Ellis Island: Difference between revisions
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{{For|the island in Australia|Ellis Island (Queensland)}} |
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{{Infobox Historic Site |
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| name = Ellis Island |
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| image = Ellis Island-27527.jpg|thumb|left|300px |
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| caption = Ellis Island Immigration Museum |
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| elevation = {{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Ellis Island - Hudson County, NJ.|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=150:3:1417806468087358::NO::P3_FID,P3_TITLE:876159,Ellis%20Island|work= |publisher=USGS|accessdate=1 January 2011}}</ref> |
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| location = [[Jersey City]] and<br>[[New York City]] |
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| lat_degrees = 40 |
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| lat_minutes = 41 |
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| lat_seconds = 58.4 |
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| lat_direction = N |
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| long_degrees = 74 |
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| long_minutes = 2 |
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| long_seconds = 22.5 |
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| long_direction = W |
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| locmapin = New York City |
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| map_caption = Location in [[Port of New York and New Jersey]] |
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| cord_parameters = region:US-NY_type:landmark_scale:5000 |
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| cord_display = inline, title |
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| cord_format = dms |
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| built = 1900 (Main Building)| architect= [[Edward Lippincott Tilton]]<br>[[William Alciphron Boring]] |
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| architecture= [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Renaissance Revival]] |
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| area = {{convert|27.5|acre|ha}} |
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| visitation_num = |
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| visitation_year = |
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| governing_body = [[National Park Service]] |
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| url = http://www.nps.gov/elis/ |
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| designation2 = NRHP |
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| designation2_offname = [[Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island]] |
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| designation2_date = October 15, 1966<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref> |
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| designation2_number = 66000058 |
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| designation3 = NMON |
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| designation3_date = added October 15, 1965<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=75266|title=Proclamation 3656 - Adding Ellis Island to the Statue of Liberty National Monument |
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|date=2010-04-05|work=|publisher=}}</ref> |
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| designation3_offname = [[Statue of Liberty National Monument]] |
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| designation3_free1value = |
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}} |
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'''Ellis Island''' in [[New York Harbor]] was the gateway for millions of [[immigrants]] to the [[United States]]. It was the nation's busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954. The island was greatly expanded with [[Land reclamation|landfill]] between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the much smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson and later a [[Magazine (artillery)#Naval magazines|naval magazine]]. The island was made part of the [[Statue of Liberty National Monument]] in 1965, and since 1990 hosts a museum of immigration operated by the [[National Park Service]]. A 1998 [[United States Supreme Court]] decision found most of the island to be part of [[New Jersey]]. |
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==Geography and access== |
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Ellis Island is located in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]] and is situated in the [[Upper New York Bay]] east of [[Liberty State Park]] and north of [[Liberty Island]].<ref>{{Cite book |
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| publisher = Hagstrom Map Company, Inc |
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| isbn = 0-8809-7763-9 |
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| year = 2008 |
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}}</ref> |
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The island has a land area of {{convert|27.5|acre|ha}}, most of which was created through [[land reclamation]]. The original portion of the island is {{convert|3.3|acre}} and is an [[exclave]] of [[New York City]], while landfilled and [[Riparian water rights|riparian]] areas are part of Jersey City. The entire island has been owned and administered by the U.S. [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] since 1808. |
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Public access is by ferry from either [[Communipaw Terminal]] in Liberty State Park or from [[Battery Park]] at the southern tip of [[Manhattan]]. The same ferry routes provide service to the nearby Statue of Liberty.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/stli/planyourvisit/ferry-system-map.htm NPS:Ferry Map]</ref> A bridge built for transporting materials and personnel during restoration projects connects Ellis Island with Liberty State Park, but is not open to the public. Proposals made in 1995 to use it or replace it with a new bridge for pedestrians were opposed by the city of New York and the private ferry operator at that time, [[Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises|Circle Line]].<ref>Setha Low, Dana Taplin, Suzanne Sheld (2005) [http://books.google.com/booksid=cUhYBCSAYIEC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPP1,M1 Rethinking Urban Parks]'', [[University of Texas Press]]; chapter 4.</ref> Since [[September 11, 2001 attacks|September 11, 2001]], the island is guarded by patrols of the [[United States Park Police]] Marine Patrol Unit. |
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== Ownership == |
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Originally much of the west shore of [[Upper New York Bay]] consisted of large tidal flats which hosted vast [[Oyster|oyster banks]], a major source of food for the [[Lenape]] population who lived in the area prior to the arrival of Dutch settlers. There were several islands which were not completely submerged at high tide. Three of them (later to be known as [[Liberty Island|Liberty]], [[Black Tom (island)|Black Tom]] and Ellis) were given the name Oyster Islands by the settlers of [[New Netherland]], the first European colony in the [[Mid-Atlantic states|Mid-Atlantic]] states. The oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries.<ref> |
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{{Cite book |
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| last = Kurlansky |
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| first = Mark |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = The Big Oyster |
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| publisher = Random House Trade paerpbacks |
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| year = 2006 |
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| location = New York |
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| pages = |
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| url = |
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| doi = |
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| id = |
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| isbn = 978-0-345-47639-5}}</ref><ref>[http://events.nytimes.com/2006/03/01/books/01grim.html?fta=y ''The New York Times''], March 1, 2006, accessed March 16, 2008</ref> [[Land reclamation|Landfilling]] to build the railyards of the [[Lehigh Valley Railroad]] and the [[Central Railroad of New Jersey]] would eventually obliterate the beds, engulf one island and bring the shoreline much closer to the others.<ref name="supreme.justia.com">[http://supreme.justia.com/us/209/473/case.html Central R. Co. of New Jersey v. Jersey City, 209 U.S. 473 (1908)]</ref> During the Colonial period Little Oyster Island was known as Dyre's, then Bucking Island. In the 1760s, after some pirates were hanged from one of the island's scrubby trees, it became known as [[Gibbet]] Island.<ref>[http://www.ellisisland.org/genealogy/ellis_island_timeline.asp Ellis Island Foundation Inc.: Ellis island timeline]</ref> It was acquired by Samuel Ellis, a colonial New Yorker possibly from [[Wales]], around the time of the American Revolution. In 1785 he unsuccessfully attempted to sell the island:<ref>[http://www.libertystatepark.com Libertystatepark.com], via [http://www.jonasfamilyhistory.com/psm/index.html Jonasfamilyhistory.com]</ref> {{quote|TO BE SOLD<br />By Samuel Ellis, no. 1, Greenwich Street, at the north river near the Bear Market, That pleasant situated Island called Oyster Island, lying in New York Bay, near Powle's Hook, together with all its improvements which are considerable;... |Samuel Ellis advertising in ''Loudon's New York-Packet'', January 20, 1785}} |
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[[New York State]] leased the island in 1794 and started to fortify it in 1795. Ownership was in question and legislation was passed for acquisition by condemnation in 1807 and then ceded to the [[United States]] in 1808.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Logan | first = Andy | authorlink = | coauthors = McCarten, John | title = Invasion from Jersey | work = Talk of the Town | publisher = The New Yorker | date = January 14, 1956 | url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1956/01/14/1956_01_14_019_TNY_CARDS_000252353 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2011-02-14}}</ref> Shortly thereafter the War Department established a twenty-gun battery, magazine, and barracks.<ref>[http://dmna.state.ny.us/forts/fortsE_L/gibsonFort.htm Fort Gibson], New York State Military Museum</ref> From 1808 until 1814 it was a federal arsenal. At the end of the [[War of 1812]], Fort Gibson was built and the island remained a military post for nearly 80 years<ref name="National Park Service: Ellis Island">[http://www.nps.gov/elis/historyculture/index.htm National Park Service: Ellis Island]</ref> before it was selected to be a federal immigration station. |
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==Immigration station== |
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{{See also|Immigration to the United States}} |
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[[Image:Ellis Island First Bldg Burnt 15-June-1897.jpg|thumb|First Ellis Island Immigration Station, opened on January 1, 1892. Built of wood, it was completely destroyed by fire on June 15, 1897.]] |
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In the 35 years before Ellis Island opened, over eight million immigrants arriving in [[New York City|New York]] had been processed by [[New York State]] officials at [[Castle Clinton|Castle Garden Immigration Depot]] in lower Manhattan, just across the bay.<ref name="National Park Service: Ellis Island"/> The Federal Government assumed control of immigration on April 18, 1890 and Congress appropriated $75,000 to construct America's first Federal immigration station on Ellis Island. Artesian wells were dug, and landfill was hauled in from incoming ships' [[Sailing ballast|ballast]] and from construction of New York City's [[Rapid transit|subway]] tunnels, which doubled the size of Ellis Island to over six acres. While the building was under construction, the Barge Office nearby at the [[Battery Park|Battery]] was used for immigrant processing. |
