It extends northward through the undulating bushland valleys of the Yarra's tributaries - Moonee Ponds Creek (toward Tullamarine Airport), Merri Creek and Plenty River to the outer suburban growth corridors of Craigieburn and Whittlesea. The city sprawls south-east through Dandenong to the growth corridor of Pakenham towards West Gippsland, and southward through the Dandenong Creek valley, the Mornington Peninsula and the city of Frankston taking in the peaks of Olivers Hill, Mount Martha and Arthurs Seat, extending along the shores of Port Phillip[44][45] as a single conurbation to reach the exclusive suburb of Portsea and Point Nepean. In the west, it extends along the Maribyrnong River and its tributaries north towards the foothills of the Macedon Ranges, and along the flat volcanic plain country towards Melton in the west, Werribee at the foothills of the You Yangs volcanic peaks and Geelong as part of the greater metropolitan area to the south-west.
Melbourne's major bayside beaches are located in the south-eastern suburbs along the shores of Port Phillip Bay, in areas like Port Melbourne, Albert Park, St Kilda, Elwood, Brighton, Sandringham, Mentone and Frankston although there are beaches in the western suburbs of Altona and Williamstown. The nearest surf beaches are located 85 kilometres (53 mi) south-east of the Melbourne CBD in the back-beaches of Rye, Sorrento and Portsea.[46][47]
Climate
Melbourne has a moderate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb).[48] and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is due in part to the city's flat topography, its situation on Port Phillip, and the presence of the Dandenong Ranges to the east, a combination that creates weather systems that often circle the bay.[49] The phrase "four seasons in one day" is part of popular culture and observed by many visitors to the city.[50]
Melbourne | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Melbourne is colder than other mainland Australian state capital cities in the winter. The lowest maximum on record is 4.4 °C (39.9 °F), on 4 July 1901.[52] However, snowfalls are extremely rare: the most recent occurrence of sleet in the CBD was on 25 July 1986 and the most recent snowfalls in the outer eastern suburbs and Mount Dandenong were on 10 August 2005,[53] 15 November 2006, 25 December 2006[54] and 10 August 2008.[55] More commonly, Melbourne experiences frosts and fog in winter.
During the spring, Melbourne commonly enjoys extended periods of mild weather and clear skies. On average, Melbourne is not as hot as more northern cities such as Sydney or Brisbane in summer, but occasionally experiences hotter and drier summer days, with maximum temperatures above 40 °C (104 °F) when northerly winds blow dry air from the arid Mallee region.[56]
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Yearly | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean number of rain days | 8.3 | 7.4 | 9.3 | 11.5 | 14.0 | 14.2 | 15.1 | 15.6 | 14.8 | 14.3 | 11.8 | 10.5 | 146.7 | |
Mean number of clear days | 6.3 | 6.3 | 5.7 | 4.4 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 48.5 | |
Mean number of cloudy days | 11.2 | 9.7 | 13.4 | 14.9 | 18.0 | 16.8 | 17.2 | 16.8 | 15.7 | 16.4 | 15.1 | 14.2 | 179.5 | |
Source: Bureau of Meteorology |
Environmental sustainability
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Litter_trap.jpg/200px-Litter_trap.jpg)
Like many urban environments, Melbourne faces some significant environmental issues. One such issue is water usage, drought and low rainfall. Drought in Victoria, low rainfalls and high temperatures deplete Melbourne water supplies and climate change will have a long-term impact on the water supplies of Melbourne.[57]Melbourne is in its tenth consecutive year of drought.[58] In response to low water supply's and low rainfall due to drought, the government implemented water restrictions and a range of other options including: water recycling schemes for the city, incentives for household water tanks, greywater systems, water consumption awareness initiatives, and other water saving and reuse initiatives; also, in June 2007, the Bracks Government announced that a $3.1 billion Wonthaggi desalination plant would be built on Victoria's south-east coast, capable of treating 150 billion litres of water per year,[59] as well as a 70 km (43 mi) pipeline from the Goulburn area in Victoria's north to Melbourne and a new water pipeline linking Melbourne and Geelong.[60]
