Lizabeth Scott

Lizabeth Scott
Lizabeth Scott, 1947
Born	Emma Matzo (1922-09-29) September 29, 1922 Scranton, Pennsylvania, US
Other names	Elizabeth Scott
Alma mater	Alvienne School of the Theatre
Occupation(s)	Actress, singer, model
Years active	1942–1972
Political party	Republican
Signature

Lizabeth Virginia Scott (born September 29, 1922) is an American film actress, known for her deep voice and smoky sensual looks. After performing the Sabina role in the first Broadway and Boston stage productions of The Skin of Our Teeth, she emerged internationally in such films as The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946) with Barbara Stanwyck, Dead Reckoning (1947) with Humphrey Bogart, Desert Fury (1948) with John Hodiak, and Too Late for Tears (1949) with Don DeFore. No other actress has appeared in more film noir.

Early life

She was born Emma Matzo in Scranton, Pennsylvania, oldest of six children born to John Matzo (1895–1968) and Mary Pennock Matzo (1899–1981). Reference works, biographies, public records and newspaper articles have given conflicting accounts of the ethnic origins of her parents. For example, historian Paul R. Magocsi described her parents as Rusyns. However, in a video interview, Scott described herself as Russian. Her family lived in the Pine Brook section of Scranton, where John Matzo owned Matzo Market, a grocery store on the ground floor of the Matzos' two-story, red-brick house on the corner of Capouse Avenue and Ash Street. Scott has described her father as a "lifelong Republican," which influenced her own capitalistic views. The family was immersed in all things cultural, especially music. This love of music would influence Scott's voice.

Scott's famous accent, timbre and tempo began during first grade. Her parents sent her to weekly lessons at a local elocution school, held in "the living room of a Victorian house, where a Grande Dame would preside ..." As a result, Scott lost the Northeast Pennsylvania English spoken in the Scranton area. Scott's trademark broad "A" is characteristic of Mid-Atlantic English, an anonymous world English with characteristics of American and British English. It was used on radio, stage and film throughout the English-speaking world from the 1920s to 1960s. However, Scott has attributed the pitch or tone of her voice to heredity as a younger sister, a New York City model, had a similarly deep voice. In addition, Scott was given six years of piano lessons and two of voice. As a young girl, working in her father's store, she dreamed of being a journalist, then an opera singer and finally an actress. At the age of 11, she was the Fairy Godmother in a pantomime play, Cinderella, at summer camp. During Christmas season she would take part in pageants at the local Catholic church her family attended. Yet despite a strict Catholic upbringing, Scott described herself as "rebellious and outspoken" as a young girl, despite her mother telling her to subdue her emotions and "be a lady." When asked what was the best advice she was given, Scott replied, "I don't know, but I sure didn't take it." However, Scott mentioned adolescent favorites such as Ralph Waldo Emerson's Essays as having the greatest influence on her and Marcel Proust's Remembrance of Things Past as her favorite book of all time.

Scott attended Marywood Seminary, a local Catholic girls' school. She transferred to Scranton's Central High School, where she performed in several plays. After graduating, she spent the summer working with the Mae Desmond Players at a stock theater in the nearby community of Newfoundland. She then travelled down to Abingdon, Virginia and worked at the Barter Theatre. In the autumn she attended Marywood College (now Marywood University), but quit after six months. "I never wanted to finish college because of the feeling I had ... that life was very short and there were so many more important aspects of life to be explored." Mary Matzo wanted her daughter to become a journalist. But when Scott said she would either become a stage actress—or a nun—her mother relented. In 1939, with her father's help, the 17-year-old Scott moved to New York City, where she stayed at the Ferguson Residence for Women, "a dormitory-style residence in a converted mansion on 68th Street near Madison Avenue on the Upper East Side." Scott attended the Alvienne School of the Theatre in the Grand Opera House on 8th Avenue and 23rd Street. There she studied for 18 months, where she resisted attempts by the teachers to pitch her voice higher. During this time, Scott read Maxwell Anderson's Mary of Scotland, a play about Mary, Queen of Scots and Elizabeth I, from which she derived the stage name "Elizabeth Scott." She would later drop the "E" from Elizabeth.

Debut

In late 1940, an 18-year-old Scott auditioned for Hellzapoppin (1938). From several hundred women, she was chosen by vaudevillians John "Ole" Olsen (1892–1963) and Harold "Chic" Johnson (1891–1962), stars of the original Broadway production. She was assigned to one of three road companies, Scott's being lead by Billy House (1889–1961) and Eddie Garr (1900–1956, father of actress Teri Garr). Landing her first professional job, she would be billed as "Elizabeth Scott." Scott's tour opened November 3, 1940 at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut. Scott did blackouts and other types of sketch comedy during her 18-month tour of 63 cities across the US. Her salary was $50 a week. Scott returned to New York in the spring of 1942, where she joined a summer stock company at the 52nd Street Theatre on the subway circuit, the then equivalent of off-Broadway. Eventually, she starred as Sadie Thompson in John Colton's play Rain (1923). Though no drama critic reviewed the play, a press agent for new actresses, Joe Russell—known locally as "The Man who meets the Greyhound Bus"—persuaded a producer with a problem to see it.

Michael Myerberg (1906–1974) just moved an experimental production from New Haven, Connecticut to the Plymouth Theatre. Impressed by Scott's Sadie Thompson, he hired her as the understudy for Tallulah Bankhead (1902–1968) despite Bankhead's protests. Bankhead was the star of Thornton Wilder's then new play, The Skin of Our Teeth (1942). Bankhead had previously signed a contract forbidding an understudy for the Sabina role, which Myerberg breached when hiring Scott—rumors of an affair between the married Myerberg and the new understudy were rife. Scott has said that her fondest memory is when Myerberg told her, "I love you." But the two would eventually part.

Bankhead's ill-concealed contempt for Myerberg, originating with the New Haven production, was now exacerbated. Previously, Bankhead controlled the production by not showing up for rehearsal. Now Myerberg could simply put Scott in Bankhead's place. Scott has acknowledged that Myerberg used her to keep Bankhead under control and that Bankhead was furious at the situation. Describing her own experience with Bankhead, Scott recalled, "She never spoke to me, except to bark out commands. Finally, one day, I'd had enough. I told her to say 'please,' and after that she did."

The rivalry between the two actresses is cited as an alternative to the Martina Lawrence-Elizabeth Bergner origin of Mary Orr's short story, The Wisdom of Eve (1946), the basis of the 1950 film All About Eve. Broadway legend had it that Bankhead was being victimized by Scott, who was supposedly the real-life Eve Harrington. Bankhead later accused Mary Orr of basing the protagonist Margo Channing on her, which Orr denied. But Bette Davis' (1908–1989) personal costume designer, Edith Head (1897–1981), said she dressed Davis, who played Channing, on the understanding that Davis was supposed to look and act like Bankhead. However during the eight months Scott was understudy, she never had an opportunity to substitute for Bankhead, as Scott's presence guaranteed Bankhead's. Scott was cast as "Girl/Drum Majorette." Scott was 20-years old when the play opened. Though the play ran November 18, 1942 – September 25, 1943, Scott left the production during Hopkins' tenure.

Rise to fame

Hal Wallis

The continuing feud between Myerberg and Bankhead worsened her ulcer, leading her to not renew her contract. Anticipating Bankhead's move, Myerberg suddenly signed Miriam Hopkins (1902–1972) in March. Caught off-guard, Scott would eventually quit in disappointment. Bankhead's final zinger to Scott was "You be as good as she (Hopkins) is." For a brief period Scott understudied for Hopkins. While Scott liked Hopkins much more than Bankhead, she was still disappointed about being passed over for the Sabina role, ignoring the fact that her real purpose on the production was to keep Bankhead "in her corner." Before quitting, Scott replaced Hopkins for one night only. When Scott finally went on stage as Sabina, she was surprised by both the approval and fascination of the audience. Her replacement as Sabina understudy was another future femme fatale, 19-year-old Gloria Hallward, soon to be known as Gloria Grahame (1923–1981). Similarly to Scott–Bankhead, Grahame never substituted for Hopkins, either. When Michael Myerberg pulled Grahame from the play for another experimental production in Philadelphia—Star Dust—there was no understudy when Gladys George (1904–1954) took over for Hopkins. On August 30, 1943, Scott once again played Sabina when George was ill. Joe Russell was in the Plymouth Theatre audience that night. Afterward, when a Californian friend came to New York on one of his biannual visits to Broadway, Russell told him about Scott's performance. Russell's friend was an up-and-coming film producer for Warner Brothers, Hal Wallis (1898–1986).

Scott returned to her drama studies and some fashion modeling. Meanwhile, an associate and neighbor of Joe Russell, Irving Hoffman (1909–1968), a New York press agent and columnist for The Hollywood Reporter, had befriended Scott and tried to introduce her to helpful people. Hoffman earlier did the same for Lauren Bacall (born 1924), a model who was then being approached by several Hollywood studios. On September 29, 1943, Hoffman held a birthday party at the Stork Club—Scott had turned 21. By happenstance or design, Wallis was also at the club that night. Hoffman introduced Scott to Wallis, who arranged for an interview the following day. When Scott returned home, however, she found a telegram offering her the lead for the Boston run of The Skin of Our Teeth. Miriam Hopkins was ill. Scott sent Wallis her apologies, canceling the interview. Scott recalled "On the train up to Boston, to replace Miss Hopkins, I decided I needed to make the name more of an attention-grabber. And that's when I decided to drop the 'E' from Elizabeth."

California

Lizabeth Scott in You Came Along

Hopkins recovered in two weeks and Scott was back in New York. Scott returned to modeling for the Walter Thornton Agency, which Lauren Bacall also worked for. Sometime during this period, Scott would actually go out with Bacall on a double date. Bacall was currently a cover girl for Harper's Bazaar. Later that year, Scott herself would appear in a Harper's photographic spread, which was allegedly admired by film agent Charles Feldman (1904–1968) of Famous Artists Corporation (now ICM Partners). In a telegram to Scott he asked her to undergo a screen test. He invited her to Los Angeles and stay at the Beverly Hills Hotel, all expenses paid. Coincidentally or not, he just signed on Bacall, who would soon be making her first film. And the name of Feldman's agency was just that: "by the mid-1940s Feldman could boast of having three hundred clients, including actors, writers, and directors." Among the clientele would include future Scott costar, Kirk Douglas (born 1916).