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The first federal immigration station was an enormous three-story tall structure, with out-buildings, built of Georgia pine, containing all of the amentities that were thought to be necessary. It opened with celebration on January 1, 1892.<ref>[http://www.ellisisland.org/search/passRecord.asp?pID=604534030002&MID=02806987110023700416& The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., Passenger Record: Annie Moore], date of arrival: January 2, 1892, retrieved 2011-03-23</ref> Three large ships landed on the first day and 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Almost 450,000 immigrants were processed at the station during its first year. On June 15, 1897, a fire of unknown origin, possibly caused by faulty wiring, turned the wooden structures on Ellis Island into ashes. No loss of life was reported, but most of the immigration records dating back to 1855 were destroyed. About 1.5 million immigrants had been processed at the first building during its five years of use. Plans were immediately made to build a new, fireproof immigration station on Ellis Island. During the construction period, passenger arrivals were again processed at the Barge Office.<ref>[http://www.ellisisland.org/genealogy/ellis_island_timeline.asp The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., Ellis Island Timeline], downloaded 2011-03-23</ref> |
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[[File:Ellis Island video.ogg|thumb|left|Film by [[Edison Studios]] showing immigrants disembarking from the steam ferryboat ''William Myers'', July 9, 1903]] |
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[[Image:Ellis Island in 1905.jpg|thumb|Second Ellis Island Immigration Station, opened on December 17, 1900 (photo 1905)]] |
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[[Edward Lippincott Tilton]] and [[William Boring|William A. Boring]] won the 1897 competion to design the first phase, including the Main Building (1897–1900), Kitchen and Laundry Building (1900–01), Main Powerhouse (1900–01), and the Main Hospital Building (1900–01).<ref>{{Citation | last = Mausolf | first = Lisa B. | coauthors = Elizabeth Durfee Hengen | title = Edward Lippincott Tilton: A Monograph on His Architectural Practice | date = 2007 | url = http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/peabody/about/Tiltonmonograph.pdf | accessdate = 2011-09-28 | quote =}}</ref> |
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The present main structure was designed in French [[Renaissance Revival]] style and built of red brick with limestone trim. When it opened on December 17, 1900, officials estimated 5,000 immigrants per day would be processed. However, the facilities proved to be able to barely handle the flood of immigrants that arrived in the years just before World War I. Writer [[Louis Adamic]] came to America from [[Slovenia]] in southeastern Europe in 1913 and described the night he and many other immigrants slept on bunk beds in a huge hall. Lacking a warm blanket, the young man "shivered, sleepless, all night, listening to snores" and dreams "in perhaps a dozen different languages". The facility was so large that the dining room could seat 1,000 people. |
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After its opening, Ellis Island was expanded with landfill and additional structures were built. By the time it closed in 1954, twelve million immigrants had been processed by the [[Immigration and Naturalization Service|U.S. Bureau of Immigration]].<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/elis/historyculture/index.htm NPS:Ellis Island History]</ref> It is estimated that 10.5 million immigrants departed for points across the United States from the [[Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal]], located just across a narrow strait.<ref name="Jersey City Past and Present">[http://www.njcu.edu/programs/jchistory/Pages/C_Pages/Central_Railroad_of_New_Jersey.html ''Jersey City Past and Present'']</ref><ref>[http://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/parks/liberty_state_park/liberty_crrnj.html NJ DEP LSP: Communipaw Terminal]</ref> Others would have used one of the other terminals along the [[North River (Hudson River)]] at that time.<ref>{{Cite book |
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| last = Cunningham |
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| first = John T. |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = |
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| title = Ellis Island: Immigration's Shining Center |
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| publisher = Arcadia Publishing |
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| year = 2003 |
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| location = |
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| pages = |
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| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=OyL6JatN5KwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Island+of+Hope,+Island+of+Tears&source=gbs_book_similarbooks#v=onepage&q=Island%20of%20Hope%2C%20Island%20of%20Tears&f=false |
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| doi = |
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| id = |
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| isbn = 9780738524283}}</ref> |
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The peak year for immigration at Ellis Island was 1907, with 1,004,756 immigrants processed. The all-time daily high occurred on April 17, 1907, when 11,747 immigrants arrived.<ref name="Ellis Island Foundation, 2000">[http://www.ellisisland.org/genealogy/ellis_island_timeline.asp Ellis Island Timeline], Ellis Island Foundation, 2000</ref> After the [[Immigration Act of 1924]] was passed, which greatly restricted immigration and allowed processing at overseas embassies, the only immigrants to pass through the station were displaced persons or war [[refugees]].<ref>''The Brown Quarterly'', [http://brownvboard.org/brwnqurt/04-1/04-1a.htm Volume 4, No. 1 (Fall 2000): Ellis Island/Immigration Issue]</ref> Today, over 100 million Americans - one third of the population - can trace their ancestry to the immigrants who first arrived in America at Ellis Island before dispersing to points all over the country. |
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Generally, those immigrants who were approved spent from two to five hours at Ellis Island. Arrivals were asked 29 questions including name, occupation, and the amount of money carried. It was important to the American government that the new arrivals could support themselves and have money to get started. The average the government wanted the immigrants to have was between 18 and 25 dollars. Those with visible health problems or diseases were sent home or held in the island's hospital facilities for long periods of time. More than three thousand would-be immigrants died on Ellis Island while being held in the hospital facilities. Some unskilled workers were rejected because they were considered "likely to become a public charge". About 2 percent were denied admission to the U.S. and sent back to their countries of origin for reasons such as having a chronic contagious disease, criminal background, or insanity.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/stli/serv02.htm#Ellis National Park Service: Ellis Island], retrieved January 12, 2006.</ref> Ellis Island was sometimes known as "The Island of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island"<ref>Davis, Kenneth (2003), ''Don't Know Much About American History,'' HarperTrophy, ISBN 0-06-440836-1 ("Isle of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island," p. 123)</ref> because of those 2% who were not admitted after the long transatlantic voyage. The Kissing Post is a wooden column outside the Registry Room, where new arrivals were greeted by their relatives and friends, typically with tears, hugs and kisses.<ref>[http://www.ellisislandimmigrants.org/ellis_island_archives.htm Description of Kissing Post's location]</ref><ref>[http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&content_type_id=50231&mini_id=1459 Article and picture of Kissing Post plaque]</ref> |
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During [[World War I]], the German sabotage of the [[Black Tom explosion|Black Tom Wharf]] ammunition depot damaged buildings on Ellis Island. The repairs included the current barrel-vaulted ceiling of the Main Hall. |
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[[Image:Radicals awaiting deportation.jpg|thumb|[[Political radicalism|Radicals]] awaiting deportation, 1920]] |
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===Detention and deportation center=== |
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After 1924, Ellis Island became primarily a detention and deportation processing center.<ref name="Ellis Island Foundation, 2000" /><ref>{{Citation | last = Jaynes | first = Gregory | author-link = | last2 = | first2 = | author2-link = | title = American Scene: From Ellis Island to LAX | newspaper = TIME | pages = | year = | date = July 8, 1985 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959576-4,00.html | accessdate = 2011-03-06 | quote = }}</ref> |
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During and immediately following [[World War II]] Ellis Island was used to [[German American internment|intern German merchant mariners and enemy aliens]] - American civilians or immigrants detained for fear of spying, sabotage, etc. Some 7,000 Germans, Italians and Japanese would be detained at Ellis Island.<ref name="Ellis Island Foundation, 2000" /> It was also a processing center for returning sick or wounded U.S. soldiers, and a Coast Guard training base. Ellis Island still managed to process tens of thousands of immigrants a year during this time, but many fewer than the hundreds of thousands a year who arrived before the war. After the war immigration rapidly returned to earlier levels.<ref name="Ellis Island Foundation, 2000" /> |
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Noted entertainers who performed for detained aliens and for U.S. and allied servicemen at the island included [[Rudy Vallee]], [[Jimmy Durante]], [[Bob Hope]], and [[Lionel Hampton]] and orchestra. |
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The [[Internal Security Act of 1950]] barred members of communist or fascist organizations from immigrating to the United States. Ellis Island saw detention peak at 1,500, but by 1952, after changes to immigration law and policies, only 30 detainees remained.<ref name="Ellis Island Foundation, 2000" /> |
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One of the last detainees was the [[Aceh]] separatist [[Hasan di Tiro]] who, while a student in [[New York]] in 1953, declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious [[Darul Islam]] movement,<ref name="Kopassus">{{cite book | last = Kenneth Conboy| authorlink = | title = Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces|edition= November 16, 2002| publisher = Equinox Publishing| isbn= 9799589886|page= 352}}</ref>. Due to this action, he was immediately stripped of his Indonesian citizenship, causing him to be imprisoned for a few months on Ellis Island as "an illegal alien".<ref name="Kopassus"/> |
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=== Staff === |
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[[Image:Ellis island air photo.jpg|thumb|Ellis Island showing Central Railroad of New Jersey yards and piers before the development of Liberty State Park, which opened in 1976]] |
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[[Image:Ellis Island arrivals.jpg|thumb|Immigrants being processed, 1904]] |
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The station's commissioners were: |
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# 1890–1893 [[John B. Weber|Colonel John B. Weber]] (Republican) |
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# 1893–1897 Dr. Joseph H. Senner (Democrat) |
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# 1897–1902 Thomas Fitchie (Republican) |
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# 1902–1905 William Williams (Republican) |
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# 1905–1909 Robert Watchorn (Republican) |
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# 1909–1913 William Williams (Republican), 2nd term |
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# 1914–1919 [[Frederic C. Howe|Dr. Frederic C. Howe]] (Democrat) |
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# 1920–1921 Frederick A. Wallis (Democrat) |
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# 1921–1923 Robert E. Tod (Republican) |
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# 1923–1926 Henry C. Curran (Republican) |
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# 1926–1931 Benjamin M. Day (Republican) |
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# 1931–1934 Edward Corsi (Republican) |
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# 1934–1940 Rudolph Reimer (Democrat) |
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# 1940–1942 Byron H. Uhl |
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# 1942–1949 W. Frank Watkins |
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# 1949–1954 Edward J. Shaughnessy |