The City of Melbourne, in 2002, set a target to reduce carbon emissions to net zero by 2020.[61] Melbourne has one of the highest urban footprints in the world due to its low density housing, suburban sprawl, and car dependence due to minimal public transport outside of the inner city.[62] Much of the vegetation within the city are non-native species, most of European origin, and in many cases plays host to invasive species and noxious weeds.[63] Significant introduced urban pests include the Common Myna,[64] Feral Pigeon,[65] Common Starling, Brown Rat, European Wasp,[66] and Red Fox.[67] Many outlying suburbs, particularly those in the Yarra Valley and the hills to the north-east and east, have gone for extended periods without regenerative fires leading to a lack of saplings and undergrowth in urbanised native bushland, the Department of Sustainability and Environment partially addresses this problem by regularly burning off.[68][69] Several national parks have been designated around the urban area of Melbourne, including the Mornington Peninsula National Park, Port Phillip Heads Marine National Park and Point Nepean National Park in the south east, Organ Pipes National Park to the north and Dandenong Ranges National Park to the east. There are also a number of significant state parks just outside Melbourne.[70][71]
Responsibility for regulating pollution falls under the jurisdiction of the EPA Victoria and several local councils. Air pollution, by world standards, is classified as being good, however summer and autumn are the worst times of year for atmospheric haze in the urban area.[72][73]
Another current environmental issue in Melbourne is the Victorian government project of channel deepening Melbourne Ports by dredging Port Phillip Bay - the Port Phillip Channel Deepening Project. It is subject to controversy and strict regulations among fears that beaches and marine wildlife could be affected by the disturbance of heavy metals and other industrial sediments.[47][74] Other major pollution problems in Melbourne include levels of bacteria including E-coli in the Yarra River and its tributaries caused by septic systems,[75] as well as up to 350,000 cigarette butts entering the storm water runoff every day.[76] Several programs are being implemented to minimise beach and river pollution.[47][77]
Urban structure
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Melbourne_Skyline_from_Rialto_Crop_-_Nov_2008.jpg/220px-Melbourne_Skyline_from_Rialto_Crop_-_Nov_2008.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Victorian_terrace_on_canterbury_road%2C_Middle_Park.jpg/220px-Victorian_terrace_on_canterbury_road%2C_Middle_Park.jpg)
The original city (known today as the central business district or CBD) is laid out in the Hoddle Grid (dimensions of 1 by 0.5 miles (1.61 by 0.80 km)), its southern edge fronting onto the Yarra. The city centre is well known for its historic and attractive lanes and arcades (the most notable of which are Block Place and Royal Arcade) which contain a variety of shops and cafes.[78] The Melbourne CBD, compared with other Australian cities has comparatively unrestrictive height limits and as the result of waves of post war development contains five of the six tallest buildings in Australia, the tallest of these being the Eureka Tower.[79] Prior to the Eureka tower, the Rialto tower was the tallest building in the CBD, which still has an observation deck which is open for the visitors. The CBD and surrounds also contain many significant historic buildings such as the Royal Exhibition Building, the Melbourne Town Hall and Parliament House.[80][81] Although the area is described as the centre, it is not actually the demographic centre of Melbourne at all, due to an urban sprawl to the south east, the demographic centre being located at Bourne St, Glen Iris.[82]
Melbourne is typical of Australian capital cities in that after the turn of the 20th century, it expanded with the underlying notion of a 'quarter acre home and garden' for every family, often referred to locally as the Australian Dream. Much of metropolitan Melbourne is accordingly characterised by low density sprawl. The provision of an extensive passenger railway and tram service in the earlier years of development encouraged this low density development, mostly in radial lines along the transport corridors.
Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria was once known as the garden state.[73][83][84] There is an abundance of parks and gardens in Melbourne,[85] many close to the CBD with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities of Stonnington, Boroondara and Port Phillip, south east of the CBD.