On March 2, 1944, when Casablanca (1942) won the Best Picture Award at Grauman's Chinese Theatre, Casablanca's producer, Hal Wallis, rose to accept the Academy Award, but the Warner family prevented him leaving the aisle of seats. Instead, the studio head, Jack Warner (1892–1978), accepted the award, while Wallis looked on helplessly. This incident would change the focus of Scott's career from stage to screen actress. During that same month, Scott made a five-day trip to Los Angeles and stayed at the hotel, where she was forgotten by Feldman for 10 days.

After reaching Feldman on the telephone, Scott was given a 10-page test script. Being a stage actress, Scott knew nothing about screen acting. Her first screen test was at Universal, then at William Goetz's International Pictures. She was rejected by both studios (just before the two merged into Universal-International). Then she tested at Warner Brothers. But this time around, Wallis' sister, Minna Wallis, arranged for film director Fritz Lang to coach Scott. Here he taught Scott not to stop when flubbing a line while the camera was rolling, as the bad footage could be cut out later. She read a scene from The Male Animal (1942). Years later, Scott would confess that she "fell in love with the camera. 'There was just something about it ... Nothing made me happier than to do things for it, the camera. It was as if I were mesmerized by that lens. In actuality I was performing for it. I was interested in pleasing it to the ultimate.'" However, when Jack Warner saw the screen test, he also rejected Scott, who recalled that years later, when she attended parties at Warner's house, he never once mentioned ever seeing the test. The reason for Warner's rejection varies among film historians, ranging from Warner telling Charles Feldman: "She'll never be a star, only a second leading lady" to stopping a rival to Bacall, who was already signed on to Warner Brothers. In addition to Bacall, at the Warner Teddington Studios in London, there was a blonde, sultry-type actress named Elizabeth Scott (1915–2001), who looked similar to Veronica Lake (1922–1973) and Lana Turner (1921–1995), as well as Lizabeth Scott. This Scott was the second leading lady in the Warner noir Fingers (1941). A graduate from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, Scott had a contract with Warner Brothers in Hollywood, but did not to come to California due to the war.

Hal Wallis also saw the American Scott's test and recognized her potential. In a meeting Wallis told Scott, "If I could, I would put you under contract." But she did not believe him. She thought him as powerful as Warner and was "prevaricating." Unknown to Scott, years of infighting between Jack Warner and Wallis were about to climax. Under acrimonious circumstances, Wallis left Warner Brothers for Paramount Pictures. On the day that Scott was scheduled to leave for New York, she read in Variety that Wallis was at Paramount. But she spent several months in New York before Feldman telegraphed her in August 1944—Wallis wanted to sign her to a contract.

To Have and Have Not (1944), Bacall's first film, made its New York premiere October 11, 1944, but was released January 20, 1945. This film would be basis of accusing Scott of being a "Bacall manquée" for the rest of her career. Scott moved to Los Angeles in November 1944. Later that winter, Scott tested for Love Letters (1945) and the role of Susan in The Affairs of Susan (1945), but was cast in neither.

At the age of 22, Scott's film debut was the comedy-drama You Came Along (1945) opposite Robert Cummings (1910–1990). Originally conceived as a Barbara Stanwyck (1907–1990) vehicle, Ayn Rand's (1905–1982) script concerns an Army Air Force officer, Bob Collins, who tries to hide his terminal leukemia from his handler, Ivy Hotchkiss (Scott), a US Treasury PR flack, whom Bob just met during a war bond drive. They become romantically involved, agreeing it's "just fun up in the air." Then Ivy finds out the truth and makes a fateful decision to make the most of the little time they have together. Production ran February 6–April 6, 1945. During the shooting of You Came Along, Hal Wallis showed Scott's screen test to Hollywood columnist Bob Thomas (1922–2014). Wallis said: "Notice how her eyes are alive and sparkling ... Once in a while she reads a line too fast, but direction will cure that. That voice makes her intriguing." Almost four months before the release of Scott's first film, Thomas' March 16, 1945 column was the first to make a comparison between Lauren Bacall and Scott, thus beginning a critical trend to marginalize Scott in favor of Bacall. The Thomas meme would continue to haunt Scott's reputation to the present day. In 1991 Pauline Kael would write that Scott's acting in the later Dead Reckoning (1947) was "processed out of Mary Astor and Lauren Bacall routines."

Despite Scott's initial difficulties with Cummings, she soon gained his respect with her performance and force of personality. After shooting, Cummings even went out of his way to quench rumors that he would never work with Scott again. However, Scott never made any headway with the director, John Farrow (1904–1963). Farrow lobbied for Teresa Wright and when he did not get her, he made his displeasure known to Scott throughout the shoot. You Came Along, remains, however, Scott's favorite of all the films she made. The film premiered in Los Angeles on August 2, 1945. Later in October 1945, Tallulah Bankhead denied Paramount publicity saying Scott was her understudy on Broadway. "'Nobody ever understudies me,' baritones the Alabam' belle. 'When I don't go on, the play doesn't go on!'"

Paramount years

The Threat

Martha Ivers

Lizabeth Scott in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers

In September 1945, Paramount public relations dubbed Scott "The Threat," which derived from a critic's description of Scott: "She's the Threat, to the Body, the Voice and the Look." "The Body" (Marie McDonald, 1923–1965), "The Voice" (Frank Sinatra, 1915–1998) and "The Look" (Lauren Bacall) were supposed to be threatened by Scott's arrival on the Hollywood scene. However, McDonald's measurements were 36½-22½-35 with a height of 5'6", versus Scott's 34-24-34 with a height of 5'6". Nor was Scott permitted to sing after her first film, invariably being dubbed by Trudy Stevens. Scott herself never cared for the moniker, though she found "meanie" roles easier to play. Early in February 1946, Scott was dating an unknown actor named Burton Lancaster, with whom Scott would do a screen test. Under contract to Hal Wallis, the actor would be loaned out to Universal-International for The Killers (1946) under the name of Burt Lancaster (1913–1994). Lancaster's first marriage was in trouble and despite rumors of marriage between him and Scott, the two would break-up the following year.

Later in 1946, Scott's moniker proved prophetic with Barbara Stanwyck, who, in a letter, objected about Scott's top billing in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946): "I will not be co-starred with any other person other than a recognized male or female star." Lawyers for Wallis and Stanwyck hashed it out. Eventually, the final billing ran Stanwyck, Van Heflin (1910–1971) and Scott at the top, with newcomer Kirk Douglas in second place. But Wallis' interest in promoting Scott was obsessive. The AFI page on Martha Ivers notes: "Director Lewis Milestone (1895–1980) is quoted in an article in the Los Angeles Sun Mirror on 8 Dec 1946 as having said that he would never make another picture with producer Hal Wallis because Wallis wanted to reshoot scenes in this film for more close-ups of Lizabeth Scott; Milestone reportedly told Wallis to shoot them himself—which he did." Wallis ended up adding extra footage of Scott at the expense of Stanwyck's footage, which later led to a contretemps between Stanwyck and Wallis. Concerning her first film noir, Scott recalled how strange it was to be in a film with Stanwyck and only have one brief scene together, where the entire dialog consisted of greetings. The screenplay by Robert Rossen (1908–1966) depicts two separate story-lines running parallel—one dominated by Martha Ivers (Stanwyck) and the other by Antonia "Toni" Marachek (Scott). The Heflin character, Sam, interfaces both story-lines, which only overlap in the one scene where the fatale Martha and ingénue Toni meet. Sam is a returning war veteran who is stuck with a wrecked car in his childhood hometown of Iverstown, owned by a matriarch industrialist, Martha, who runs it like the mob boss of a big corrupt city. After Toni is jailed on a parole violation, Sam approaches Martha's weak-willed husband, the local district attorney and Martha's childhood partner-in-crime, Walter O'Neil (Kirk Douglas). Though Sam only asks for help to free Toni, Walter suspects Sam of ulterior motives. Martha, fearing that Sam knows her secret, tries to trap him inside her opulent but dark world. Toni, a typical Rossenian heroine of the working-class, represents a poorer but more moral existence for Sam. Due to its depiction of upper-class and police corruption, as well as the political affiliations of the screenwriter, the film was listed by the FBI as communist propaganda. Production ran October 2–early December 1945. It was released September 13, 1946.

The February 1946 issue of Popular Photography served up a "capsule psychological diagnosis" of Scott by celebrity photographer Philippe Halsman (1906–1979), which repeated the usual unfavorable comparisons to Bankhead and Bacall, as well as a new moniker, "the menace." Halsman did the Life photograph of Bacall that her moniker, "The Look," derived from. Before Scott moved to Los Angeles, both she and Halsman lived on West 67th Street in New York City, where her all dressed-in-black appearance would frighten Halsman whenever she took walks through the neighborhood. Scott had much better luck with another "photographer of the stars," Maurice Seymour (1900–1993), a White Russian whom she dated in the 1940s. In addition to taking publicity photographs of Lizabeth Scott, Seymour also photographed the British Elizabeth Scott.

File:Publicity shot of Lizabeth Scott being interviewed on the BBC.jpeg

Lizabeth Scott on British television

In June 1946 Scott would gain the distinction of being the first Hollywood star to visit Britain since the end of the Second World War. She was there to attend the London premiere of Martha Ivers and a promotional tour through the country. In Liverpool and Manchester she was met by massive crowds. Her appeal was now truly international. During her stay in Britain, Scott was interviewed by Wynford Vaughan-Thomas on Picture Page, a news magazine program, at the BBC's Alexandra Palace studios.