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Other notable officials at Ellis Island included Edward F. McSweeney (assistant commissioner), Joseph E. Murray (assistant commissioner), Dr. George W. Stoner (chief surgeon), [[Augustus Frederick Sherman]] (chief clerk), Dr. Victor Safford (surgeon), Dr. Victor Heiser (surgeon), [[Thomas W. Salmon|Dr. Thomas W. Salmon]] (surgeon), [[Howard Knox|Dr. Howard Knox]] (surgeon), Antonio Frabasilis (interpreter), Peter Mikolainis (interpreter), Maud Mosher (matron), [[Fiorello H. La Guardia]] (interpreter), and Philip Cowen (immigrant inspector). |
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Prominent amongst the missionaries and immigrant aid workers were Rev. Michael J. Henry and Rev. Anthony J. Grogan ([[Irish Catholic]]), Rev. Gaspare Moretto (Italian Catholic), Alma E. Mathews ([[Methodist]]), Rev. Georg Doring (German [[Lutheran]]), Rev. Joseph L'Etauche (Polish Catholic), Rev. Reuben Breed ([[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal]]), Michael Lodsin ([[Baptist]]), Brigadier Thomas Johnson ([[Salvation Army]]), Ludmila K. Foxlee ([[YWCA]]), Athena Marmaroff ([[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]]), [[Alexander Harkavy]] ([[HIAS]]), and Cecilia Greenstone and Cecilia Razovsky ([[National Council of Jewish Women]]). |
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[[Image:Ellis Island immigration footage.ogg|thumb|left|Scenes at the Immigration Depot and a nearby dock on Ellis Island]] |
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===Records=== |
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[[Image:Ellis island 1902.jpg|thumb|Immigrants arriving at Ellis Island, 1902]] |
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A myth persists that government officials on Ellis Island compelled immigrants to take new names against their wishes.<ref>[http://www.ancestry.com/learn/library/article.aspx?article=4675 Name Changes at Ellis Island: Fact or Fiction?]", Ancestry.com. Retrieved 2010-09-29.</ref> In fact, no historical records bear this out. Federal immigration inspectors were under strict supervision and were more interested in preventing inadmissible aliens from entering the country (for which they were held accountable) than in assisting them in trivial personal matters such as altering their names. The inspectors used the passenger lists given to them by the [[steamship]] companies to process each foreigner. These were the sole immigration records for entering the country and were prepared not by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration but by steamship companies such as the [[Cunard Line]], the [[White Star Line]], the [[Norddeutscher Lloyd|North German Lloyd Line]], the [[Hamburg-Amerika Line]], the Italian Steam Navigation Company, the [[Red Star Line]], the [[Holland America Line]], and the [[Austro-American Line]].<ref>[http://www.ellisisland.org/ Ellis Island Foundation list of steamships]</ref><ref>[http://149.101.23.2/graphics/aboutus/history/articles/nameessay.html US Dept of Justice] American Names / Declaring Independence, Marian L. Smith, INS Historian, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, last updated January 20, 2006, accessed May 22, 2007</ref> The Americanization of many immigrant families' surnames was for the most part adopted by the family after the immigration process, or by the second or third generation of the family after some assimilation into American culture. However, many last names were altered slightly due to the disparity between English and other languages in the pronunciation of certain letters of the alphabet.<ref>"[http://life.familyeducation.com/genealogy/family-tree/45352.html The Effect of Immigration on Surnames]", FamilyEduction.com. Retrieved 2009-02-20. Excerpted from ''The [[Complete Idiot's Guides|Complete Idiot's Guide]] to Genealogy'' by Christine Rose and Kay Germain Ingalls, 2005.</ref> |
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=== Medical inspections === |
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[[Image:Ellis Island dormitory room.JPG|thumb|Dormitory room for detained immigrants]] |
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[[Image:AnnieMoore.jpg|thumb|right|Statue of [[Annie Moore (immigrant)|Annie Moore]] on Ellis Island]] |
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To support the activities of the United States Bureau of Immigration, the [[United States Public Health Service]] operated an extensive medical service at the immigrant station, called U.S. Marine Hospital Number 43, more widely known as the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital. It was the largest marine hospital in the nation. The medical division, which was active both in the hospital and the Great Hall, was staffed by uniformed military surgeons. They are best known for the role they played during the line inspection, in which they employed unusual techniques such as the use of the [[wikt:buttonhook|buttonhook]] to examine aliens for signs of eye diseases (particularly, [[trachoma]]) and the use of a chalk mark code. Symbols were [[chalk]]ed on the clothing of potentially sick immigrants following the six-second medical examination. The doctors would look at the immigrants as they climbed the stairs from the baggage area to the Great Hall. Immigrants' behavior would be studied for difficulties in getting up the staircase. Some immigrants entered the country only by surreptitiously wiping the chalk marks off, or by turning their clothes inside out.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20080412134431/http://www.geocities.com/musetti.geo/chalk.htm Ellis Island Chalk Marks].{{dead link|date=November 2010}} Retrieved April 21, 2007.</ref> |
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The symbols used were: |
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* '''B''' – [[Back]] |
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* '''C''' - [[Conjunctivitis]] |
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* '''CT''' – [[Trachoma]] |
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* '''E''' – [[Human eye|Eyes]] |
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* '''F''' – [[Face]] |
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* '''FT''' – [[Foot|Feet]] |
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* '''G''' – [[Goiter]] |
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* '''H''' – [[Human heart|Heart]] |
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* '''K''' – [[Hernia]] |
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* '''L''' – [[Lameness]] |
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* '''N''' – [[Neck]] |
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* '''P''' – [[Physical examination|Physical]] and [[Lungs]] |
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* '''PG''' – [[Pregnancy]] |
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* '''S''' – [[Senility]] |
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* '''SC''' – [[Scalp]] ([[Favus]]) |
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* '''SI''' – Special [[Inquiry]] |
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* '''X''' – Suspected [[Mental disorder|Mental defect]] |
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* '''X (circled)''' – Definite signs of Mental defect |
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=== Notable immigrants === |
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{{See|List of notable Ellis Island immigrants}} |
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The first immigrant to pass through Ellis Island was [[Annie Moore (immigrant)|Annie Moore]], a 14-year-old girl from [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Ireland, who arrived on the ship ''Nevada'' on January 2, 1892.<ref>[http://www.ellisisland.org/search/passRecord.asp?pID=604534030002&MID=02806987110023700416& The Statue of Liberty- Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., Passenger Record: Annie Moore], date of arrival: January 2, 1892, ship: ''Nevada'' from Queenstownand], retrieved 2011-03-23</ref> She and her two brothers were coming to America to meet their parents, who had moved to New York two years prior. She received a greeting from officials and a [[Eagle (United States coin)|$10 gold piece]]. It was the largest sum of money she had ever owned.<ref>[http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&content_type_id=1460&display_order=1&mini_id=1459 Ellis Island Timeline]. Retrieved April 21, 2007.</ref> The last person to pass through Ellis Island was a Norwegian merchant seaman by the name of Arne Peterssen in 1954. |
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==Immigration museum== |
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The wooden structure built in 1892 to house the immigration station burned down after five years. The station's new Main Building, which now houses the Immigration Museum, was opened in 1900.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/elis/parkmgmt/lawsandpolicies.htm National Park Service]</ref> |
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Architects [[Edward Lippincott Tilton]] and [[William Alciphron Boring]] received a gold medal at the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Paris Exposition]] for the building's design. The architecture competition was the second under the [[Tarsney Act]], which had permitted private architects rather than government architects in the [[Office of the Supervising Architect]] to design federal buildings.<ref>Lee, Antoinette J., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hjDZz87NF8AC&pg=PA197&dq=%22James+Knox+Taylor%22&sig=ACfU3U0hwyx1_8a6mNHwqC5a6zzs34_E6w#PPA197,M1 Architects to the Nation: The Rise and Decline of the Supervising Architect's Office]'', Oxford University Press, USA. 2000-04-20. ISBN 0-19-512822-2</ref> |
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[[File:ellis island immigration museum entrance.JPG|thumb|upright|left|Main Building, which now houses the Immigration Museum]] |
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[[File:ellis island immigration museum hall.JPG|thumb|upright=1|Great Hall, where immigrants were processed]] |
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After the immigration station closed in November 1954, the buildings fell into disrepair and were all but abandoned. Attempts at redeveloping the site were unsuccessful until its landmark status was established. On October 15, 1965, Ellis Island was proclaimed a part of [[Statue of Liberty National Monument]]. It was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on October 15, 1966. |
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[[Boston]] based architecture firm [[Finegold Alexander + Associates Inc]], together with the New York architectural firm [[Beyer Blinder Belle]], designed the restoration and adaptive use of the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] Main Building, one of the most symbolically important structures in American history. A construction budget of $150 million was required for this significant restoration. This money was raised by a campaign organized by the political fundraiser [[Wyatt A. Stewart]].<ref name =IFES>{{cite press release| publisher = International Foundation for Electoral Systems|date=30 November 2009 | url = http://www.ifes.org/publication/ae70d81d78fa5026d8fca4e6fb92b5c3/Stewart_PR.pdf | title = World’s Premier Election Assistance NGO Appoints Chief Operating Officer: Top Republican strategist and fundraiser Wyatt A. Stewart, III to join the International Foundation for Electoral Systems| accessdate = December 5, 2009}}</ref> The building reopened on September 10, 1990.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/elis/index.htm National Park Service Ellis Island website]</ref> Exhibits include ''Hearing Room'', ''Peak Immigration Years'', the ''Peopling of America'', ''Restoring a Landmark'', ''Silent Voices'', ''Treasures from Home'', and ''Ellis Island Chronicles''. There are also three theaters used for film and live performances. |
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As part of the National Park Service's Centennial Initiative, the south side of the island was to be the target of a project to restore the 28 buildings that have not yet been rehabilitated.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bomar |first=Mary A. |authorlink=Mary A. Bomar |title=Summary of Park Centennial Strategies |publisher=National Park Service |month=August |year=2007 |url=http://www.nps.gov/2016/assets/files/Summary-of-Park-Centennial-Strategies.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-02-15}}</ref> |
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The "Wall of Honor" outside of the main building contains a partial list of immigrants processed on the island.<ref>[http://www.wallofhonor.org/ Wall of Honor website]</ref> Inclusion on the list is made possible by a donation to support the facility. In 2008, the museum's library was officially named the Bob Hope Memorial Library in honor of one the station's most famous immigrants. |
