List of active separatist movements in Europe: Difference between revisions

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*** '''Political parties:''' [[Party of Democratic Action]]
*** '''Political parties:''' [[Party of Democratic Action]]
* {{flagicon|Albania}} [[Preševo Valley]]<ref>http://www.mondo.rs/v2/tekst.php?vest=79742 {{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Albania}} [[Preševo Valley]]<ref>http://www.mondo.rs/v2/tekst.php?vest=79742 {{dead link|date=October 2011}}</ref>
Kosovo [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declared independence]] from Serbia in 2008.
* {{flagicon|Kosovo}} [[Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija|Kosovo and Metohija]]
** '''''De facto'' state''' with [[International recognition of Kosovo|partial de jure recognition]]: {{flag|Kosovo}}


=={{flagicon|Spain}} Spain==
=={{flagicon|Spain}} Spain==

Revision as of 19:22, 23 March 2014

Map of active separatist movements in the European Union. Red names indicate regions with movements that only claim greater autonomy within the actual state. Black names indicate regions with important secessionist movements, although both categories include moderate movements. The nations highlighted in colors are the territories claimed by the local nationalist groups, including areas out of the state's borders and cases of annexation to other states (click to enlarge).

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism includes autonomism[citation needed] and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy[citation needed] or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are the citizen/peoples of the conflict area and not comes from other country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

  • De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy
  • Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state
  • Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession

Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks union with a neighbouring country.

Albania Albania

Austria Austria

Autonomist movements

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan

Belgium Belgium

Further information: Partition of Belgium

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatia Croatia

Autonomist movements

Cyprus Cyprus

Czech Republic Czech Republic

Denmark Denmark

For movements in Greenland, see List of active separatist movements in North America.

Finland Finland

France France

Some of the claimed nations and/or regions – 1. Brittany, 2. France proper (excluding Wallonia), 3. Occitania, 4. Lorraine which is sometimes part of France proper, 5. Alsace, 6. Basque Country, 7. Catalonia and 8. Corsica.
Secessionist movements
Gradual and eventual secession
Autonomist movements

Georgia (country) Georgia

Germany Germany

Secessionist movements

Autonomist movements

Italy Italy

Latvia Latvia

Autonomist movements
  • Latgale
    • Marginal political party and groups: „Gods un kārtība”, Linderman’s party "Par dzimto valodu"

Lithuania Lithuania

North Macedonia Macedonia

Moldova Moldova

Montenegro Montenegro

Netherlands Netherlands

  • Frisia
    • Proposed autonomous region: Frisia
      • Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member)
      • Status: Democratic movement seeking greater autonomy for Frisian-speaking people in Friesland[25]

Norway Norway

Poland Poland

Portugal Portugal

See also: List of active separatist movements in Africa § Portugal

Romania Romania

Autonomist movements

Russia Russian Federation

Main article: Republics of Russia

Russia's North Caucasus

See also: Insurgency in the North Caucasus
  • Chechen Republic of Ichkeria  Chechnya
    • Militant organisation: Chechen separatists; though recently Ramzan Kadyrov, the Russian-appointed leader of the Chechen Republic within Russia has also made statements seeming to support broad autonomy,[28] criticising Russian attempts to make a "North Caucasus" district[28] and inviting back separatist leader Akhmad Zakayev.[29]
    • Proposed state: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
  •  Dagestan
  •  Ingushetia
  • Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia
  • Circassia
    • Movement: Circassian nationalism; Circassian Congress; Circassian Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi
    • Proposed state: Circassia, including all regions historically included in Circassia and/or inhabited by Circassians (note: this includes Adygea as well as large parts of Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachey-Cherkessia, Krasnodar Krai, and Stavropol' Krai)
  • Balkar and Karachay peoples
    • Movement: Various nationalist organisations in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia
    • Goals: Firstmost, the establishment of autonomy for the Karachai and Balkars, rather than in biethnic republics where they must share power with Russians and Circassians (division of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia into smaller units, also popular for Circassian nationalists). Then, the unification of Karachay and Balkar units is advocated by some but not all nationalists (see Balkar and Karachai nationalism)

Russia's other European regions

See also: Separatist movements in Asian Russia

Serbia Serbia

Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008.

Spain Spain

See also: List of active separatist movements in Africa § Spain, and Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain
Areas in Spain with separatist movements.

Sweden Sweden

Switzerland Switzerland

Turkey Turkey

Ukraine Ukraine

United Kingdom United Kingdom (including Crown dependencies and Overseas Territories)

See also: Devolution in the United Kingdom
The United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the Republic of Ireland (click to enlarge)

Constituent countries of the United Kingdom

See also: Home Nations

England

See also: Cornish nationalism, Constitutional status of Cornwall, Cornish Assembly, Devolved English parliament, English independence, English nationalism, Scottish independence, and Scottish nationalism

Northern Ireland

See also: Alternative names for Northern Ireland, History of Northern Ireland, Irish nationalism, Irish republicanism, Names of the Irish state, Repartition of Ireland, The Troubles, Ulster loyalism, Ulster nationalism, and United Ireland

Scotland

See also: Devolution in Scotland, Scottish nationalism, and Scottish independence

Wales

See also: Monmouthshire (historic) § Ambiguity over Welsh status, Welsh nationalism, and Welsh independence

Crown dependencies

Channel Islands

Isle of Man

British Overseas Territories in Europe

For movements of the British Overseas Territories in other continents, see the List of active separatist movements in North America.