Wallis would continue to cast Scott in film noir thrillers, as Scott's sensuality and deep voice lent itself to the genre. Like the later Elizabeth Taylor (1932–2011), Scott was one of those rare actresses that needed little makeup beyond lipstick. In Scranton, classmates would make fun of her naturally dark brows and blonde hair, thinking them dyed. As an adult, Scott's appearance was so striking that columnist and friend Dorothy Kilgallen (1913–1965) described Scott as "wheat-haired." While Scott was still in Britain, shooting began on a new noir that Scott would join when she returned—Dead Reckoning.

Dead Reckoning

The smoky blonde actress was initially compared to Bacall because of the 1940s pin-curl, bobbed hair and deeper than average voice, even more so after she starred with Bacall's husband, Humphrey Bogart (1899–1957), in Dead Reckoning, where Bogart's character, Murdock, calls Scott the "Cinderella with the husky voice." Columbia originally intended Rita Hayworth (1918–1987) for the role, who was busy with The Lady from Shanghai (1947). Then attention turned to Bacall, who also refused. As a result, Scott was borrowed from Hal Wallis.

The film itself starts in flashback. Rip Murdock (Humphrey Bogart), fearing for his life, reveals everything he knows to a priest in church. Murdock and Johnny Drake (William Prince, 1913–1996) are Medal of Honor recipients. On their way to Washington by train, Drake goes AWOL, leading Murdock on a manhunt that ends with Drake's charred body in a morgue. Murdock is told that Drake is a murder suspect. Murdock finds the widow of Drake's alleged victim, Coral "Dusty" Chandler (Scott), who sings at a nightclub owned by Martinelli (Morris Carnovsky, 1897–1992). Scott here makes her debut as an Ann Sheridan-like figure (1915–1967), smoky, mysterious, ambiguous as to motive, unlike the direct characters that Bacall depicted. As Murdock gradually discovers the truth behind Drake's death, he falls in love with Dusty, who may not be the innocent bystander that she seems.

When the film was finally released and the reviews came in, they revealed that most critics never caught the differences in the accent, diction and timbre of Scott and Bacall. Bacall's accent is pre-WW2, upper-middle-class New York metropolitan, often mistaken for Mid-Atlantic due to the broad "A" and non-rhotic pronunciation of words containing "R." Unlike Scott's inherited low tone, Bacall originally had a naturally high tone with a nasal timbre and fast tempo, but trained herself to pitch her voice lower and slow down her delivery for To Have and Have Not. Bacall's singing voice is alto, while Scott's is mezzo-soprano. Despite Bacall's "mannered toughness" and Scott's "breathy theatricality," when Bacall did the voice-over for a 1990s cat-food commercial, some people thought it was Scott.

Physically, Bacall's facial structure is similar to K. T. Stevens (1919–1994), Gene Tierney (1920–1991), Yvonne de Carlo (1922–2007), Nancy Guild (1925–1999), Patricia Neal (1926–2010) and Hal Wallis' then new discovery from Argentina, Kristine Miller (born 1929). Lizabeth Scott is closer physically to the British Elizabeth Scott and three actresses that would appear during the 1950s, Melina Mercouri (1920–1994), Virginia Leith (born 1932) and another Charles Feldman protégé, Rosemarie Bowe (born 1932). But more notable than any actual similarity between Bacall and Scott are the same people, institutions and events that would affect to varying degrees their careers: the Second World War, the Walter Thornton Agency, Harper's Bazaar, Irving Hoffman, Charles Feldman and the Famous Talent Corporation, Humphrey Bogart, the Hollywood columnist community—and eventually the "Second Red Scare" (1947–1954). Bacall regularly visited the Dead Reckoning set and even went out to lunch with Scott. Also, both actresses made Bogart's personal list of the nine "most potent" kissers "in movie love scenes" he filmed with.

At the age of 25, Scott's billing and portrait were equal to Bogart's on the film's lobby posters and in advertisements. Most often portrayed in publicity stills was the Jean Louis (1907–1997) gown-and-glove outfit worn in the nightclub scene, the most iconic gown Scott worn in her entire film career (see infobox). Designed with little front and no back, Louis called it his 1948 "umbilicalar model." Dead Reckoning would be the first of many femme fatale roles for Scott. In September 1946, a Motion Picture Herald poll of exhibitors voted her the seventh-most promising "star of tomorrow." Production ran 10 June–4 September 1946. It premiered in New York the week of 23 January 1947. Despite the initial positive publicity, the long-term effect of Dead Reckoning would be to typecast the former comedienne for her entire career, in which she would appear in 13 more noirs, though she would be a femme fatales in only two of them. During the 1947–1949 period her career would peak out, but Dead Reckoning and Bogart did give Scott a boost she would never see again. In the following year, contrary to general expectations, Bacall herself approved of the casting of Scott in Dead Reckoning.

Other films

1940s

Arthur Kennedy with Lizabeth Scott in Too Late for Tears

With the coming of the Second World War, a new type of Hollywood actress appeared on the big screen. Film historian Kevin Starr described it thus: "The stars emerging in 1940, by contrast—Rita Hayworth, Ann Sheridan, Ida Lupino, Lupe Vélez, Marie Windsor, Lana Turner, Lizabeth Scott—each possessed a certain hardness, an invisible shield of attitude and defense, that suggested that times were getting serious and that comedy would not be able to handle all the issues ... Just a few years earlier Hollywood had been presenting the wisecracking platinum blonde, frank, sexy, self-actualizing. Now with the war, that insouciance had become hard-boiled."

This "hard-boiled" quality appeared in Scott's two previous films and would be repeated in Desert Fury (1947), which was the second noir filmed in color and a Western one as well. It starred John Hodiak (1914–1955), Burt Lancaster, Wendell Corey (1914–1968) and Mary Astor (1906–1987). Astor played Fritzi Haller, a casino and bordello owner, who runs the desert town of Chuckawalla. Scott played Fritzi's 19-year-old daughter, Paula, who, on her expulsion from "her fifth finishing school," returns home. She falls for gangster Eddie Bendix (Hodiak), and faces a great deal of opposition from everyone else. Generally panned by critics when it first appeared, it has been gaining critical praise and comprehension in the passing years. Even the once ridiculed high-fashion clothes of Scott's—by Edith Head with the colors the Southwest in mind—play a role in the continued fascination with the film. Robert Rossen's screenplay repeated the matriarch-run-town trope of The Strange Love of Martha Ivers. Originally, Hal Wallis hired Ramona Stewart (1922–2006), a 23-year-old graduate from the University of Southern California, to write the screenplay, which was based on her unpublished Desert Town (1947), a coming-of-age novel bought by Wallis before its serialization in Collier's. But Wallis later hired Rossen to write the script that was used. Another 23-year-old, Betsy Drake, was originally cast as Paula, but "failed" the screen test and was replaced by Scott (who was 24 at the time). Much of the shooting was done on location in Cottonwood, Arizona. Shooting took place mid-August–early November 1946. The film was released August 15, 1947. The male lead, John Hodiak, previously starred with Tallulah Bankhead in Lifeboat (1944). Also, his wife Anne Baxter would play the role of Eve Harrington in All About Eve. During the shooting of Desert Fury scenes that took place in Los Angeles, Scott would briefly reappear with Burt Lancaster in a spoof William Tell sketch in Variety Girl (1947).

In December 1946, Scott again starred with Lancaster, Corey and Douglas in Wallis' I Walk Alone (1948), a noirish story of betrayal and vengeance. In her second torch singer role, Scott is Kay Lawrence, who befriends a convict, Frankie Madison (Lancaster), who returns to New York after 14 years in prison to collect a debt from Kay's ex-boyfriend, Noll "Dink" Turner, played by Douglas. Turner is the owner of the Regent Club, which Frankie owns a share of. Both men compete for Kay's affections as they battle for control of the business that Turner built while Frankie was in prison. The film was a dramatic hit with the audience. But there was more drama behind the scenes of the film, originally titled Deadlock. The Kay Lawrence role was originally intended to be Kristine Miller's breakout role. But Scott, ever competitive with all actresses, grabbed role for herself. Miller later recalled, "(Wallis) planned to star me in 'I Walk Alone.' He tested me with Burt; it was a wonderful test. But then Lizabeth Scott decided she wanted the role, and Lizabeth got whatever she wanted—from Hal Wallis! (Laughs) So, I got the second part instead." Miller, who previously appeared in a walk-on role in Desert Fury, would always be in Scott's shadow. Miller never became a big star. Douglas, while working with Lancaster on the film, noted: "Lizabeth Scott played the girl we were involved with in the movie. In real life she was involved with Hal Wallis. This was a problem. Very often, she'd be in his office for a long time, emerge teary-eyed, and be difficult to work with for the rest of the day." Though relations between Lancaster and Scott were previously romantic, there was a falling-out now. Lancaster's behavior toward Scott was chilly, especially during one kissing scene, leaving Scott looking exasperated. Shooting took place early December 1946–mid-February 1947. The film was released January 16, 1948. By April 9, 1947, Lancaster tried to break his 7-year contract with Paramount. He claimed it violated a previous freelance deal—but added that he did not want to work with Scott anymore. Despite all the issues among the cast and past critics, I Walk Alone is usually judged now to be a classic film noir.

On October 27, 1947, in Washington, D.C., Bogart led Bacall and the Committee for the First Amendment—25 members of the film industry—into the House Un-American Activities Committee's hearings on communist influence in Hollywood. The actors maintained the innocence of the Hollywood Ten. Scott would eventually star in films with four members of the Committee for the First Amendment—Jane Wyatt (1910–2006), Lucille Ball (1911–1989, member of the Communist Party USA for one year—1936), Robert Ryan (1909–1973) and Paul Henreid (1908–1992)—in addition to Bogart himself. Later Bogart was forced to recant his position against the Hollywood blacklist by allowing his name to be used as a byline for the article, "I'm No Communist," in the March 1948 Photoplay. John Cromwell (1887–1979), who directed Dead Reckoning, would later be blacklisted in the 1950s as his loyalty to the US was questioned during the HUAC hearings, as would Kim Hunter (1922–2002), who played Scott's sister in You Came Along. One of the key witnesses testifying against the Hollywood Ten was Jack Warner, who fired Robert Rossen for allegedly injecting communist propaganda into screenplays. Another witness was an ex-communist and reporter for the New York Journal-American, Howard Rushmore (1912–1958), who would later write an exposé on Lizabeth Scott.