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The [[Ellis Island Medal of Honor]] is awarded annually at ceremonies on the island. |
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== State sovereignty dispute == |
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The island, largely artificially created through [[Land reclamation|landfill]], is situated on the [[New Jersey]] side of [[Upper New York Bay]]. The natural portion of the island, part of [[New York City]], is surrounded by rest of the island in [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]]. |
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[[Image:Ellis-Island-map.svg|thumb|right|Ellis Island's location on the [[New Jersey]] side of the [[Border|state line]] in [[New York Harbor]] led to several disputes]] |
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The circumstances which led to an [[exclave]] of New York being located within New Jersey began in the colonial era, after the British takeover of [[New Netherland]] in 1664. An unusual clause in the colonial land grant outlined the territory that the proprietors of [[New Jersey]] would receive as being "westward of Long Island, and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea, and part by Hudson's river",<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nj01.asp The Duke of York's Release to John Lord Berkeley, and Sir George Carteret, 24th of June, 1664 ]</ref> rather than at the river's midpoint, as was common in other colonial charters.<ref>{{Citation |
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| last = Rieff |
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| first = Henry |
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| title = Intrepretations of New York-New Jersey Agreements 1834 and 1921 |
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| journal = Newark Law Review |
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| volume = 1 |
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| issue = 2 |
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| url = http://njlegallib.rutgers.edu/journals/docs/journal.nwk.1.29.pdf |
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| id = }}</ref> |
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When the [[Province of New Jersey]] was separated from the [[Province of New York]] in 1674, it was argued that [[Staten Island]] belonged to the former. Then-governor [[Edmund Andros]] directed that all islands in the bay that could be circumnavigated within 24 hours were part of New York. Soon thereafter, Captain Christopher Billopp sailed around it within the allotted time.<ref>[http://www.mitchellmoss.com/articles/nynj.html PANYNJ 1998]</ref><ref>http://www.statenislandhistorian.com/Images/digital_books/How_New_York_Acquired_Staten_Island.pdf</ref> The border came to be understood as being along the shore of the [[Hudson River]], [[Upper New York Bay]], the [[Kill van Kull]], and [[Arthur Kill]]. |
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Attempts were made as early 1804 to resolve the status of the state line.<ref>{{Cite journal |
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| last = |
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| title = Ellis Island Its Legal Status |
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| publisher = General Services Administration Office of General Counsel |
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| date = February 11, 1963 |
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| url = http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/stli/ellis_island_legal.pdf |
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| issn = |
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| accessdate = 2010-09-25}}</ref> The [[City of New York]] claimed the right to regulate trade on the all the waters. This was contested in ''[[Gibbons v. Ogden]]'' ([[Case citation|22 U.S. 1]]) (1824),<ref>[http://laws.findlaw.com/us/22/1.html GIBBONS v. OGDEN, 22 U.S. 1 (1824) 22 U.S. 1 (Wheat.)] Full text of the opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.</ref> which decided that the regulation of interstate commerce fell under the authority of the federal government, thus influencing competition in the newly developing steam ferry service in [[New York Harbor]]. |
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In 1830, [[New Jersey]] planned to bring suit to clarify the border, but the case was never heard.<ref name="nyt-1998-05-27"> |
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{{Citation |
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| last = Greenhouse |
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| first = Linda |
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| author-link = |
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| last2 = |
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| first2 = |
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| author2-link = |
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| title = The Ellis Island verdict: The Ruling; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island |
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| journal = New York Times |
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| volume = |
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| date = May 27, 1998 |
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| url = http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/27/nyregion/ellis-island-verdict-ruling-high-court-gives-new-jersey-most-ellis-island.html?pagewanted=2 |
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| doi = |
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| id = }}</ref> The matter was resolved with a compact between the states, ratified by [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] in 1834, which set the boundary line between them as the middle of the Hudson River and New York Harbor.<ref>{{cite web | work=NPS.gov | title=Statue of Liberty National Monument - Frequently Asked Questions | url=http://www.nps.gov/stli/faqs.htm |publisher=National Park Service | accessdate=February 1, 2010}}</ref> This was later confirmed by the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] in other cases which also expounded on the compact.<ref name="supreme.justia.com"/><ref>http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Application_of_Devoe_Manufacuring_Company_for_a_Writ_of_Prohibition/Opinion_of_the_Court</ref> |
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The federal government, which had bought the island in 1808, began expanding the island by [[Land reclamation#Creating new land|landfill]], to accommodate the immigration station opened in 1892. Landfilling continued in stages until 1934.<ref>[http://dmna.state.ny.us/forts/fortsE_L/gibsonFort.htm State.ny.us]</ref> |
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Nine-tenths of the current area is [[artificial island]] that did not exist at the time of the interstate compact. New Jersey contended that the new extensions were part of New Jersey, since they were not part of the original island. In 1956, after the 1954 closing of the U.S. immigration station, the then [[Mayor of Jersey City]], [[Bernard J. Berry]], commandeered a U.S. Coast Guard cutter and led a contingent of New Jersey officials on an expedition to claim the island.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Logan | first = Andy | authorlink = | coauthors = McCarten, John | title = Invasion from Jersey | work = | publisher = The New Yorker | date = January 14, 1956 url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1956/01/14/1956_01_14_019_TNY_CARDS_000252353 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 2011-02-14}}</ref> In 1997, the state filed suit to establish its jurisdiction, leading New York City Mayor [[Rudolph Giuliani]] to remark dramatically that his father, an Italian who immigrated through Ellis Island, never intended to go to New Jersey.<ref>Sheahan, Matthew. [http://www.knotmag.com/?article=1291 "My Grandmother Is the Greatest"], ''Knot Magazine'', May 4, 2004.</ref> |
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The dispute eventually reached the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in 1998 that New Jersey had jurisdiction over all portions of the island created after the original compact was approved (effectively, more than 80% of the island's present land). This caused several immediate confusions: some buildings, for instance, fell into the territory of both states. New Jersey and New York soon agreed to share jurisdiction of the island. It remains wholly a Federal property, however, and these legal decisions do not result in either state taking any fiscal or physical responsibility for the maintenance, preservation, or improvement of any of the historic properties.<ref name="nyt-1998-05-27"/><ref>[http://www.nps.gov/elis/planyourvisit/maps.htm National Park Service map showing portions of the island belonging to New York and New Jersey]</ref><ref>[http://supreme.justia.com/us/523/767/index.html NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 page 779]</ref> |
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For New York State tax purposes it is assessed as Manhattan Block 1, Lot 201. Since 1998, it also has a tax number assigned by the state of New Jersey. |
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== In the arts == |
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Ellis island has been a source of inspiration or subject for the arts including film, literature and music. |
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Early films, including those from the silent era, which feature the station include ''Traffic in Souls'' (1913), which starred [[Matt Moore (actor)|Matt Moore]]; ''The Yellow Passport'' (1916), starring [[Clara Kimball Young]]; ''My Boy'' (1921), starring [[Jackie Coogan]]; [[Frank Capra]]'s ''The Strong Man'' (1926), starring [[Harry Langdon]]; ''We Americans'' (1928), starring [[John Boles (actor)|John Boles]]; ''The Mating Call'' (film), 1928, co-starring [[Thomas Meighan]] and [[Renee Adoree]]; ''Ellis Island'' (1936), starring Donald Cook; ''Paddy O'Day'' (1936), starring [[Jane Withers]]; ''Gateway'' (1938), starring [[Don Ameche]]; ''Exile Express'' (1939), which starred Anna Sten; and ''Gambling House'' (1951), starring [[Victor Mature]] |
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Some films have focused on the immigrant experience, such as the 1984 TV miniseries [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0086705/ ''Ellis Island'']. The IMAX 3D movie [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0112286/ ''Across the Sea of Time''] incorporates both modern footage and historical photographs of Ellis Island. The 2006 Italian movie ''[[Nuovomondo|The Golden Door]]'', directed by [[Emanuele Crialese]], takes place largely on Ellis Island. |
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The island has also been used as a film location. In the film ''[[X-Men (film)|X-Men]]'', a [[UN]] summit held on the island is targeted by [[Magneto (comics)|Magneto]], a former immigrant who attempts to artificially mutate all the delegates present. In the 2005 feature film romantic comedy, ''[[Hitch (movie)|Hitch]]'', starring [[Will Smith]], his and [[Eva Mendes]]' characters take a [[jet ski]] to the island and explore the building. The opening scene of ''[[The Brother From Another Planet]]'' takes place on Ellis Island. |
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Photographer [[Stephen Wilkes]]' series Ellis Island: Ghosts of Freedom (2006) captured the abandoned south side of Ellis Island and helped raise $6 million in funding from the United States Congress towards restoration of that area.<ref>[http://www.artartworks.com/exhibitions/ellis-island-ghosts-of-freedom/ Ellis Island: Ghosts of Freedom]</ref> |
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Ellis Island as a port of entry is described in detail in ''[[Mottel the Cantor's Son]]'' by [[Sholom Aleichem]]. It is also the place where [[Vito Corleone|Don Corleone]] was held as an immigrant boy in ''[[The Godfather Part II]]'', where he was marked with an encircled X. |
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''[[Ellis Island: The Dream of America]]'' is a work for actors and orchestra with projected images by [[Peter Boyer]], composed in 2001-02. Also a documentary on the hospital at Ellis Island was created by [[Lorie Conway]]. |
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"Scenes from Ellis Island" (for guitar ensemble, piano, double bass, two violins and percussion) was composed by American classical guitarist Benjamin Verdery, and was inspired by a visit to Ellis Island. |
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The song "The New Ground - Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears," on the 2010 album ''[[Celtic Woman: Songs from the Heart|Songs from the Heart]]'' by the group [[Celtic Woman]], is about Annie Moore and Ellis Island. |