The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas.[86]
Culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fed_Square_August_2007.jpg/220px-Fed_Square_August_2007.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Shrine_of_Remembrance_1.jpg/220px-Shrine_of_Remembrance_1.jpg)
Melbourne is widely regarded as the cultural and sport capital of Australia.[87][88] It has thrice shared top position[89] in a survey by The Economist of the World's Most Livable Cities on the basis of its cultural attributes, climate, cost of living, and social conditions such as crime rates and health care, in 2002,[90] 2004 and 2005.[91] In recent years rising property prices have led to Melbourne being named the 36th least affordable city in the world and the second least affordable in Australia.[92]
The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events, performing arts and architecture. Melbourne is also considered to be Australia's live music capital with a large proportion of successful Australian artists emerging from the Melbourne live music scene. Street Art in Melbourne is becoming increasingly popular with the Lonely Planet guides listing it as a major attraction. The city is also admired as one of the great cities of the Victorian Age (1837-1901) and a vigorous city life intersects with an impressive range of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century buildings.[93]
Sport
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MCG_August_2007.jpg/220px-MCG_August_2007.jpg)
Melbourne is a notable sporting location as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympics games, the first Olympic Games ever held in Australia[94] along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games.[95][96]
In recent years, the city has claimed the SportsBusiness title "World's Ultimate Sports City".[97] The city is home to the National Sports Museum, which until 2006 was located outside the members pavilion at the Melbourne Cricket Ground and reopened in 2008 in the Great Northern Stand.[98]
Australian rules football and cricket are the most popular sports in Melbourne and also the spiritual home of these two sports in Australia and both are mostly played in the same stadia in the city and its suburbs. The first ever official cricket Test match was played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in March 1877 and the Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest cricket ground in the world. The first Australian rules football matches were played in Melbourne in 1859 and the Australian Football League is headquartered at the Telstra Dome. Nine of its teams are based in the Melbourne metropolitan area and the five Melbourne AFL matches per week attract an average 40,000 people per game.[99] Additionally, the city annually hosts the AFL Grand Final.
The city is also home to several professional franchises in national competitions including the Melbourne Storm (rugby league),[100] who play in the NRL competition, Melbourne Victory (Association football (soccer)) who play in the A-league, netball team Melbourne Vixens who play in the trans-Tasman trophy ANZ Championship and basketball teams Melbourne Tigers and South Dragons who play in the National Basketball League.
Melbourne is home to the three major annual international sporting events in the Australian Open (tennis),[101] Melbourne Cup (horse racing),[102] and the Australian Grand Prix (Formula 1).[103]
Economy
Melbourne is home to Australia's busiest seaport and much of Australia's automotive industry, which include Ford and Toyota manufacturing facilities, and the engine manufacturing facility of Holden. It is home to many other manufacturing industries, along with being a major business and financial centre.[104] International freight is an important industry. The city's port, Australia's largest, handles more than $75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade.[84][105][106] Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors.