In January 1948, Scott played another noirish ingénue in the second favorite film she would make—Pitfall (1948) with Dick Powell (1904–1963) and Jane Wyatt. Director André de Toth (1912–2002) explained his reasons for casting Mona: "I wanted Lizabeth Scott. I didn't want some blonde with big tits. You had to believe that this girl was real. Even if I took one of these over-sexed types who could not act, it would change how the Powell character is drawn into the affair. Remember the point of the script was that he's just a middle-level insurance investigator. He's tired of his job, spending time in his little office with a drab secretary. So I could have made a different picture, with a prettier girl than Lizabeth Scott, and told the story of that girl, her problems; but that wasn't this movie. That would make it phony, if you cast it with Marilyn Monroe, a type like that. I needed somebody real." In post-war Los Angeles, the Powell character, John Forbes, is investigating Mona Stevens (Scott), a model at May Department Store, in connection with an embezzlement case. Her jailed boyfriend Bill Smiley (Byron Barr) brought expensive presents for Mona. As John searches her Marina Del Rey apartment for evidence, she returns home and catches him in the act. Despite initial appearances, she is no femme fatale. Bored with his wife (Jane Wyatt), John conducts an affair, but he soon competes for Mona with a voyeuristic detective, J.B. "Mack" MacDonald, played by a then unknown Canadian actor, Raymond Burr (1917–1993). Soon all the characters are enmeshed in a murderous, five-way relationship. Shooting took place January 15–February 18, 1948 at General Service Studios. It was released August 19, 1948. In the story, Mack dominates Mona by making her model various outfits at a fashion show, echoing Hal Wallis' own obsession with Scott's image in film and advertisements. In real life, Wallis would insist that publicity stills of Scott be retouched with extra care, that cheap products not be endorsed, that the price of high-fashion clothes modeled by Scott never to be mentioned in print. Price was no object to a true star. This idée fixe was especially echoed by the fashion parade in Desert Fury.

In May 1948, it was announced that Jane Greer (1924–2001) and Robert Mitchum (1917–1997) would star in a football-themed story by Irwin Shaw, originally titled "Interference." Afterward, Lucille Ball replaced Greer and Victor Mature (1913–1999) replaced Mitchum. Scott was slated to play the female costar. Then Scott replaced Ball as leading lady. The reason for the role switch is unknown, though Ball never forgave Mature for his rudeness when they made Seven Days' Leave (1942). But Ball was in career slump at the time and had to take the secondary role of club secretary. Mature played football star Pete Wilson, who has a heart problem. As a result, he faces a dilemma that could end his marriage—or his life. Scott was Pete's wife, Liza "Lize" Wilson, an avaricious, social climbing interior decorator, who might leave Pete if he quits football and loses his lucrative income. The original ending has Pete leaving Lize for the nobler secretary. But to the bewilderment of critics, it was changed to an ambiguous ending where Pete stays with Lize. The final film, titled Easy Living (1949), was shot early July–mid-August 1948, but was released October 8, 1949. Despite the general negative response when it was released, the 1949 New York Times review was uncommonly positive, though typically dismissive of Scott's performance. Critics of the day still saw Scott as a femme fatale, despite Easy Living being a sports-drama. But current critiques tend to see Scott as an underrated dramatic actress in her Lize role.

In September 1948, Scott would play the ultimate femme fatale in Too Late for Tears, with Don DeFore, Dan Duryea (1907–1966), Arthur Kennedy (1914–1990) and Kristine Miller. The story again takes place in post-war Los Angeles, where the facade of a typical married couple is shattered when someone by mistake throws $60,000 into their car. In an effort to keep the money, the wife, Jane Palmer (Scott), leaves a trail of bodies to the very end. This Hitchcock-like, black-and-white noir is widely considered Scott's best film and performance, eliciting praise even from the traditionally hostile New York Times. But the film was a box office failure when it was released and the producer, Hunt Stromberg (1894–1968), was forced into bankruptcy. The then discredited screenwriter, Roy Huggins (1914–2002), denounced the director Byron Haskin (1899–1984) and said the film "had all the suspense of a two-hour ride on a merry-go-round." Huggins, a former member of the Communist Party USA, would be blacklisted and forced to testify as a friendly witness for the HUAC in 1952. Yet 64 years after the box office failure, a film historian has noted the film's staying power: "Too Late for Tears is a relatively 'unknown and unseen' noir and deserves this recognition, especially for its storyline, acting and the incredible performance of Lizabeth Scott in the femme fatale role." Though shooting took place mid-September to mid-October 1948 at Republic Pictures, the film was released July 8, 1949. During the shooting of a scene where Scott screams at Duryea, she accidentally broke a blood vessel in her throat.

Lizabeth Scott in Paid in Full

At the end of 1948, Scott shifted dramatic gears in Paid in Full (1950). Mousy Jane Langley (Scott), a department store illustrator, allows younger sister Nancy (Diana Lynn, 1926–1971), a beautiful store model, to marry Bill Prentice (Robert Cummings), despite Jane's love for him. A few years later, Jane has an argument with Nancy, who catches Jane and Bill having an affair. Distraught, Jane backs up her car and accidentally kills her young niece. The Prentices then divorce. Jane eventually marries Bill herself and gets pregnant, despite warnings from all around. Before Jane dies after giving birth, she gives the baby to her sister. Hal Wallis first read about the real-life story by Dr. Frederick M. Loomis in Reader's Digest on a flight to London. In a film reminiscent of Stella Dallas (1937) and Mildred Pierce (1945), both Cummings and the original screenwriter, Robert Rossen, were out of their depth. Rossen had to be replaced—but the film succeeded surprisingly well. The makeup department, however, was not entirely successful in toning down Scott's looks, in contrast to the supposedly more glamorous sister. Also, Scott deliberately chose clothes to enhance her figure. There was reportedly a "scene stealing" competition between Scott and Lynn on the set. Production ran mid-October–late November 1948. The film would not be released until March 1950.

On Tuesday, January 25, 1949, Scott collapsed and went into hysterics on the RKO set of The Big Steal (1949). She immediately quit after three-days' production. According to Scott's replacement, Jane Greer, Scott quit because she was concerned about being associated with the leading man, Robert Mitchum, who at the time was incarcerated at the local honor farm for a marijuana conviction—Mitchum was convicted January 10, 1949. It was also later alleged that Hal Wallis was supposedly responsible for Scott's bowing out. Yet, Scott would star with Mitchum in a RKO film two years later. During this same period, the press would report rumors of Scott's stage fright, an ailment common to actors. Scott herself has admitted to stage fright, explaining her absence during premieres of her films. Similarly to Jean Arthur, Scott's stage fright may have been associated with some psychosomatic illness.

During Scott's recovery period, Walter Winchell (1897–1972), in his June 9, 1949 "On Broadway" column, repeated a rumor of Scott's impending marriage to Mortimer Hall (1924–2012), CEO and president of radio station KLAC and son of Dorothy Schiff, publisher of the New York Post. But Scott and Hall would later break up. Hall would eventually marry actress Ruth Roman (1922–1999), pursue Rosemarie Bowe—who looked similar to Scott—divorce Roman, then marry Scott's Paid in Full costar Diana Lynn.

By June 22, 1949 Scott was reportedly recovered from her January episode and was to be loaned out by Hal Wallis to the Princeton Drama Festival. In July 1949, Scott returned to the stage in the title role of Philip Yordan's play, Anna Lucasta, at the McCarter Theatre, Princeton, New Jersey." The press reported: "Folks who expected fireworks when Liz Scott and Tallulah Bankhead crossed paths at the Princeton Drama Festival were vastly disappointed. It was all sweetness and light."

Finally, Scott decided to legalize her stage name. Having been known professionally as "Lizabeth Scott" for almost seven years, Superior Court Judge Clarence M. Hanson granted on Wednesday, September 14, 1949, a request to legally change Emma Matzo to Lizabeth Scott, who was 15 days from her 28th birthday. In November, Scott returned to the stage: "Lizabeth Scott, out of movies for the winter, opened at the East Hartford, Conn. theater in Anna Lucasta."

1950s

1950 would see Scott act in four films. In a continuing effort to escape her femme fatale typecasting, Scott would play another self-sacrificing, June Allyson-like character before reverting to her usual torch singer/socialite roles. In The Company She Keeps (1951), a soap opera-noir hybrid, she played Joan Willburn, a probation officer who sacrifices her fiancé to a scheming convict, Diane Stuart (Jane Greer), who echoes Scott's Toni Marachek from Martha Ivers. Diane moves to Los Angeles to start a new life. She is met there by Joan, who procures Diane a job in a hospital. After Joan turns down a marriage proposal from a journalist, Larry Collins (Dennis O'Keefe, 1908–1968), Diane begins dating him. Joan initially resists the idea of Diane marrying Larry, but eventually gives it her blessing. While Greer's famous beauty was toned down for the film, Scott's was not. As a result, similarly to Paid in Full, critics were generally unconvinced that the leading man would choose the dowdy Diane over Joan. Most critics thought Scott and Greer were miscast and should have switched roles. Columnist Erskine Johnson summed it thus: "Lizabeth Scott is on her second reach-for-the-handkerchief-Mabel picture for RKO." Scott herself described her character Joan: "I call this girl the lovely damsel type." Production ran early March–early April 1950. It was released Jan 6, 1951. A box-office failure due to the then perceived miscasting and mix of noir and "weepie" genres, The Company She Keeps has risen in critical esteem with a more sophisticated audience in later years.