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== See also == |
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{{Portal box|New York City|New Jersey}} |
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* [[Immigration to the United States]] |
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* [[Angel Island, California]] |
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* [[Geography of New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary]] |
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* [[Port of New York and New Jersey]] |
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* [[Hoffman Island]] |
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* [[Swinburne Island]] |
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* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, New Jersey]] |
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* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in New York County, New York]] |
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* [[Philadelphia Lazaretto]] |
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* [[Pier 21]] |
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* [[Save Ellis Island]] |
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== Notes == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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== References == |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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* [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-show_geoid=Y&-tree_id=4001&-_caller=geoselect&-context=dt&-errMsg=&-all_geo_types=N&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_P001&-redoLog=true&-transpose=N&-search_map_config=|b=50|l=en|t=4001|zf=0.0|ms=sel_00dec|dw=0.008884371962461743|dh=0.0050482751198916735|dt=gov.census.aff.domain.map.EnglishMapExtent|if=gif|cx=-74.04037740331228|cy=40.69886116280115|zl=1|pz=1|bo=318:317:316:314:313:323:319|bl=362:393:358:357:356:355:354|ft=350:349:335:389:388:332:331|fl=381:403:204:380:369:379:368|g=01000US&-PANEL_ID=p_dt_geo_map&-_lang=en&-penisgeo_id=100$10000US340170047009019&-geo_id=100$10000US340170047009020&-geo_id=100$10000US340170047009021&-geo_id=100$10000US340170047009022&-geo_id=100$10000US340170047009023&-geo_id=100$10000US360610001001000&-CONTEXT=dt&-format=&-search_results=100$10000US340170047009995&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U Ellis Island: Blocks 9019 thru 9023, Block Group 9, Census Tract 47, Hudson County, NJ; and Block 1000, Block Group 1, Census Tract 1], New York County, NY; United States Census Bureau. |
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* ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LYITAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPP9,M1 Report of the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization under joint resolution of Senate and House of January 29, 1892]'', submitted by Mr. Stump. Ordered to be printed July 28, 1892. By United States Congress, House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization. |
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* Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7r3U_KuP_Q0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPP1,M1 Personal Justice Denied]'', 1982 report; |
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*{{cite video |people=Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, Inc |date=1946 |title=Immigration |url=http://www.archive.org/details/Immigrat1946 |format= |medium=Documentary |publisher=[[Internet Archive]] |location= |accessdate=2009-01-20 |time=10:22 |quote=Archive film contains scenes of Ellis Island and New York City in the early 20th century.}} |
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*{{cite video |people=Guggenheim, Charles (director) |date=1989 |title=Island of Hope - Island of Tears |url=http://www.archive.org/details/gov.ntis.ava15996vnb1 |format= |medium=Documentary |publisher=National Park Service |location= |accessdate=2009-01-20 |time=28:24 |quote=From 1892–1954, Ellis Island was the port of entry for millions of European immigrants. Fascinating archival footage tells the moving story of families with dreams of opportunity, leaving their homes with what they could carry.}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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== Further reading == |
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{{Refbegin|2}} |
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* Baur, J. '[http://www.die-exponauten.com/cms/upload/pdf/Baur_Commemorating.pdf Commemorating Immigration in the Immigrant Society. Narratives of Transformation at Ellis Island and the Lower East Side Tenement Museum]', in: ''König, M./Ohliger, R. (ed.), Enlarging European Memory. Migration Movements in Historical Perspective, 2006'', 137-146. |
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* Baur, J. '[http://www.die-exponauten.com/cms/upload/pdf/Baur_Ellis-Island-Inc.pdf Ellis Island, Inc.: The Making of an American Site of Memory]', in: Grabbe, H. J./Schindler, S. (ed.), ''The Merits of Memory. Concepts, Contexts, Debates, 2008'', 185-196. |
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* Bolino, A. ''The Ellis Island Source Book'', 1985 |
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* Coan, P. M. ''Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words'', 1998. |
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* Conway, L. ''Forgotten Ellis Island'', 2007. |
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* Corsi, E. ''In the Shadow of Liberty: The Chronicle of Ellis Island'', 1935. |
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* Fairchild, A. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SJTtOyde_QQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPP1,M1 Science at the Borders]'', 2004. |
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* Moreno, B., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=a5QPa2k2ko8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPP1,M1 Images of America:Children of Ellis Island]'', 2005. |
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* Moreno, B., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4phC-hWgtzsC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPP1,M1 Images of America:Ellis Island]'', 2003. |
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* Moreno, B., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qIFMxmnWqBkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPP1,M1 Images of America:Ellis Island's Famous Immigrants]'', 2008. |
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* Moreno, B. ''Encyclopedia of Ellis Island'', 2004. [http://www.books.google.com/books?id=mRgWAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Encyclopedia+of+Ellis+Island%22&dq=%22Encyclopedia+of+Ellis+Island%22&ei=TWghS7aOBJPsyATH56nWCg&cd=1 Google Books] |
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* Moreno, B. ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Ellis Island'', Fall River Press, September 2010 |
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* Novotny, A. ''Strangers at the Door'', 1971. |
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* Pitkin, T. M. ''Keepers of the Gate'', 1975. |
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{{Refend}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commons category}} |
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* [http://www.nps.gov/elis/ Ellis Island home page] |
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* [http://nyharborparks.org/visit/elis.html Ellis Island] Visitor information |
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* [http://www.ellisisland.org/genealogy/ellis_island_timeline.asp Ellis Island Historical Timeline] |
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* [http://www.historychannel.com/ellisisland/timeline/index.html Ellis Island timeline] |
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* [http://www.ellisisland.com/ Ellis Island Immigration Museum] |
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* [http://www.ellisislandrecords.org/ Free Search of Ellis Island Database - Port of New York Arrivals 1892–1924] |
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* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=US&navby=case&vol=000&invol=120ORIG Supreme Court opinion in ''New Jersey v. New York'' (1998)] |
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* [http://www.nps.gov/elis/planyourvisit/maps.htm National Park Service map showing portions of the island belonging to New York and New Jersey] |
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* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hh:@field(NUMBER+@band(NY1252)) American Memory from the Library of Congress] |
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* [http://www.ancestry.com/learn/library/article.aspx?article=3893 The Myth of Ellis Island Name Changes] |
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* [http://www.sk-szeged.hu/statikus_html/vasvary/newsletter/04jun/dosik.html NPS: A brief early history] |
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* [http://www.history.com/topics/ellis-iland The History of Ellis Island] |
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* [http://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2010/08/20/129320788/ellis-island-then-and-now Eerie Ellis Island, Then And Now] - slideshow by ''[[NPR]]'' |
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* [http://www.gjenvick.com/Immigration/EllisIsland/index.html The Ellis Island Experience - Articles, Documents and Images - Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives] |
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{{Registered Historic Places}} |
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[[Category:History of immigration to the United States]] |
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[[Category:Beaux-Arts architecture in New Jersey]] |
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[[Category:Legal history of New Jersey]] |
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[[Category:Visitor attractions in Manhattan]] |
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[[Category:Internal territorial disputes of the United States]] |
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Revision as of 14:02, 15 November 2011
Ellis Island | |
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![]() Ellis Island Immigration Museum | |
Location | Jersey City and New York City |
Area | 27.5 acres (11.1 ha) |
Elevation | 7 ft (2.1 m)[1] |
Built | 1900 (Main Building) |
Architect | Edward Lippincott Tilton William Alciphron Boring |
Architectural style(s) | Renaissance Revival |
Governing body | National Park Service |
Official name | Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island |
Designated | October 15, 1966[2] |
Reference no. | 66000058 |
Official name | Statue of Liberty National Monument |
Designated | added October 15, 1965[3] |
Location in Port of New York and New Jersey |
Ellis Island in New York Harbor was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States. It was the nation's busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954. The island was greatly expanded with landfill between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the much smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson and later a naval magazine. The island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965, and since 1990 hosts a museum of immigration operated by the National Park Service. A 1998 United States Supreme Court decision found most of the island to be part of New Jersey.
Geography and access
Ellis Island is located in Jersey City, New Jersey and is situated in the Upper New York Bay east of Liberty State Park and north of Liberty Island.[4] The island has a land area of 27.5 acres (11.1 ha), most of which was created through land reclamation. The original portion of the island is 3.3 acres (1.3 ha) and is an exclave of New York City, while landfilled and riparian areas are part of Jersey City. The entire island has been owned and administered by the U.S. federal government since 1808.
Public access is by ferry from either Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park or from Battery Park at the southern tip of Manhattan. The same ferry routes provide service to the nearby Statue of Liberty.[5] A bridge built for transporting materials and personnel during restoration projects connects Ellis Island with Liberty State Park, but is not open to the public. Proposals made in 1995 to use it or replace it with a new bridge for pedestrians were opposed by the city of New York and the private ferry operator at that time, Circle Line.[6] Since September 11, 2001, the island is guarded by patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit.