Melbourne is also a major technology hub, with an ICT industry that employs over 60,000 people (one third of Australia's ICT workforce), has a turnover of $19.8 billion and export revenues of $615 million. Melbourne retains a significant presence of being a financial centre for Asia-Pacific. Two of the big four banks, NAB and ANZ, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia’s leading centre for superannuation (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of industry super-funds. Melbourne is also home to the $40 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund, and could potentially be home to the world's largest company should the proposed merger between BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto Group be carried out.[107] Tourism also plays an important role in Melbourne's economy, with approximately 7.6 million domestic visitors and 1.88 million international visitors in 2004.[108] In 2008, Melbourne overtook Sydney with the amount of money that domestic tourists spent in the city.[109]
The city is headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue)[110] (ANZ, BHP Billiton, the National Australia Bank, Rio Tinto and Telstra); as well as such representative bodies and thinktanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Melbourne rated 34th within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the Mastercard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2007),[111] between Barcelona and Geneva, and second only to Sydney (14th) in Australia. Most recent major infrastructure projects, such as the redevelopment of Southern Cross Station (formerly Spencer Street Station),[112] have been centred around the 2006 Commonwealth Games, which were held in the city from 15 March to 26 March 2006. The centrepiece of the Commonwealth Games projects was the redevelopment of the Melbourne Cricket Ground, the stadium used for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Games. The project involved rebuilding the northern half of the stadium and laying a temporary athletics track at a cost of $434 million.[113] Melbourne has also been attracting an increasing share of domestic and international conference markets. Construction began in February 2006 of a $1 billion 5000-seat international convention centre, Hilton Hotel and commercial precinct adjacent to the Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre to link development along the Yarra River with the Southbank precinct and multi-billion dollar Docklands redevelopment.[114]
Demographics
Significant overseas born populations[115] | |
Place of Birth | Population (2006) |
---|---|
United Kingdom | 156,457 |
Italy | 73,801 |
Vietnam | 57,926 |
People's Republic of China | 54,726 |
New Zealand | 52,453 |
Greece | 52,279 |
India | 50,686 |
Sri Lanka | 30,594 |
Malaysia | 29,174 |
Croatia | 24,568 |
Germany | 21,182 |
Malta | 18,951 |
South Africa | 17,317 |
Rep. Macedonia | 17,287 |
Hong Kong | 16,917 |
Poland | 16,439 |
Philippines | 15,367 |
Lebanon | 14,645 |
Netherlands | 14,581 |
Turkey | 14,124 |
Melbourne population by year | ||
---|---|---|
1836 | 177 | |
1854 | 123,000 | (gold rush) |
1880 | 280,000 | (property boom) |
1956 | 1,500,000 | |
1981 | 2,806,000 | |
1991 | 3,156,700 | (economic slump) |
2001 | 3,366,542 | |
2006 | 3,744,373 |
Melbourne is a diverse and multicultural city and melting pot.[116] This is reflected by the fact that the city is home to restaurants serving cuisines from all over the world.
Almost a quarter of Victoria's population was born overseas, and the city is home to residents from 233 countries, who speak over 180 languages and dialects and follow 116 religious faiths. Melbourne has the second largest Asian population in Australia, which includes the largest Vietnamese, Indian and Sri Lankan communities in the country.[117][118][119]
The first European settlers in Melbourne were British and Irish. These two groups accounted for nearly all arrivals before the gold rush, and supplied the predominant number of immigrants to the city until the Second World War. Melbourne was transformed by the 1850s gold rush; within months of the discovery of gold in August 1852, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants.[120] Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city.[121] Large numbers of Chinese, German and United States nationals were to be found on the goldfields and subsequently in Melbourne. The various nationalities involved in the Eureka Stockade revolt nearby give some indication of the migration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century.[122]
In the aftermath of the Second World War, Melbourne experienced unprecedented inflows from southern Europe, primarily Greece, Italy and Cyprus and West Asia mostly from Turkey, and Lebanon. According to the 2001 Census, there were 151,785 ethnic Greeks in the metropolitan area.[123] 47% of all Greek Australians live in Melbourne.[124] Ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese also maintain significant presences.
Melbourne exceeds the national average in terms of proportion of residents born overseas: 34.8% compared to a national average of 23.1%. In concordance with national data, Britain is the most commonly reported overseas country of birth, with 4.7 %, followed by Italy (2.4%), Greece (1.9 %) and then China (1.3 %). Melbourne also features substantial Vietnamese, Indian and Sri Lankan-born communities, in addition to recent South African and Sudanese influxes.
Over two-thirds of people in Melbourne speak only English at home (68.8 %). Italian is the second most common home language (4.0 %), with Greek third and Chinese fourth, each with over 100,000 speakers.[125]
Melbourne is also home to a wide range of religious faiths. The largest of which is Christian (64%) with a large Catholic population (28.3%).[126] However Melbourne and indeed Australia are highly secularised, with the proportion of people identifying themselves as Christian declining from 96% in 1901 to 64% in 2006 and those who did not state their religion or declared no religion rising from 2% to over 30% over the same period.[127] Nevertheless, the large Christian population is signified by the city's two large cathedrals - St Patrick's (Roman Catholic),[128] and St Paul's (Anglican).[129] Both were built in the Victorian era and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city.[130]
The next highest response was No Religion (20.0%, 717,717), Anglican (12.1%, 433,546), Eastern Orthodox (5.9%, 212,887) and the Uniting Church (4.0%, 143,552).[126] Buddhists, Muslims, Jews and Hindus collectively account for 7.5% of the population.