Scott played her third torch singer role in Dark City (1950), a traditional film noir. Her boyfriend, Danny Haley—Charlton Heston (1923–2008) in his film debut—is a bookie who is the apparent target of a vengeful brother of a dead man that Haley swindled. Originally Burt Lancaster was cast as the leading man, but he refused to work with Scott again. Hal Wallis instead loaned him out to 20th Century Fox and MGM. Production ran April 5–May 12, 1950. It was released October 1950. In a May interview Scott said she was reading the entire oeuvre of Aldous Huxley (1994–1963). In another interview she admitted almost joining a "cult" endorsed by Huxley. Huxley, screenwriter Christopher Isherwood (1904–1986) and Roddy McDowell (1928–1998) were members of the local British expatriate community that explored concepts like reincarnation, fate and destiny, of which Scott also acquired. In this, Scott resembles Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955), a popular Catholic author within the Huxley circle. Yet, conversely, Scott was a friend and reader of Ayn Rand, an Aristotelian atheist. Later that year, Scott was cast to do the summer stock version of Tennessee Williams' Summer and Smoke (1948). Instead, she quit the production and audited two morning courses—philosophy and political science—for six weeks at the University of Southern California.

In Two of a Kind (1951), Scott is Brandy Kirby, a socialite who seduces a gambler, Michael "Lefty" Farrell (Edmond O'Brien, 1915–1985), into joining a caper. Brandy is working with her boyfriend attorney, Vincent Mailer (Alexander Knox, 1907–1995), both of whom want Mike to persuade an industrialist to change his will, making a long-lost son the beneficiary to ten million dollars. And Mike is to impersonate that son. Brandy coaches Mike on details of the McIntyre boy's life. She then arranges for Mike to meet Kathy McIntyre (Terry Moore, born 1929), the McIntyres' niece, who introduces Farrell to her uncle and aunt, William and Maida McIntyre. While Maida is convinced Mike is her son, her husband is still skeptical and refuses to change his will. Brandy tries to protect Mike, who endangers himself when he refuses to help Vincent murder the McIntyres. Production ran 10 October–November 2, 1950. It was released July 1951. Originally titled Lefty Farrell, much of the shooting was done on location at Malibu, California.

Red Mountain (1952) is set in the 1860s, starring Scott as Chris, the only member of her family to survive the Civil War. Red Mountain would be the second of Scott's three Westerns, though the only traditional non-noir one. The leading man was Alan Ladd (1913–1964) in a typical knight errant role—Brett Sherwood, a Confederate Army captain seeking to make a last stand against the Union. Arthur Kennedy, as a freed Confederate POW fiancé, rejoined Scott as one of her two love interests. The villain of the story, General William Quantrill, was played by John Ireland (1914–1992), who would be blacklisted during the 1950s as a suspected communist along with costar Jeff Corey (1914–2002). Director William Dieterle, another suspected communist, would soon find himself ostracized by the big studios. When Dieterle became sick on the Gallup, New Mexico shooting location, Hal Wallis sent Scott's old adversary from You Came Along, John Farrow, to direct. The George W. George screenplay was based on an original story by John Meredyth Lucas, who had issues with both Farrow and Ladd, who was drinking heavily at the time. Ladd refused to wear a Confederate uniform and regulation Navy Colt, while Farrow would not follow the script. Lucas ended up disowning the resulting film. Scott injured her knee during a stunt in which she jumped off a 12-foot ledge—she injured herself on the fourth try. She had to be flown out from location. Production ran October 25-early December 1950. It was released May 1952.

On February 21, 1951, Scott flew from New York to Rio de Janeiro. She accompanied other Hollywood celebrities on a ten-day junket through South America. The group included Joan Fontaine, Patricia Neal, Ricardo Montalban, Evelyn Keyes, Florence Marley, John Derek, June Haver and Wendell Corey. The main event was the very first Punta del Este International Film Festival, held in the seacoast resort town of Punta Del Este, Uruguay. During the stopover in Rio de Janeiro, Scott suffered a relapse of her stage fright when meeting crowds at a local beach. On a plane heading to Montevideo, one of the four plane engines went out as they were flying out of Rio de Janeiro over the Atlantic. The plane was able to fly back to the airport. When the group returned to the airport the next day, they were met by a massive crowd and had to be escorted to the plane by police. Weeks later Scott was still nervous from the trip.

Scott would play her fourth and last torch singer role in The Racket (1951), another conventional noir. Irene Hayes (Scott) in caught up in a struggle between a big city police captain (Robert Mitchum) and a local crime boss (Robert Ryan), who resembled Bugsy Siegel. The film was released two months after the Kefauver hearings, in which Virginia Hill, a real life femme fatale and mistress of Siegel, denied having any knowledge of organized crime. While Irene Hayes was thought to be modeled on the smoky-voiced Hill, Scott denied the rumor. Production ran April 9–May 14, 1951. It was released November 1951. The Racket would be director John Cromwell's third and last film with Scott as he would be blacklisted till 1957, the year of Scott's retirement.

Scott returned to Britain in October 1951 to film Stolen Face (1952), a noir that presages Alfred Hitchcock's (1899–1980) Vertigo (1958) by several years. It combined elements from medical science-fiction, which would be repeated in the later work of the director, Terence Fisher, in his cycle of Hammer horror films. Paul Henreid is Dr. Philip Ritter, a London plastic surgeon, who upon losing the love of an American concert pianist, Alice Brent (Scott), recreates her face on a disfigured female criminal. They marry with disastrous results when Alice returns to England. By allowing Henreid to be the leading man, Hal Wallis and Scott were among the first to break the Hollywood blacklist, nine years before Scott costar Kirk Douglas hired Dalton Trumbo (1905–1976) for Spartacus (1960). As a former member of the Committee for the First Amendment, Henreid was forced to seek work in Europe till hired by Alfred Hitchcock to direct the Alfred Hitchcock Presents television series in 1955. Scott would later star in an anti-McCarthy noir, with results to be compounded with a future visit to Cannes, France. Shooting took place late October–early December 1951 at Riverside Studios, London. During the production Scott was a guest at the Odeon Cinema, Leicester Square, London, where the Royal Film Performance of Where No Vultures Fly (1951) played. Along with other Hollywood actresses like Jane Russell, Scott got her chance to curtsy Queen Elizabeth.

During an April 1952 session of the HUAC, the director of The Skin of Our Teeth, Elia Kazan (1909–2003), testified that Morris Carnovsky, who played Scott's husband in Dead Reckoning, was a communist, effectively ending Carnovsky's Hollywood career. Later that spring, Scott returned to her beginnings as a comedienne when she began work on her first comedy noir, Scared Stiff, with Dean Martin (1917–1995) and Jerry Lewis (born 1926). Scott played an heiress who inherits a haunted castle on Mystery Island off the coast of Cuba. Though Scott would recall fond memories of working on the set in the years ahead, at the time of filming she found it trying. Scott found Lewis' impersonations of her offensive, while a jealous Hal Wallis instructed the director, George Marshall (1891–1975), not to let the romantic scenes between Scott and Martin get too steamy. As Wallis' future wife Martha Hyer would later note, "Hal Wallis was a very possessive man." Despite Scott's best efforts, including making excuses for Lewis' behavior to the press, most of her scenes, as well as Carmen Miranda's (1909–1955), ended up on the cutting room floor. Shooting took place late May–mid-July 1952. The film premiered the week of 28 May 1953 in Los Angeles. Despite the negative experience and reviews, Scared Stiff remains Scott's third favorite film. The original Paramount project was a spoof on Hitchcock's Spellbound (1945). Scott was to play a psychiatrist and Martin and Lewis were to be her patients. The name of the proposed film was Dream Puss.

Scott's stage fright was worsening. During the October 19, 1952 live broadcast of NBC's Colgate Comedy Hour, Scott reportedly hid in her dressing-room, until the casting director, Howard Ross, taunted her to face the audience. By the end of October 1952, of the original 48 big name actors under contract to Paramount in 1947, only four were left—Bing Crosby, Bob Hope, William Holden and Lizabeth Scott.

In April 1953, Scott would do her last film as a Paramount contractee. Bad for Each Other (1953) is set in Scott's home state of Pennsylvania, though in the southwest near Pittsburgh. In a story reminiscent of John O'Hara's Gibbsville saga, Scott is a decadent heiress, Helen Curtis, who tries to dominate a poor but idealistic physician, Tom Owen (Charlton Heston). Tom is a former Army doctor, who returns from the Korea War to his hometown of Coalville. When he finds out his brother, a corrupt mining engineer, was killed in an accident, he visits the mine owner, Dan Reasonover. During a party at Reasonover's mansion, he meets Reasonover's daughter, Helen, a two-time divorcée. She talks him into joining the practice of her physician, who treats the imaginary ailments of society matrons. They become engaged, but despite Helen's scheming to keep him in her jeweled world, he opts to leave it for his impoverished community instead when his friend, James Crowley, is killed. It is implied that Tom will eventually marry the nurse, Joan Lasher. The source material for the screenplay, Horace McCoy's novel Scalpel, was more nuanced than the linear morality play of Bad For Each Other. Though Tom breaks his engagement with Helen and returns to Coalville, there he breaks up with Joan, who returns to her fiancé James Crowley (who does not die in the novel), while Tom returns to fiancée Helen, who forgives him and takes him back. Tom ends up teaching at Harvard Medical School. Helen of the novel was closer in character to Joan the probation officer of The Company She Keeps than the seductress that Scott portrayed. Film historians familiar with the novel usually conjecture that the screenwriter, Irving Wallace, deliberately tailored the script to take advantage of Scott's noir typecasting. Shooting took place April 23–May 21, 1953. This film would be Hal Wallis' last attempt to re-pair Burt Lancaster and Scott. Patricia Neal was originally cast as Helen, but when Scott replaced Neal, Lancaster had to be replaced by Heston. The film is conspicuously missing in Heston's 592 page 1997 autobiography. Though Heston and Scott previously worked together in Dark City, there was reported feuding between the two on the set. The film was a box office failure. Eight months later in February 1954, Hal Wallis and Scott parted ways. Scott was now a freelancer.