Ownership
Originally much of the west shore of Upper New York Bay consisted of large tidal flats which hosted vast oyster banks, a major source of food for the Lenape population who lived in the area prior to the arrival of Dutch settlers. There were several islands which were not completely submerged at high tide. Three of them (later to be known as Liberty, Black Tom and Ellis) were given the name Oyster Islands by the settlers of New Netherland, the first European colony in the Mid-Atlantic states. The oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries.[7][8] Landfilling to build the railyards of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and the Central Railroad of New Jersey would eventually obliterate the beds, engulf one island and bring the shoreline much closer to the others.[9] During the Colonial period Little Oyster Island was known as Dyre's, then Bucking Island. In the 1760s, after some pirates were hanged from one of the island's scrubby trees, it became known as Gibbet Island.[10] It was acquired by Samuel Ellis, a colonial New Yorker possibly from Wales, around the time of the American Revolution. In 1785 he unsuccessfully attempted to sell the island:[11]
TO BE SOLD
By Samuel Ellis, no. 1, Greenwich Street, at the north river near the Bear Market, That pleasant situated Island called Oyster Island, lying in New York Bay, near Powle's Hook, together with all its improvements which are considerable;...— Samuel Ellis advertising in Loudon's New York-Packet, January 20, 1785
New York State leased the island in 1794 and started to fortify it in 1795. Ownership was in question and legislation was passed for acquisition by condemnation in 1807 and then ceded to the United States in 1808.[12] Shortly thereafter the War Department established a twenty-gun battery, magazine, and barracks.[13] From 1808 until 1814 it was a federal arsenal. At the end of the War of 1812, Fort Gibson was built and the island remained a military post for nearly 80 years[14] before it was selected to be a federal immigration station.
Immigration station
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ellis_Island_First_Bldg_Burnt_15-June-1897.jpg/220px-Ellis_Island_First_Bldg_Burnt_15-June-1897.jpg)
In the 35 years before Ellis Island opened, over eight million immigrants arriving in New York had been processed by New York State officials at Castle Garden Immigration Depot in lower Manhattan, just across the bay.[14] The Federal Government assumed control of immigration on April 18, 1890 and Congress appropriated $75,000 to construct America's first Federal immigration station on Ellis Island. Artesian wells were dug, and landfill was hauled in from incoming ships' ballast and from construction of New York City's subway tunnels, which doubled the size of Ellis Island to over six acres. While the building was under construction, the Barge Office nearby at the Battery was used for immigrant processing.
The first federal immigration station was an enormous three-story tall structure, with out-buildings, built of Georgia pine, containing all of the amentities that were thought to be necessary. It opened with celebration on January 1, 1892.[15] Three large ships landed on the first day and 700 immigrants passed over the docks. Almost 450,000 immigrants were processed at the station during its first year. On June 15, 1897, a fire of unknown origin, possibly caused by faulty wiring, turned the wooden structures on Ellis Island into ashes. No loss of life was reported, but most of the immigration records dating back to 1855 were destroyed. About 1.5 million immigrants had been processed at the first building during its five years of use. Plans were immediately made to build a new, fireproof immigration station on Ellis Island. During the construction period, passenger arrivals were again processed at the Barge Office.[16]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ellis_Island_in_1905.jpg/220px-Ellis_Island_in_1905.jpg)
Edward Lippincott Tilton and William A. Boring won the 1897 competion to design the first phase, including the Main Building (1897–1900), Kitchen and Laundry Building (1900–01), Main Powerhouse (1900–01), and the Main Hospital Building (1900–01).[17]
The present main structure was designed in French Renaissance Revival style and built of red brick with limestone trim. When it opened on December 17, 1900, officials estimated 5,000 immigrants per day would be processed. However, the facilities proved to be able to barely handle the flood of immigrants that arrived in the years just before World War I. Writer Louis Adamic came to America from Slovenia in southeastern Europe in 1913 and described the night he and many other immigrants slept on bunk beds in a huge hall. Lacking a warm blanket, the young man "shivered, sleepless, all night, listening to snores" and dreams "in perhaps a dozen different languages". The facility was so large that the dining room could seat 1,000 people.
After its opening, Ellis Island was expanded with landfill and additional structures were built. By the time it closed in 1954, twelve million immigrants had been processed by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration.[18] It is estimated that 10.5 million immigrants departed for points across the United States from the Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal, located just across a narrow strait.[19][20] Others would have used one of the other terminals along the North River (Hudson River) at that time.[21] The peak year for immigration at Ellis Island was 1907, with 1,004,756 immigrants processed. The all-time daily high occurred on April 17, 1907, when 11,747 immigrants arrived.[22] After the Immigration Act of 1924 was passed, which greatly restricted immigration and allowed processing at overseas embassies, the only immigrants to pass through the station were displaced persons or war refugees.[23] Today, over 100 million Americans - one third of the population - can trace their ancestry to the immigrants who first arrived in America at Ellis Island before dispersing to points all over the country.
Generally, those immigrants who were approved spent from two to five hours at Ellis Island. Arrivals were asked 29 questions including name, occupation, and the amount of money carried. It was important to the American government that the new arrivals could support themselves and have money to get started. The average the government wanted the immigrants to have was between 18 and 25 dollars. Those with visible health problems or diseases were sent home or held in the island's hospital facilities for long periods of time. More than three thousand would-be immigrants died on Ellis Island while being held in the hospital facilities. Some unskilled workers were rejected because they were considered "likely to become a public charge". About 2 percent were denied admission to the U.S. and sent back to their countries of origin for reasons such as having a chronic contagious disease, criminal background, or insanity.[24] Ellis Island was sometimes known as "The Island of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island"[25] because of those 2% who were not admitted after the long transatlantic voyage. The Kissing Post is a wooden column outside the Registry Room, where new arrivals were greeted by their relatives and friends, typically with tears, hugs and kisses.[26][27]
During World War I, the German sabotage of the Black Tom Wharf ammunition depot damaged buildings on Ellis Island. The repairs included the current barrel-vaulted ceiling of the Main Hall.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Radicals_awaiting_deportation.jpg/220px-Radicals_awaiting_deportation.jpg)
Detention and deportation center
After 1924, Ellis Island became primarily a detention and deportation processing center.[22][28]
During and immediately following World War II Ellis Island was used to intern German merchant mariners and enemy aliens - American civilians or immigrants detained for fear of spying, sabotage, etc. Some 7,000 Germans, Italians and Japanese would be detained at Ellis Island.[22] It was also a processing center for returning sick or wounded U.S. soldiers, and a Coast Guard training base. Ellis Island still managed to process tens of thousands of immigrants a year during this time, but many fewer than the hundreds of thousands a year who arrived before the war. After the war immigration rapidly returned to earlier levels.[22] Noted entertainers who performed for detained aliens and for U.S. and allied servicemen at the island included Rudy Vallee, Jimmy Durante, Bob Hope, and Lionel Hampton and orchestra.
The Internal Security Act of 1950 barred members of communist or fascist organizations from immigrating to the United States. Ellis Island saw detention peak at 1,500, but by 1952, after changes to immigration law and policies, only 30 detainees remained.[22]
One of the last detainees was the Aceh separatist Hasan di Tiro who, while a student in New York in 1953, declared himself the "foreign minister" of the rebellious Darul Islam movement,[29]. Due to this action, he was immediately stripped of his Indonesian citizenship, causing him to be imprisoned for a few months on Ellis Island as "an illegal alien".[29]
Staff
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Ellis_island_air_photo.jpg/220px-Ellis_island_air_photo.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ellis_Island_arrivals.jpg/220px-Ellis_Island_arrivals.jpg)
The station's commissioners were:
- 1890–1893 Colonel John B. Weber (Republican)
- 1893–1897 Dr. Joseph H. Senner (Democrat)
- 1897–1902 Thomas Fitchie (Republican)
- 1902–1905 William Williams (Republican)
- 1905–1909 Robert Watchorn (Republican)
- 1909–1913 William Williams (Republican), 2nd term
- 1914–1919 Dr. Frederic C. Howe (Democrat)
- 1920–1921 Frederick A. Wallis (Democrat)
- 1921–1923 Robert E. Tod (Republican)
- 1923–1926 Henry C. Curran (Republican)
- 1926–1931 Benjamin M. Day (Republican)
- 1931–1934 Edward Corsi (Republican)
- 1934–1940 Rudolph Reimer (Democrat)
- 1940–1942 Byron H. Uhl
- 1942–1949 W. Frank Watkins
- 1949–1954 Edward J. Shaughnessy
Other notable officials at Ellis Island included Edward F. McSweeney (assistant commissioner), Joseph E. Murray (assistant commissioner), Dr. George W. Stoner (chief surgeon), Augustus Frederick Sherman (chief clerk), Dr. Victor Safford (surgeon), Dr. Victor Heiser (surgeon), Dr. Thomas W. Salmon (surgeon), Dr. Howard Knox (surgeon), Antonio Frabasilis (interpreter), Peter Mikolainis (interpreter), Maud Mosher (matron), Fiorello H. La Guardia (interpreter), and Philip Cowen (immigrant inspector).
Prominent amongst the missionaries and immigrant aid workers were Rev. Michael J. Henry and Rev. Anthony J. Grogan (Irish Catholic), Rev. Gaspare Moretto (Italian Catholic), Alma E. Mathews (Methodist), Rev. Georg Doring (German Lutheran), Rev. Joseph L'Etauche (Polish Catholic), Rev. Reuben Breed (Episcopal), Michael Lodsin (Baptist), Brigadier Thomas Johnson (Salvation Army), Ludmila K. Foxlee (YWCA), Athena Marmaroff (Woman's Christian Temperance Union), Alexander Harkavy (HIAS), and Cecilia Greenstone and Cecilia Razovsky (National Council of Jewish Women).