The Jewish population in Melbourne is significant as four out of ten Australian Jews call Melbourne home. The city is also residence to the largest number of Holocaust survivors of any Australian city,[131] indeed the highest per capita concentration outside Israel itself.[132] To service the needs of the vibrant Jewish community, Melbourne's Jewry have established multiple synagogues, which today number over 30,[133] along with a local Jewish newspaper.[134] Melbourne's largest university - Monash University is named after prominent Jewish general and statesman, John Monash.[135]
Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the Melbourne statistical division has grown by approximately 50,000 people a year since 2003. Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living, which have been two recent key factors driving Melbourne's growth.[136] In recent years, Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division, have recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia. Despite a demographic study stating that Melbourne could overtake Sydney in population by 2028,[137] the ABS has projected in two scenarios that Sydney will remain larger than Melbourne beyond 2056, albeit by a margin of less than 3% compared to a margin of 12% today. However, the first scenario projects that Melbourne's population overtakes Sydney in 2039, primarily due to larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney.[138]
After a trend of declining population density since Second World War, the city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs aided in part by Victorian Government planning blueprints, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030 which have aimed to curtail the urban sprawl.[139] [140]
Media
Melbourne is served by three daily newspapers, the Herald Sun (a tabloid),[141] The Age (broadsheet)[142] and The Australian (national broadsheet).[143] The free mX is also distributed every weekday afternoon at railway stations and on the streets of central Melbourne.[144]
Melbourne is served by six television stations: HSV-7, which broadcasts from the Melbourne Docklands precinct; GTV-9, which broadcasts from their Richmond studios; and ATV-10, which broadcasts from the Como Complex in South Yarra. National stations that broadcast into Melbourne include the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), which has two studios, one at Ripponlea and another at Southbank; and Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), which broadcasts from their studios at Federation Square in central Melbourne. C31 Melbourne is the only local community television station in Melbourne, and its broadcast range also branches out to Geelong. Melbourne also receives Pay TV, largely through cable services. Foxtel and Optus are the main Pay TV providers.
A number of radio stations service the areas of Melbourne and beyond on the AM and FM band. Popular stations on the FM band include DMG Radio channels Nova 100 and Vega 91.5 as well as Australian Radio Network's Gold 104.3 and Mix 101.1, both in Richmond, and Austereo channels Fox FM and Triple M, which share studios in South Melbourne and Triple J. Stations that are popular on the AM band include 774 ABC Melbourne, 3AW, a prominently talkback radio station, and its affiliate, Magic 1278, which plays a selection of music from the 1930s-60s. Community radio is also strong in Melbourne, with a number of community and subscription based radio stations on both the AM and FM bands. The best known of these stations are Triple R, SynFM, 3JOY, PBS & 3CR. There are also a number of community stations based around the greater Melbourne area.[145]
Governance
The Melbourne City Council governs the City of Melbourne, which takes in the CBD and a few adjoining inner suburbs. However the head of the Melbourne City Council, the Lord Mayor of Melbourne, is frequently treated as a representative of greater Melbourne (the entire metropolitan area),[146] particularly when interstate or overseas. Robert Doyle, elected in 2008, is current Lord Mayor. The rest of the metropolitan area is divided into 31 local government areas. All these are designated as Cities, except for five on the city's outer fringes which have the title of Shire. The local government authorities have elected councils and are responsible for a range of functions (delegated to them from the State Government of Victoria under the Local Government Act of 1989[147]), such as urban planning and waste management.