In Scott's most overtly politically-themed film, Silver Lode (1954), she returned to the Western noir of Desert Fury, only in a traditional 19th century setting. Scott is a would-be bride, whose groom, Dan Ballard (John Payne, 1912–1989), is the target of a lynch mob on their Fourth of July wedding day. As the loyal fiancée, Scott is unwavering in facing volatile public opinion, fueled by the fear that Ballard is someone other than he appears. The film repeats many of the themes found in previous Western noirs as The Ox-Bow Incident (1943), as well as the then recent anti-blacklist Johnny Guitar that premiered the previous month. Dan Duryea was cast as a villain named Ned McCarty, ostensibly named after William Henry McCarty (alias Billy the Kid), but usually assumed by film historians to be an allusion to Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy (1908–1957). One of the actors, Frank Sully, who played the town's telegrapher, often appeared in the FBI's COMPIC (Communist Infiltration-Motion Picture Industry) files. Scott's female costar, Dolores Moran (1926–1982), an Ann Sheridan lookalike whose scenes in To Have and Have Not were cut out in favor of Bacall's, would end her career with this film. Shooting took place late December 1953–mid-January 1954 at Republic Studios. Unlike previous Hollywood efforts against blacklisting, such as the Committee for the First Amendment, manned mostly by Democrats, Republicans dominated the Silver Lode production. Though the screenwriter, Karen DeWolf (1909–1989), was a left-wing activist, director Allan Dwan (1885–1981) and John Payne were Republican, as well as Scott and RKO's owner, Howard Hughes (1905–1976). The film premiered in Los Angeles, June 24, 1954. When released the critical response to the film itself was muted as the film appeared immediately after the Army–McCarthy hearings and McCarthy's influence was already in decline.

In April 1954, Scott would attend the Cannes Film Festival, where she would pose wading barefoot in a fountain and surf for photographers. Though she would immediately leave for London after the festival, her visit to Cannes would have unforeseen consequences, in which she would face her own crisis of public opinion. Later that month it was announced that she would be the host of High Adventure (1957–1958), a travelogue television series for CBS, but she never appeared in it.

While Scott was signed to Paramount, she was often on loan to other studios, as was the standard practice during the studio system era. She worked with half of the eight major studios during the Golden Age of film. As a result, almost half her output and several of her best known films were with studios other than Paramount.

Critical reception

Bosley Crowther

Though the public response to Scott was generally favorable during the Paramount years, the film critics were less so, repeating unfavorable comparisons with Lauren Bacall and Tallulah Bankhead, which all began with Bob Thomas' March 1945 comment on Scott's screen test: "Her throaty voice may well make Lauren Bacall sound like a mezzo soprano." The most prominent critic of the era, Bosley Crowther (1905–1981) of The New York Times, was uniformly negative. Typical of Crowther was: "As the torch singer jilted by the (Kirk Douglas character) and thereafter inclined towards revenge, Lizabeth Scott has no more personality than a model in the window of a department store." Of Dark City he described Scott as "frighteningly grotesque." However, Crowther was unique in that he never made the Bacall comparison (though he was negative on Bacall too). When Crowther gave a bad review of You Came Along, Scott recalled, "Being very young and naiive at the time, I didn't know you weren't suppose to do such things, so I called him up and complained. I told him how hard everyone worked to make such a beautiful movie, and I couldn't understand how he could be so cruel. I must say he took it awfully well, and was very kind to me."

Later critics

Though Lizabeth Scott started her career as a comedienne with Hellzapoppin and The Skin of Our Teeth, she was typecast by the critics and public in the seductress, Rita Hayworth category, together with actresses like Ava Gardner (1922–1990), Maria Montez (1912–1951), Rhonda Fleming (born 1923) and Veronica Lake. In January 1946, columnist Erskine Johnson would observed that the biggest surprise of 1945 was that "it became fashionable to be bad." Former Hollywood heroines, saints and comediennes would join the ranks of seductresses. But despite Scott's femme fatale image, her most common role in 22 films was the heiress-socialite, of which she played variants of eight times, versus three femme fatales (Coral Chandler, Jane Palmer, Lily Conover). Of the four nightclub singer roles, only one was a femme fatale. Scott played the "ingénue-gone-wrong" three times (Toni Marachek, Paula Haller, Mona Stevens). Joan the probation officer of The Company She Keeps was a rare departure, as was the single mother (Elsa Jenner) of The Weapon. Yet even in her non-noir films Scott would remain in Lauren Bacall's shadow with some current critics. Typical is Richard Schickel, who described Scott as "an inferior Bacall-look-alike."

Historically, the Bacall character of To Have and Have Not traces back through a line of deep-voiced actresses developed by producers like Walter Wanger (1894–1968), who discovered Clara Bow (1905–1965), Hedy Lamarr (1913–2000) and Yvonne De Carlo. When Lauren Bacall first appeared on the screen in 1944, despite the close resemblance to Gene Tierney, critics saw her as imitating Veronica Lake's hair, manner and deep voice, with Scott following in 1945 (You Came Along), then Nancy Guild in 1946 (Somewhere in the Night). But before Lake's breakout role in I Wanted Wings (1941), there were already actresses like Hedy Lamarr of Algiers (1938) and Joan Bennett of Trade Winds (1938), both of whom were made-over by Wanger to resemble even earlier actresses like Ann Sheridan. The noir hairstyles of Lake, Bacall and Scott derive from the peek-a-boo styles of the 1930s—high-volume curls held with hairspray and long pins—which were wore by actresses like Sheridan during that decade. The Sheridans and Tallulah Bankheads of the 1930s were influenced in looks, voice and manner by the two actresses they most admired—Marlene Dietrich (1901–1992), who was Paramount's answer to Hollywood's original husky-voiced femme fatale, MGM's Greta Garbo (1905–1990). Unlike Hollywood's first popular femme fatale—Theda Bara (1885–1955)—Garbo and Dietrich survived the transition from silent film to sound and served as role models for actresses of the pre-war era on either side of the Atlantic.

Despite the myriad of deep-voiced, lookalike actresses created by competing studios before To Have and Have Not, the popular pairing of Bacall and Scott remains permanent, if only for their association with Humphrey Bogart. Yet Scott's femme fatales still had the traditional male versus female conflict that was missing in Lauren Bacall's noir films—The Big Sleep (1946), Dark Passage (1947)—as Bacall was never a femme fatale and always supported the hero. Nor conversely did Scott ever played a true heroine in the romantic Betty Hutton mode as did Bacall. Even when Scott played a non-villain, the character tended to be a victim of circumstances and was seldom assertively heroic as Bacall's characters, who were in their world, but never of it. The most assertive Scott characters were femme fatales, who were always of their world. Even Scott's ingénue roles reinforced her fatale image.

The cinematographic style of Scott's noir films, from The Strange Love of Martha Ivers to No Time for Tears, is Expressionistic—the "foreboding deep space, the use of the wide-angle lens to create an element of distortion in the juxtaposition of foreground and background, the aggressive, staccato editing rhythms, and the oblique camera angles, whether in tilted close-ups or the preference for floor ..." Standard film noir iconography contribute to the total effect. Though Scott handled firearms in only five films, the handgun is an integral part of her popular image as are the lit cigarette, elaborate coiffure and evening gown with opera gloves. Film historian Eddie Muller has noted that no other actress has appeared in so many noir films, with 15 of her 22 films qualifying. In addition to the classical black-and-white noir, Scott appeared in noir variants, such as color (3), Western (2), comedy (2) and soap opera (3).

Scott's style of acting, characteristic of other film actors of the 1940s—a cool, naturalistic underplay derived from multiple sources—was often depreciated by critics who preferred the more emphatic stage styles of the pre-film era or the later method styles. Typical of the '40s was Dick McCrone: "Miss Scott, who is an excellent clothes horse, rounds out the principals as Lancaster's moll. Otherwise, she's still the same frozen-face actress she was in Desert Fury and a couple of pictures before that." Current film historians critical of Scott either repeat Bob Thomas' image of an ersatz Bacall, Bosley Crowther in describing Scott's acting as wooden, or a pastiche of actresses of the period, as did Pauline Kael. But other historians see Scott's acting in a different light. Jerome Charyn described the style as "dreamwalking": "And then, among the Dolly Sisters and Errol Flynn, Bing Crosby and Dotty Lamour, the Brazilian Bombshell, Scheherazade, Ali Baba, and the elephant boy—all the fluff and exotic pastry that Hollywood could produce—appeared a very odd animal, the dreamwalker, like Turhan Bey, Sonny Tufts, Paul Henreid, Alan Ladd, Veronica Lake, Lizabeth Scott, and Dana Andrews, whose face had a frozen quality and always looked half-asleep ... The dreamwalker seemed to mirror all our own fears. His (and her) numbness was the crazed underside of that cinematic energy in the wake of the (Second World) war."

With the revival of interest in film noir and its corresponding acting style, beginning in the 1980s—possibly in reaction to past and current emotive acting styles—Scott's acting reputation has increased among critics and film historians.

Radio

During the Golden Age of Radio, Scott would reprise her film roles in abridged radio versions. Typical were her appearances on Lux Radio Theatre: You Came Along with Van Johnson in the Cummings role (July 1, 1946) and I Walk Alone (May 24, 1948). One notable radio performance was the Molle Mystery Theatre episode, Female Of The Species (June 7, 1946). Scott was also a guest host on Family Theater.