Records
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ellis_island_1902.jpg/220px-Ellis_island_1902.jpg)
A myth persists that government officials on Ellis Island compelled immigrants to take new names against their wishes.[30] In fact, no historical records bear this out. Federal immigration inspectors were under strict supervision and were more interested in preventing inadmissible aliens from entering the country (for which they were held accountable) than in assisting them in trivial personal matters such as altering their names. The inspectors used the passenger lists given to them by the steamship companies to process each foreigner. These were the sole immigration records for entering the country and were prepared not by the U.S. Bureau of Immigration but by steamship companies such as the Cunard Line, the White Star Line, the North German Lloyd Line, the Hamburg-Amerika Line, the Italian Steam Navigation Company, the Red Star Line, the Holland America Line, and the Austro-American Line.[31][32] The Americanization of many immigrant families' surnames was for the most part adopted by the family after the immigration process, or by the second or third generation of the family after some assimilation into American culture. However, many last names were altered slightly due to the disparity between English and other languages in the pronunciation of certain letters of the alphabet.[33]
Medical inspections
To support the activities of the United States Bureau of Immigration, the United States Public Health Service operated an extensive medical service at the immigrant station, called U.S. Marine Hospital Number 43, more widely known as the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital. It was the largest marine hospital in the nation. The medical division, which was active both in the hospital and the Great Hall, was staffed by uniformed military surgeons. They are best known for the role they played during the line inspection, in which they employed unusual techniques such as the use of the buttonhook to examine aliens for signs of eye diseases (particularly, trachoma) and the use of a chalk mark code. Symbols were chalked on the clothing of potentially sick immigrants following the six-second medical examination. The doctors would look at the immigrants as they climbed the stairs from the baggage area to the Great Hall. Immigrants' behavior would be studied for difficulties in getting up the staircase. Some immigrants entered the country only by surreptitiously wiping the chalk marks off, or by turning their clothes inside out.[34]
The symbols used were:
- B – Back
- C - Conjunctivitis
- CT – Trachoma
- E – Eyes
- F – Face
- FT – Feet
- G – Goiter
- H – Heart
- K – Hernia
- L – Lameness
- N – Neck
- P – Physical and Lungs
- PG – Pregnancy
- S – Senility
- SC – Scalp (Favus)
- SI – Special Inquiry
- X – Suspected Mental defect
- X (circled) – Definite signs of Mental defect
Notable immigrants
The first immigrant to pass through Ellis Island was Annie Moore, a 14-year-old girl from Cork, Ireland, who arrived on the ship Nevada on January 2, 1892.[35] She and her two brothers were coming to America to meet their parents, who had moved to New York two years prior. She received a greeting from officials and a $10 gold piece. It was the largest sum of money she had ever owned.[36] The last person to pass through Ellis Island was a Norwegian merchant seaman by the name of Arne Peterssen in 1954.
Immigration museum
The wooden structure built in 1892 to house the immigration station burned down after five years. The station's new Main Building, which now houses the Immigration Museum, was opened in 1900.[37] Architects Edward Lippincott Tilton and William Alciphron Boring received a gold medal at the 1900 Paris Exposition for the building's design. The architecture competition was the second under the Tarsney Act, which had permitted private architects rather than government architects in the Office of the Supervising Architect to design federal buildings.[38]
After the immigration station closed in November 1954, the buildings fell into disrepair and were all but abandoned. Attempts at redeveloping the site were unsuccessful until its landmark status was established. On October 15, 1965, Ellis Island was proclaimed a part of Statue of Liberty National Monument. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.
Boston based architecture firm Finegold Alexander + Associates Inc, together with the New York architectural firm Beyer Blinder Belle, designed the restoration and adaptive use of the Beaux-Arts Main Building, one of the most symbolically important structures in American history. A construction budget of $150 million was required for this significant restoration. This money was raised by a campaign organized by the political fundraiser Wyatt A. Stewart.[39] The building reopened on September 10, 1990.[40] Exhibits include Hearing Room, Peak Immigration Years, the Peopling of America, Restoring a Landmark, Silent Voices, Treasures from Home, and Ellis Island Chronicles. There are also three theaters used for film and live performances.
As part of the National Park Service's Centennial Initiative, the south side of the island was to be the target of a project to restore the 28 buildings that have not yet been rehabilitated.[41]
The "Wall of Honor" outside of the main building contains a partial list of immigrants processed on the island.[42] Inclusion on the list is made possible by a donation to support the facility. In 2008, the museum's library was officially named the Bob Hope Memorial Library in honor of one the station's most famous immigrants.
The Ellis Island Medal of Honor is awarded annually at ceremonies on the island.
State sovereignty dispute
The island, largely artificially created through landfill, is situated on the New Jersey side of Upper New York Bay. The natural portion of the island, part of New York City, is surrounded by rest of the island in Jersey City.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ellis-Island-map.svg/220px-Ellis-Island-map.svg.png)
The circumstances which led to an exclave of New York being located within New Jersey began in the colonial era, after the British takeover of New Netherland in 1664. An unusual clause in the colonial land grant outlined the territory that the proprietors of New Jersey would receive as being "westward of Long Island, and Manhitas Island and bounded on the east part by the main sea, and part by Hudson's river",[43] rather than at the river's midpoint, as was common in other colonial charters.[44]
When the Province of New Jersey was separated from the Province of New York in 1674, it was argued that Staten Island belonged to the former. Then-governor Edmund Andros directed that all islands in the bay that could be circumnavigated within 24 hours were part of New York. Soon thereafter, Captain Christopher Billopp sailed around it within the allotted time.[45][46] The border came to be understood as being along the shore of the Hudson River, Upper New York Bay, the Kill van Kull, and Arthur Kill.
Attempts were made as early 1804 to resolve the status of the state line.[47] The City of New York claimed the right to regulate trade on the all the waters. This was contested in Gibbons v. Ogden (22 U.S. 1) (1824),[48] which decided that the regulation of interstate commerce fell under the authority of the federal government, thus influencing competition in the newly developing steam ferry service in New York Harbor.
In 1830, New Jersey planned to bring suit to clarify the border, but the case was never heard.[49] The matter was resolved with a compact between the states, ratified by U.S. Congress in 1834, which set the boundary line between them as the middle of the Hudson River and New York Harbor.[50] This was later confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in other cases which also expounded on the compact.[9][51]
The federal government, which had bought the island in 1808, began expanding the island by landfill, to accommodate the immigration station opened in 1892. Landfilling continued in stages until 1934.[52]
Nine-tenths of the current area is artificial island that did not exist at the time of the interstate compact. New Jersey contended that the new extensions were part of New Jersey, since they were not part of the original island. In 1956, after the 1954 closing of the U.S. immigration station, the then Mayor of Jersey City, Bernard J. Berry, commandeered a U.S. Coast Guard cutter and led a contingent of New Jersey officials on an expedition to claim the island.[53] In 1997, the state filed suit to establish its jurisdiction, leading New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani to remark dramatically that his father, an Italian who immigrated through Ellis Island, never intended to go to New Jersey.[54]
The dispute eventually reached the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in 1998 that New Jersey had jurisdiction over all portions of the island created after the original compact was approved (effectively, more than 80% of the island's present land). This caused several immediate confusions: some buildings, for instance, fell into the territory of both states. New Jersey and New York soon agreed to share jurisdiction of the island. It remains wholly a Federal property, however, and these legal decisions do not result in either state taking any fiscal or physical responsibility for the maintenance, preservation, or improvement of any of the historic properties.[49][55][56]
For New York State tax purposes it is assessed as Manhattan Block 1, Lot 201. Since 1998, it also has a tax number assigned by the state of New Jersey.
In the arts
Ellis island has been a source of inspiration or subject for the arts including film, literature and music.
Early films, including those from the silent era, which feature the station include Traffic in Souls (1913), which starred Matt Moore; The Yellow Passport (1916), starring Clara Kimball Young; My Boy (1921), starring Jackie Coogan; Frank Capra's The Strong Man (1926), starring Harry Langdon; We Americans (1928), starring John Boles; The Mating Call (film), 1928, co-starring Thomas Meighan and Renee Adoree; Ellis Island (1936), starring Donald Cook; Paddy O'Day (1936), starring Jane Withers; Gateway (1938), starring Don Ameche; Exile Express (1939), which starred Anna Sten; and Gambling House (1951), starring Victor Mature
Some films have focused on the immigrant experience, such as the 1984 TV miniseries Ellis Island. The IMAX 3D movie Across the Sea of Time incorporates both modern footage and historical photographs of Ellis Island. The 2006 Italian movie The Golden Door, directed by Emanuele Crialese, takes place largely on Ellis Island.
The island has also been used as a film location. In the film X-Men, a UN summit held on the island is targeted by Magneto, a former immigrant who attempts to artificially mutate all the delegates present. In the 2005 feature film romantic comedy, Hitch, starring Will Smith, his and Eva Mendes' characters take a jet ski to the island and explore the building. The opening scene of The Brother From Another Planet takes place on Ellis Island.
Photographer Stephen Wilkes' series Ellis Island: Ghosts of Freedom (2006) captured the abandoned south side of Ellis Island and helped raise $6 million in funding from the United States Congress towards restoration of that area.[57]
Ellis Island as a port of entry is described in detail in Mottel the Cantor's Son by Sholom Aleichem. It is also the place where Don Corleone was held as an immigrant boy in The Godfather Part II, where he was marked with an encircled X.
Ellis Island: The Dream of America is a work for actors and orchestra with projected images by Peter Boyer, composed in 2001-02. Also a documentary on the hospital at Ellis Island was created by Lorie Conway.
"Scenes from Ellis Island" (for guitar ensemble, piano, double bass, two violins and percussion) was composed by American classical guitarist Benjamin Verdery, and was inspired by a visit to Ellis Island.
The song "The New Ground - Isle of Hope, Isle of Tears," on the 2010 album Songs from the Heart by the group Celtic Woman, is about Annie Moore and Ellis Island.