Most city-wide government activities are controlled by the Victorian state government, which governs from Parliament House in Spring Street. These include public transport, main roads, traffic control, policing, education above preschool level, and planning of major infrastructure projects. Because three quarters of Victoria's population lives in Melbourne, state governments have traditionally been reluctant to allow the development of citywide governmental bodies, which would tend to rival the state government. The semi-autonomous Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works was abolished in 1992 for this reason.[148] This is not dissimilar to other Australian states where State Governments have similar powers in greater metropolitan areas.
Education
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/State_Library_of_Victoria_La_Trobe_Reading_room_5th_floor_view.jpg/220px-State_Library_of_Victoria_La_Trobe_Reading_room_5th_floor_view.jpg)
Education is overseen statewide by the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (DEECD), whose role is to 'provide policy and planning advice for the delivery of education'.[149] It acts as advisor to two state ministers, that for Education and for Children and Early Childhood Development.
Preschool, primary and secondary
Primary and secondary assessment, curriculum development and educational research initiatives throughout Melbourne and Victoria is undertaken by the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA),[150] which offers the Victorian Essential Learning Standards (VELS) and Achievement Improvement Monitor (AIM) certificates from years Prep through Year 10, and the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE) and Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning (VCAL) as part of senior secondary programs (Years 11 to 12).
Many high schools in Australia are called 'Secondary Colleges', a legacy of the Kirner Labor government.[citation needed] There are two selective public schools in Melbourne (mentioned above), but all public schools may restrict entry to students living in their regional 'zone'.[151][152]
Although non-tertiary public education is free, 35% of students attend a private primary or secondary school.[153] The most numerous private schools are Catholic, and the rest are independent (see Public and Private Education in Australia).
Tertiary, vocational and research
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Queen%E2%80%99s_College%29.jpg/220px-Parkville_-_University_of_Melbourne_%28Queen%E2%80%99s_College%29.jpg)
Melbourne's two largest universities are the University of Melbourne and Monash University, the largest university in Australia. Both are members of the Group of Eight. Melbourne University ranked second among Australian universities in the 2006 THES international rankings.[154] While The Times Higher Education Supplement ranked the University of Melbourne as the 22nd best university in the world, Monash University was ranked the 38th best university in the world. Melbourne was ranked the world's fourth top university city in 2008 after London, Boston and Tokyo.[155]
Some of the nation's oldest educational institutions and faculities are located in Melbourne, including the oldest Engineering (1860), Medical (1862), Dental (1897) and Music (1891) schools and the oldest law course in Australia (1857), all at the University of Melbourne. The University of Melbourne is also the oldest university in Victoria and the second oldest university in Australia.
In recent years, the number of international students at Melbourne's universities has risen rapidly, a result of an increasing number of places being made available to full fee paying students.[156]
Infrastructure
Health
The Government of Victoria's Department of Human Services oversees approximately 30 public hospitals in the Melbourne metropolitan region, and 13 health services organisations.[157]
There are many major medical, neuroscience and biotechnology research institutions located in Melbourne: St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Australian Stem Cell Centre, the Burnet Institute, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Victorian Institute of Chemical Sciences, Brain Research Institute, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Howard Florey Institute, the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute and the Australian Synchrotron.[158] Many of these institutions are associated with and are located near universities.