Confidential

Rushmore's story

After being fired from the New York Journal-American in 1954, Howard Rushmore became the chief editor of a New York scandal magazine, Confidential. For Rushmore it was a return to his days as film critic of the communist Daily Worker, but on the opposing side. He was fired from the Worker in 1939 for giving an ambivalent review of Gone with the Wind 1939). Later in 1945, allegedly without divorcing his first wife, he married Frances McCoy née Everitt (1920–1958), a widow with two teenaged daughters. McCoy was an ex-Powers model-cover girl and then an editor at the anti-communist Journal-American. After joining the Journal with McCoy's help, the former communist was reinvented by McCoy and her circle of friends—he began investigating the very industry that produced the films he once reviewed. He became a key witness in the House Un-American Activities Committee's 1947 hearings that the Bogarts protested against. Rushmore testified against Edward G. Robinson (1893–1973), Charles Chaplin (1889–1977), Clifford Odets (1906–1963) and Dalton Trumbo. Unknown to public, since 1943 the US Army Signal Intelligence Service was decrypting Soviet intelligence traffic through the Venona project, which revealed most Soviet agents operated east of the Mississippi. But Venona failed to reveal any Soviet agent working in Hollywood directly involved with espionage or sabotage, though members and former members of the Communist Party USA did work in the film industry, many of whom would be blacklisted by the major studios. The public's unawareness of Venona enabled Rushmore to continue with his stories about the dangers of communists in Hollywood. His fame as an anti-communist investigator grew. Eventually, he would be seen dining with William F. Buckley (1925–2008) and Roy Cohn (1927–1986) at the Stork Club. Till the spring of 1953, he was director of research for Senator Joseph McCarthy. Most of the allegations made by McCarthy, as chairman of the 1953 televised Subcommittee on Investigations hearings held in New York City, originated with Rushmore. Then he left McCarthy's inner circle for a brief return at the Journal-American. After criticizing his estranged friend, Roy Cohn, in print, Rushmore was fired from the paper. Then his old mentor, Walter Winchell, got him a job with Confidential.

In early 1955, several months after the Army–McCarthy hearings and premiere of Silver Lode, Rushmore wrote an exposé on Lizabeth Scott, a second-generation Republican and Catholic host of Family Theater. The publisher, Robert Harrison, was initially intrigued but skeptical. To verify some aspects of the story, he hired an out-of-work actress, Veronica "Ronnie" Quillan, to have luncheon with Scott. Quillan was to be bugged with a wristwatch microphone (Minifone) by the Hollywood Detective Agency. But the agency owner, H. L. Von Wittenburg, backed out and the plan never went through. He told Harrison, "I think this work stinks." Despite the lack of evidence, Confidential then sent a copy of the story to Scott herself.

What Scott read was that a police raid occurred on a Hollywood Hills bungalow at 8142 Laurel View Drive the previous autumn. Two female adults, one male adult and a 17-year-old female were arrested on prostitution charges. The bordello was run in part by John Visciglia, a film studio accountant. The police found an address book with the names and telephone numbers of various people in the film industry, including two numbers allegedly belonging to Scott, who lived in West Los Angeles from the late 1940s to the present day. "HO 2-0064" had a Hollywood prefix and was the residential number of a retired couple, Henry A. and Mamie R. Finke, of 4465 West 2nd Street, Los Angeles, while "BR 2-6111" belonged to the 20th Century Fox switchboard at 10201 West Pico Boulevard, Los Angeles. It was listed as 20th Century's main number from the late 1940s to the early 1960s. Scott did not work for 20th Century until 1956, when she would do one episode of The 20th Century Fox Hour (BR 2-6111 was common knowledge in the film industry and the basis of "Lizabeth Scott's phone number" jokes in Hollywood after the Rushmore article appeared).

Rushmore then allegedly quotes a January 10, 1946, Hollywood Citizen-News interview with Scott by columnist Sidney Skolsky (1905–1983): "She confided that she always wore male cologne, slept in men's pajamas and positively hated frilly, feminine dresses." "Male cologne" does not appear in Skolsky's original text and the closest reference to "hated frilly, feminine dresses" is: "Her pet aversions are gushy women, surrealistic art and dresses that are too deliberately sexy. The trait(s) she hates in men are name-dropping and parlor politician." Skolsky did note the new actress' then impoverished situation—she wore men's pajamas while doing her daily activities, including reading and eating, on a medium-sized bed (apparently the only furniture) in a small apartment without a telephone. The Rushmore article further stated that Scott spent her off-work hours with "Hollywood's weird society of baritone babes" (a euphemism for lesbians). He also linked Scott's trip to Cannes to a Parisian woman named "Frede." "In one jaunt to Europe (Scott) headed straight for Paris and the left bank where she took up with Frede, the city's most notorious Lesbian queen and the operator of a night club devoted exclusively to entertaining deviates like herself." Frédérique "Frédé" Baulé managed "Carroll's," an upper-class, cabaret-type nightclub at 36 Rue de Ponthieu, Paris, France. It featured mainstream entertainers of the day like Eartha Kitt and was devoted exclusively to entertaining café society and celebrities like Orson Welles. One of the owners was Marlene Dietrich, who happened to be the subject of "The Untold Story of Marlene Dietrich" in the then current issue of Confidential.

Hollywood Research Inc. was the new intelligence-gathering front of Confidential. Run by Marjorie Meade, Robert Harrison's 26-year-old niece, she was the one of the most feared persons in Hollywood since her arrival in January 1955. Once a proposed story was assembled, either she or an agent would visit the subject and present a copy as a "buy-back" proposal. But instead of paying the magazine not to publish the article, Scott sued. "On July 25, 1955—two months before the issue's printed publication date, while the (Dietrich issue) was still on the stands, Jerry Giesler, Lizabeth's lawyer, instituted a $2.5 million libel suit."

1957 mistrial

In retaliation, Confidential published the Scott story in the next issue. Under the byline of "Matt Williams," it was published as "Lizabeth Scott in the Call Girls' Call Book." In November 1955, Scott again went to Britain to film The Weapon (1957). As with other European films of the 1950s–1970s period aimed at a US audience, Scott starred with another American actor, Steve Cochran (1917–1965), who played US Army CID officer Mark Andrews. Scott is Elsa Jenner, the widowed mother of Erik Jenner (Jon Whiteley), who finds a pistol and accidentally shoots a friend. He hides the pistol and runs away. The weapon was used in a murder 10 years previously. Mrs. Jenner, Andrews and the murderer—Joshua Henry (George Cole, born 1925)—are all in a race to find the boy. Though production took place early November–early December 1955, the film was not released until 1956 in Britain and 1957 in the US.

The next spring, despite Giesler's reassurances to the press, the legal effort against Confidential would go nowhere. Since the magazine was domiciled in New York State, and Scott was a California resident who initiated the suit in her own state, the suit was stopped. "In March of 1956, Los Angeles Supreme Court judge Leon T. David granted the Confidential lawyers' motion to quash service of summons, on grounds that the magazine was not published in California." Meanwhile, Rushmore tried to get Harrison to publish a story about former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt having an alleged affair with her African-American chauffeur. When Harrison refused, Rushmore quit and became a witness for California Attorney General Edmund "Pat" Brown (1905–1996). Since Confidential was ensconced in New York state, and New York refused to let Brown extradite Harrison to California, Brown instead put Hollywood Research and Harrison's niece on trial. On August 7, 1957, The People of the State of California v. Hollywood Research Inc. trial began. It would eventually involve over 200 actors, most of whom fled California to avoid defense subpoenas. Rushmore, now the state's star witness, testified that the magazine knowingly published unverified allegations, despite the magazine's reputation for double-checking facts: "Some of the stories are true and some have nothing to back them up at all. Harrison many times overruled his libel attorneys and went ahead on something." According to Rushmore, Harrison told the attorneys, "I'd go out of business if I printed the kind of stuff you guys want." Ronnie Quillan herself testified at the same trial that she never verified the Scott story, thus not making the story "suit proof," but that Rushmore agreed to publish it anyway. But the state's case against Hollywood Research weakened as plaintiffs settled out of court, one-by-one. A mistrial was declared on October 1, 1957 when the jury could not agree on a verdict as three of the most prominent plaintiffs—Liberace, Dorothy Dandridge and Maureen O'Hara—had left the case. But to spare his niece a retrial, Harrison promised the Attorney General to publish only positive stories.

In the wake of the sensational revelations of the 1957 trial, Scott's case was forgotten by the media. Despite latter day claims that Scott's film career was ruined by the Confidential scandal, by the time the September 1955 issue of Confidential appeared, her career was entering its dormant phase. Scott began her career at a time when established actors were away at war, giving then unknowns as John Hodiak, Robert Walker, Dane Clark, Turhan Bey, Janis Paige and Scott a chance at stardom. When the old stars returned to the studio payrolls, the new stars declined. In addition, the rise of television and breakup of the studio system further curtailed film production. Film historians generally agree that Scott's career essentially peaked between 1947 and 1949. By February 1953 her stage fright was such that she even hid from friends. Scott did not renew her Paramount contract in February 1954, 18 months before "Lizabeth Scott in the Call Girls' Call Book" was published. Between the end of her contract and Rushmore's article, she turned down numerous scripts, including a part in Wallis' The Rose Tattoo (1955). But instead of reinventing herself as Bacall did, returning to Broadway, Scott chose another path. After completing Loving You (1957), Scott retired from the big screen and did not return to the stage. Later that year, she recorded her album, Lizabeth. During that same period, Howard Rushmore was under psychiatric care. On January 4, 1958, the author of "Lizabeth Scott in the Call Girls' Call Book" would shoot Frances Rushmore and himself in a New York taxicab incident.

Music

In 1957 Scott worked on her last major film, Loving You, with Elvis Presley (1935–1977) in his second musical. Scott played Glenda Markle, the manager of a failed country band, led by her disgruntled ex-husband, Walter "Tex" Warner (Wendell Corey). By accident, she discovers the musical talent of a young delivery man, Deke Rivers (Presley), and uses him to revive the band's fortunes by appealing to teenagers. Glenda creates interest in her protégé with unorthodox stratagems. The director, Hal Kanter, said that Glenda's marketing techniques were based on those of Presley's real-life manager, Colonel Tom Parker (1909–1997). During the shooting of Loving You, Scott was reported to be infatuated with Presley. During scenes where Glenda was not present, Scott would distract the production crew by trying to get a closer look at Presley. During a kissing scene, she playfully bit him on the cheek, leaving a red mark, which she called "just a little love nibble." The scene had to be reshot with the other side of his face to the camera. Though Hal Wallis tried to get Scott's singing voice undubbed for the production, he was overruled by the studio heads. Production ran late January 1957–mid-March 1957.