See also
- Immigration to the United States
- Angel Island, California
- Geography of New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary
- Port of New York and New Jersey
- Hoffman Island
- Swinburne Island
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Hudson County, New Jersey
- National Register of Historic Places listings in New York County, New York
- Philadelphia Lazaretto
- Pier 21
- Save Ellis Island
Notes
- ^ "Ellis Island - Hudson County, NJ". USGS. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
- ^ "Proclamation 3656 - Adding Ellis Island to the Statue of Liberty National Monument". 2010-04-05.
- ^ . Hagstrom Map Company, Inc. 2008. ISBN 0-8809-7763-9.
{{cite book}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ NPS:Ferry Map
- ^ Setha Low, Dana Taplin, Suzanne Sheld (2005) Rethinking Urban Parks, University of Texas Press; chapter 4.
- ^
Kurlansky, Mark (2006). The Big Oyster. New York: Random House Trade paerpbacks. ISBN 978-0-345-47639-5.
{{cite book}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ The New York Times, March 1, 2006, accessed March 16, 2008
- ^ a b Central R. Co. of New Jersey v. Jersey City, 209 U.S. 473 (1908)
- ^ Ellis Island Foundation Inc.: Ellis island timeline
- ^ Libertystatepark.com, via Jonasfamilyhistory.com
- ^ Logan, Andy (January 14, 1956). "Invasion from Jersey". Talk of the Town. The New Yorker. Retrieved 2011-02-14.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Fort Gibson, New York State Military Museum
- ^ a b National Park Service: Ellis Island
- ^ The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., Passenger Record: Annie Moore, date of arrival: January 2, 1892, retrieved 2011-03-23
- ^ The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., Ellis Island Timeline, downloaded 2011-03-23
- ^ Mausolf, Lisa B. (2007), Edward Lippincott Tilton: A Monograph on His Architectural Practice (PDF), retrieved 2011-09-28
{{citation}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ NPS:Ellis Island History
- ^ Jersey City Past and Present
- ^ NJ DEP LSP: Communipaw Terminal
- ^ Cunningham, John T. (2003). Ellis Island: Immigration's Shining Center. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738524283.
{{cite book}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ a b c d e Ellis Island Timeline, Ellis Island Foundation, 2000
- ^ The Brown Quarterly, Volume 4, No. 1 (Fall 2000): Ellis Island/Immigration Issue
- ^ National Park Service: Ellis Island, retrieved January 12, 2006.
- ^ Davis, Kenneth (2003), Don't Know Much About American History, HarperTrophy, ISBN 0-06-440836-1 ("Isle of Tears" or "Heartbreak Island," p. 123)
- ^ Description of Kissing Post's location
- ^ Article and picture of Kissing Post plaque
- ^ Jaynes, Gregory (July 8, 1985), "American Scene: From Ellis Island to LAX", TIME, retrieved 2011-03-06
- ^ a b Kenneth Conboy. Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces (November 16, 2002 ed.). Equinox Publishing. p. 352. ISBN 9799589886.
- ^ Name Changes at Ellis Island: Fact or Fiction?", Ancestry.com. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
- ^ Ellis Island Foundation list of steamships
- ^ US Dept of Justice American Names / Declaring Independence, Marian L. Smith, INS Historian, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, last updated January 20, 2006, accessed May 22, 2007
- ^ "The Effect of Immigration on Surnames", FamilyEduction.com. Retrieved 2009-02-20. Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Genealogy by Christine Rose and Kay Germain Ingalls, 2005.
- ^ Ellis Island Chalk Marks.[dead link] Retrieved April 21, 2007.
- ^ The Statue of Liberty- Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., Passenger Record: Annie Moore, date of arrival: January 2, 1892, ship: Nevada from Queenstownand], retrieved 2011-03-23
- ^ Ellis Island Timeline. Retrieved April 21, 2007.
- ^ National Park Service
- ^ Lee, Antoinette J., Architects to the Nation: The Rise and Decline of the Supervising Architect's Office, Oxford University Press, USA. 2000-04-20. ISBN 0-19-512822-2
- ^ "World's Premier Election Assistance NGO Appoints Chief Operating Officer: Top Republican strategist and fundraiser Wyatt A. Stewart, III to join the International Foundation for Electoral Systems" (PDF) (Press release). International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 30 November 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
- ^ National Park Service Ellis Island website
- ^ Bomar, Mary A. (2007). "Summary of Park Centennial Strategies" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2008-02-15.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (help) - ^ Wall of Honor website
- ^ The Duke of York's Release to John Lord Berkeley, and Sir George Carteret, 24th of June, 1664
- ^ Rieff, Henry, "Intrepretations of New York-New Jersey Agreements 1834 and 1921" (PDF), Newark Law Review, 1 (2)
- ^ PANYNJ 1998
- ^ http://www.statenislandhistorian.com/Images/digital_books/How_New_York_Acquired_Staten_Island.pdf
- ^ "Ellis Island Its Legal Status" (PDF). General Services Administration Office of General Counsel. February 11, 1963. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
{{cite journal}}
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(help); Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ GIBBONS v. OGDEN, 22 U.S. 1 (1824) 22 U.S. 1 (Wheat.) Full text of the opinion courtesy of Findlaw.com.
- ^ a b Greenhouse, Linda (May 27, 1998), "The Ellis Island verdict: The Ruling; High Court Gives New Jersey Most of Ellis Island", New York Times
- ^ "Statue of Liberty National Monument - Frequently Asked Questions". NPS.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved February 1, 2010.
- ^ http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Application_of_Devoe_Manufacuring_Company_for_a_Writ_of_Prohibition/Opinion_of_the_Court
- ^ State.ny.us
- ^ Logan, Andy (January 14, 1956 url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/1956/01/14/1956_01_14_019_TNY_CARDS_000252353). "Invasion from Jersey". The New Yorker.
{{cite web}}
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(help); External link in
(help); Missing or empty|date=
|url=
(help); Missing pipe in:|date=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Sheahan, Matthew. "My Grandmother Is the Greatest", Knot Magazine, May 4, 2004.
- ^ National Park Service map showing portions of the island belonging to New York and New Jersey
- ^ NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 page 779
- ^ Ellis Island: Ghosts of Freedom
References
- Ellis Island: Blocks 9019 thru 9023, Block Group 9, Census Tract 47, Hudson County, NJ; and Block 1000, Block Group 1, Census Tract 1, New York County, NY; United States Census Bureau.
- Report of the House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization under joint resolution of Senate and House of January 29, 1892, submitted by Mr. Stump. Ordered to be printed July 28, 1892. By United States Congress, House Committee on Immigration and Naturalization.
- Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, Personal Justice Denied, 1982 report;
- Encyclopaedia Britannica Films, Inc (1946). Immigration (Documentary). Internet Archive. Event occurs at 10:22. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
Archive film contains scenes of Ellis Island and New York City in the early 20th century.
- Guggenheim, Charles (director) (1989). Island of Hope - Island of Tears (Documentary). National Park Service. Event occurs at 28:24. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
From 1892–1954, Ellis Island was the port of entry for millions of European immigrants. Fascinating archival footage tells the moving story of families with dreams of opportunity, leaving their homes with what they could carry.
Further reading
- Baur, J. 'Commemorating Immigration in the Immigrant Society. Narratives of Transformation at Ellis Island and the Lower East Side Tenement Museum', in: König, M./Ohliger, R. (ed.), Enlarging European Memory. Migration Movements in Historical Perspective, 2006, 137-146.
- Baur, J. 'Ellis Island, Inc.: The Making of an American Site of Memory', in: Grabbe, H. J./Schindler, S. (ed.), The Merits of Memory. Concepts, Contexts, Debates, 2008, 185-196.
- Bolino, A. The Ellis Island Source Book, 1985
- Coan, P. M. Ellis Island Interviews: In Their Own Words, 1998.
- Conway, L. Forgotten Ellis Island, 2007.
- Corsi, E. In the Shadow of Liberty: The Chronicle of Ellis Island, 1935.
- Fairchild, A. Science at the Borders, 2004.
- Moreno, B., Images of America:Children of Ellis Island, 2005.
- Moreno, B., Images of America:Ellis Island, 2003.
- Moreno, B., Images of America:Ellis Island's Famous Immigrants, 2008.
- Moreno, B. Encyclopedia of Ellis Island, 2004. Google Books
- Moreno, B. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Ellis Island, Fall River Press, September 2010
- Novotny, A. Strangers at the Door, 1971.
- Pitkin, T. M. Keepers of the Gate, 1975.
External links
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- Ellis Island home page
- Ellis Island Visitor information
- Ellis Island Historical Timeline
- Ellis Island timeline
- Ellis Island Immigration Museum
- Free Search of Ellis Island Database - Port of New York Arrivals 1892–1924
- Supreme Court opinion in New Jersey v. New York (1998)
- National Park Service map showing portions of the island belonging to New York and New Jersey
- American Memory from the Library of Congress
- The Myth of Ellis Island Name Changes
- NPS: A brief early history
- The History of Ellis Island
- Eerie Ellis Island, Then And Now - slideshow by NPR
- The Ellis Island Experience - Articles, Documents and Images - Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives
- Ellis Island
- Port of New York and New Jersey
- Artificial islands
- History of immigration to the United States
- History of New York City
- Geography of Hudson County, New Jersey
- Islands of New Jersey
- Islands of New York City
- National Park Service National Monuments in New York
- National Park Service National Monuments in New Jersey
- Manhattan
- Edward Lippincott Tilton buildings
- Museums in Hudson County, New Jersey
- History museums in New York
- History museums in New Jersey
- Museums in Manhattan
- Borders of New York
- Borders of New Jersey
- Exclaves
- Beaux-Arts architecture in New Jersey
- Legal history of New Jersey
- Visitor attractions in Manhattan
- Internal territorial disputes of the United States