Transport
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/BolteBridge.jpg/220px-BolteBridge.jpg)
Melbourne has an integrated public transport system promoted under the Metlink brand. Originally laid out late in the 19th century when trains and trams were the primary methods of travelling to the suburbs, the 1950s saw an increase in private vehicles and freeway construction.[159] This trend has continued with successive governments despite relentless traffic congestion,[160] with a resulting drop in public transport modeshare from the 1940s level of around 25% to the current level of around 9%[161] Melbourne's public transport system was privatised in 1999.[162] Between 1999 and 2008, funding for road expansion was five times greater than public transport extension.[163] Melbourne's tram network is the largest tram network in the world.[164][165][166] Melbourne's is Australia's only tram network to comprise more than a single line. Sections of the tram network are on road, others are separated or light rail routes. The iconic trams are also recognised as a cultural asset and tourist attraction. Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route, intended for visitors to Melbourne, and heritage restaurant trams travel through the city during the evening.[167]
The Melbourne rail network consists of 19 suburban lines which radiate from the City Loop, a partially underground metro section of the network beneath the Central Business District (Hoddle Grid). Flinders Street Station is Melbourne's busiest railway station, and was the world's busiest passenger station in 1926. It remains a prominent Melbourne landmark and meeting place.[168] The city has rail connections with regional Victorian cities, as well as interstate rail services to Sydney and Adelaide, which depart from Melbourne's other major rail terminus, Southern Cross Station in Spencer Street. Melbourne's bus network consists of almost 300 routes which mainly service the outer suburbs fill the gaps in the network between rail and light rail services.[167][169] Melbourne has a high dependency on private cars for transport, with 7.1% of trips made by public transport.[170] However there has been a significant rise in patronage in the last two years mostly due to higher fuel prices,[171] since 2006, public transport patronage has grown by over 20%.[172] The largest number of cars are bought in the outer suburban area, while the inner suburbs with greater access to train and tram services enjoy higher public transport patronage. Melbourne has a total of 3.6 million private vehicles using 22,320 km (13,870 mi) of road, and one of the highest lengths of road per capita.[170] Major highways feeding into the city include the Eastern Freeway, Monash Freeway and West Gate Freeway (which spans the large Westgate Bridge), whilst other freeways circumnavigate the city or lead to other major cities, including CityLink, Eastlink, the Western Ring Road, Calder Freeway, Tullamarine Freeway (main airport link) and the Hume Freeway which links Melbourne and Sydney.[173]
The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port and also its busiest. In 2007, the port handled two million shipping containers in a 12 month period, making it one of the top five ports in the Southern Hemisphere.[105] Station Pier in Port Phillip Bay handles cruise ships and the Spirit of Tasmania ferries which cross Bass Strait to Tasmania.[174] Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport located at Tullamarine is the city's main international and domestic gateway. The airport is home base for passenger airlines Jetstar and Tiger Airways Australia and cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Blue. Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. This makes Melbourne the only city in Australia to have a second commercial airport. Moorabbin Airport is a significant general aviation airport in the city's south east as well as handling a limited number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport before the construction of the airport at Tullamarine, handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights.[175]
Utilities
Gas is provided by private companies, as is electricity, which is sourced mostly from coal-fired power stations.
Water storage and supply for Melbourne is managed by Melbourne Water, which is owned by the Victorian Government. The organisation is also responsible for management of sewerage and the major water catchments in the region and will be responsible for the Wonthaggi desalination plant and the North-South Pipeline. Water is mainly stored in the largest dam, the Thomson River Dam which is capable of holding around 60% of Melbourne's water capacity,[176] while smaller dams such as the Upper Yarra Dam and the Cardinia Reservoir carry secondary supplies.
Numerous telecommunications companies provide Melbourne with terrestrial and mobile telecommunications services and wireless internet services.
International relations
Template:Melb sister cities map The City of Melbourne has six sister cities.[177] They are:
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Some other local councils in the Melbourne metropolitan area have sister city relationships; see Local Government Areas of Victoria.
Melbourne is a member of the C40: Large Cities Climate Leadership Group and the United Nations Global Compact - Cities Programme.
See also
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
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Further reading
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Notes
[a]
The variant spelling 'Melbournian' is sometimes found but is considered grammatically incorrect. The term 'Melbournite' is also sometimes used. See:[178]
[b]
Legislation passed in December 1920 resulted in the formation of the SECV from the Electricity Commission. (State Electricity Commission Act 1920 (No.3104))
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suggested) (help) - ^ Department of Education and Early Childhood Development. "About the Department". www.education.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
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- ^ Murray-Smith, Stephen (1989). Right Words: A Guide to English Usage in Australia (2nd ed. ed.). Ringwood, Vic: Viking.
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