Note: There are disputes with Spain concerning Gibraltar and with Cyprus concerning Akrotiri and Dhekelia, another British Overseas Territory in Europe and Sovereign Base Areas. See also Disputed status of Gibraltar and Akrotiri and Dhekelia#Dispute with Cyprus. Other ideas (not separation) for constitutional reform of Gibraltar has been proposed:

  • The condominium, with sovereignty shared between the UK and Spain. It was proposed by the Spanish government, rejected by the British government.[59]
  • The devolved integration or incorporation into the United Kingdom itself. It aims to change the status of Gibraltar from a British overseas territory into an integral part of the UK. It is supported by the Integration With Britain Movement.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Einheitsliste". Einheitsliste. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  2. ^ "Nagorno Karabagh Republic: History and Current Reality". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
  3. ^ "Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno Karabakh". Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh and Shusha Executive Power Authority. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
  4. ^ Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia. DIANE Publishing. 2004. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4289-1020-1.
  5. ^ "Lista za Rijeku". Lista za Rijeku. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
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  9. ^ a b c "Sámi fly their flag in Helsinki". thisisFINLAND.
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  11. ^ "Russia's Javakhk Diaspora demands autonomous region status for Samtskhe-Javakhk". Times.am. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
  12. ^ "US State Department and Javakhk: The WikiLeaks Cables Part I". Asbarez. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
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  15. ^ "Die Friesen". Die Friesen. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
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  18. ^ "Movement "iatz!" Official Website".
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  20. ^ "Süd-Tiroler Freiheit Official website".
  21. ^ Diplomacy on the Edge: Containment of Ethnic Conflict And the Minorities Working Group of the Conferences on Yugoslavia, Geert-Hinrich Ahrens, p. 399
  22. ^ Невзат Халили си стана претседател на „Република Илирида" in Macedonian.
  23. ^ "The Transnistria "Republic" and illegal arms export". EuropeFront. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  24. ^ a b Zukorlić: Autonomija Sandžaka sve izvesnija | Aktuelno | Novosti.rs
  25. ^ "FNP program for the Provincial Elections 2007". Frisian National Party. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  26. ^ "Silesian Autonomy Movement". Silesian Autonomy Movement. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
  27. ^ "Szekler National Council website". Szekler National Council Transilvania. Retrieved 12 April 2009. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |publisher= at position 25 (help)
  28. ^ a b DMITRY SHLAPENTOKH (3 December 2009). "The Kremlin's renegade puppet in Chechnya". The Japan Times.
  29. ^ Shlapentokh, Dmitry (3 December 2009). "?". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  30. ^ Fred Weir, A Baltic province's story, in one man's life, Christian Science Monitor, 25 July 2002
  31. ^ http://www.mondo.rs/v2/tekst.php?vest=79742 [dead link]
  32. ^ Farimah Daftary, Stefan Troebst (2003), Radical ethnic movements in contemporary Europe, p. 192
  33. ^ MIJ
  34. ^ Pike, John (21 May 2004). "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
  35. ^ Dawson, Katie (1 May 2010). "Berwick-upon-Tweed: English or Scottish?". BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  36. ^ Scottish Democratic Alliance. "Scotland's National Borders". Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  37. ^ "Cornish Nation".
  38. ^ Professor Mark Stoyle, The Cornish: A Neglected Nation? 17 February 2011
  39. ^ Robins, David; Xylas, Nick (15 March 2003). The Case for Wessex (PDF). Wessex Constitutional Convention. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-9544667-0-1. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  40. ^ English National Liberation Association / English Republicans
  41. ^ Section 5: Solutions -Economic, Legal and Political Measures Restoring Britishness: UKIP Policy, UK Independence Party. Retrieved 6 April 2010. Template:WebCite
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  43. ^ The Official Website
  44. ^ Robins, David; Xylas, Nick (15 March 2003). The Case for Wessex (PDF). Wessex Constitutional Convention. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-9544667-0-1. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
  45. ^ Stead, Mark (24 March 2012). "We want devolution, says York council leader". York Press. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  46. ^ "The official website of the "Yorkshire Independence – Campaign for devolution"". Archived from the original on 6 December 2010.
  47. ^ https://www.facebook.com/pages/Yorkshire-Devolution-Movement/223743807767806
  48. ^ http://yorkshiredevolutionmovementt.wordpress.com/
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  50. ^ a b c Carrell, Severin (17 March 2013). "Scottish independence: islands consider their own 'home rule'". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  51. ^ McKenzie, Steven (24 January 2012). "Scottish independence: Orkney and Shetland 'should have right' to stay in UK". BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  52. ^ McVeigh, Tracy (30 June 2012). "Shetland asks if independence vote is chance to break away from Scotland". The Observer. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  53. ^ English Democrats. "Full Manifesto". Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  54. ^ Marr, James (2001). The History of Guernsey – the Bailiwick's story. Guernsey: Guernsey Press. ISBN 0953916618.
  55. ^ Bailhache, Philip (9 November 2012). "Confederation of the Channel Islands: next steps?". Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  56. ^ Pierce, Andrew (19 April 2007). "Guernsey to discuss severing link with UK". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  57. ^ Lister, Sam (27 June 2012). "Call for Jersey's independence". The Independent. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  58. ^ "National Day Statement by the PDP Leader". 10 September 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  59. ^ Gold, Peter (2005). Gibraltar: British or Spanish?. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-415-34795-2. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
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