After completing Loving You, Scott signed a recording contract with Vik Records (a subsidiary of RCA Victor). Previously, it was announced back in January 1954 that Scott was being trained by Hollywood voice teacher Harriet Lee, and later by Lillian Rosedale Goodman—the final result was that Scott "has a vocal range of two octaves, A below C to High C," making Scott a mezzo-soprano.

Scott recorded the album with Henri René and his orchestra in Hollywood on October 28, 29 and 30, 1957. The recordings were arranged by George Wyle and Henri René, while Herman Diaz, Jr. produced and directed. Simply titled Lizabeth, the 12 tracks are a mixture of torch songs and playful romantic ballads. The album includes Willow Weep For Me, Can't Get Out Of This Mood and Cole Porter's I'm In Love Again. The inner notes has an interview with Scott by columnist Earl Wilson, who writes in typical Wilsonian prose, "Liz, who's quite a blouseful, is a fan of Ralph Waldo Emerson, sleeps in the nude, loves deep-sea fishing ... and adores sexy clothes." Edith Head designed a gown especially for the LP cover.

Later years

Fiancé

Lizabeth Scott in Burke's Law

The 1960s saw Scott continuing to guest-star on television, including a notable 1960 episode of Adventures in Paradise, "The Amazon," opposite Gardner McKay (1932–2001). Scott played the titular character, derived from a boyfriend's dialog: "She is a sleek, well-groomed tigress, a man-eating shark—an Amazon! She chews men up and spits them out." In Burke's Law "Who Killed Cable Roberts?" (1963), she camps it up as the ungrieving widow of a celebrity big game hunter in the Hemingway mode. Scott returned to 20th Century Fox to film "The Luck of Harry Lime" (1965), an episode of The Third Man. She was directed by her former costar Paul Henreid from Stolen Face. But much of her private time was dedicated to classes at the University of Southern California.

In May 1969, the future wedding of Scott to oil executive William Dugger (1922–1969) of San Antonio, Texas was announced after a two-year engagement. He was formerly married to the actress Mara Lane, sister of Jocelyn Lane. During the 1960s, Dugger and Scott would appear as items in gossip columns—they were seen at the Kowloon restaurant in Los Angeles, in England attending a pheasant shoot, then dressing up for a cocktail party, or vacationing in Acapulco. Scott also visited Dugger's mother, sister and brother-in-law in San Antonio, while Dugger was down in South America inspecting family properties in Peru and Uruguay. In late 1969, musician Rexino Mondo was helping Scott decorate her fiance's mansion on Mulholland Drive before the wedding: "The urns were in place. Liz took my arm and guided me down a hall into a large room, then introduced me to her fiance, Texas oil baron William Lafayette Dugger, Jr. He was in his late forties, of medium build, good-looking, with dark hair, a warm personality, and a strong handshake." Dugger himself described Scott as "A misunderstood soul searching for love. Her outward appearance is just a shell." Dugger planned to make a film in Rome starring Scott, but suddenly died on August 8, 1969. A handwritten codicil to his will leaving half his estate to his fiancée was contested by Dugger's sister, Sarah Dugger Schwartz. The will was judged invalid in 1971.

Previous to Dugger, several books claimed Scott was a mistress of Hal Wallis, then married to actress Louise Fazenda (1895–1962). Wallis had a falling out with Scott around the time of Bad for Each Other, with recriminations on Wallis' part. After Scott freelanced for a few years, Wallis made an effort to revive the relationship by making Scott the leading lady opposite Presley, as it might be his last chance to star Scott in anything. After shooting was completed, Scott walked away film acting to try her hand at singing. The 14-year-relationship that began at the Stork Club in 1943 came to an end. As Scott put it: "... out of the clear blue sky one morning, I woke and decided that I never wanted to make another film again. It was just a spark, I can't explain it." Allegedly, when asked what happened to the "E" in Scott's first name (the setup to numerous old Hollywood jokes), Wallis replied, "It was lost along with her talent." Scott herself knew the relationship was over—only Wallis remained in denial. Scott avoided the symbiosis of Herbert Yates-Vera Ralston and returned to school. After Louise Fazenda's death in 1962, Wallis went into a depression and became a recluse before marrying Martha Hyer in 1966. In later life, he was reticent on the subject of Scott, despite an unjealous Hyer urging him to include Scott and his other mistresses in his autobiography. Though Casablanca was the film Wallis was most proud of, the ones he would repeatedly watch were those of Lizabeth Scott. Even during his second marriage, Wallis would continue to screen Scott at home, night after night.

In 1948 Scott was reportedly divorced from Russian Prince (Knyaz Князь) Stass Reed (1909–1989), whom she dated the previous year. In 1953 Scott was briefly engaged to architect John C. Lindsey, whom later became Diana Lynn's first husband before Mortimer Hall (Lynn was dating Stass Reed before she suddenly married Lindsay). Scott herself tended toward secrecy in personal relationships and publicly disparaged former dates who tell all to the press. Once their date appears in the press, "... the man goes off (her) date list ... 'I think,' said Miss Scott, 'that gentlemen don't tell.'" In 1948 Burt Lancaster, the sort of "serious, compulsive womanizer" that Scott scorned, said of Scott: "Becoming her close friend ... is 'a long stretch at hard labor.'" In the period between 1945 to the 1970s, the press reported Scott dating Van Johnson, Stewart Granger, James Mason, plastic surgeon Gregory Pollock, Richard Quine, William Dozier, Philip Cochran, Herb Caen, Peter Lawford, Anson Bond of the clothing store chain family, Seymour Bayer of the pharmaceutical family, Marquess of Milford Haven, race-track owner Gerald "Jerry" Herzfeld, Eddie Sutherland and Laurence Harvey among scores of others. Burt Bacharach himself would date Scott during his breakup with Angie Dickinson. According to Bacharach: "She personified what I love about a woman, which is not too feminine but a little bit masculine. Just the strength and the coolness and the separation from the frilly woman who is always touching you and wanting something ... I think Diane Keaton had that kind of quality."

Nostalgia

Scott made her final film appearance in her second comedy noir, Pulp (1972), a nostalgic pastiche of noir tropes starring Michael Caine (born 1933) and Mickey Rooney (1920–2014). Scott plays a man-eating cougar, Princess Betty Cippola, who lives with the Beautiful People on Malta. One of her ex-husbands is Preston Gilbert (Rooney), an expatriate Hollywood actor who parodies the real life George Raft. Gilbert hires a pulp writer, Mickey King (Caine), to ghost his autobiography, but murderous complications ensue. The director and screenwriter, Mike Hodges (born 1932), spent a long time coaxing Scott out of retirement to fly to Malta for the shooting. Scott said that while she enjoyed the monochromic beauty of Malta, the humidity created physical challenges, such as puffing up her hair on the sets. Scott was not pleased that most of her footage was cut out—eight scenes in all, despite Mike Hodges' apologies. Her sporadic appearances made it difficult for some viewers to account for her presence in the film. Hodges for his part reported that both Mickey Rooney and Scott were challenging to work with while shooting. Rooney was overly energetic and had to be shot on rehearsal as he never repeated himself. Scott was equally as tiring as she "hadn't make a picture in 15 years and I had to really coax her into coming back." But Scott overcame her stage fright and Hodges was pleased with both Scott's and Rooney's performances. Despite disagreements among the cast, crew and past critics, Pulp, as with the 1949 No Time for Tears, is increasingly considered an artistic success by film historians.

Since then Scott has kept away from public view and declined most interview requests. From the 1970s on, she has reportedly been engaged in real estate development and volunteer work for various charities, such as Project HOPE and the Ancient Arts Council of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.

She did, however, appear on stage at an American Film Institute tribute to Hal Wallis in 1987. She was photographed next to an image of herself on the poster for The Strange Love of Martha Ivers at the AMPAS Centennial Celebration for Barbara Stanwyck on 16 May 2007. She attended another screening of the film on June 28, 2010 as part of AMPAS's "Oscar Noir" series at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills.

In 2003, film historian Bernard F. Dick interviewed Scott for his biography of Hal Wallis. The results was an entire chapter titled "Morning Star." In the chapter, the author observed that during the interview, Scott (80 or 81-years-old) was still able to recite her opening monologue from The Skin of Our Teeth, which she had learned six decades earlier.

Despite all the films she worked on, Scott's favorite is one she never appeared in—Doctor Zhivago (1965). Ever the non-conformist, she never stopped living Ralph Waldo Emerson's precept: "To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment." Lizabeth Scott has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for her contribution to motion pictures at 1624 Vine Street in Hollywood.

Filmography

Titles in the public domain.* See cites for copyright renewal dates.

No.	Title, US release year	Studio, producer	Director, screen- writer	Scott's role	Leading man	Costars
1	You Came Along (1945)*	Paramount, Hal Wallis	John Farrow, Ayn Rand	Ivy Hotchkiss	Robert Cummings	Don DeFore, Charles Drake, Helen Forrest, Kim Hunter
2	The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946)*	Hal Wallis Productions/ Paramount, Hal Wallis	Lewis Milestone, Robert Rossen	Toni Marachek	Van Heflin	Barbara Stanwyck, Kirk Douglas
3	Dead Reckoning (1947)	Columbia, Sidney Biddell	John Cromwell, Steve Fisher	Coral "Dusty" Chandler	Humphrey Bogart	Morris Carnovsky, William Prince, Marvin Miller
4	Desert Fury (1947)	Paramount, Hal Wallis	Lewis Allen, Robert Rossen	Paula Haller	John Hodiak	Burt Lancaster, Mary Astor, Wendell Corey, Kristine Miller
5	Variety Girl (1947)	Paramount, Daniel Dare	George Marshall, Monte Brice	Herself	Burt Lancaster	Mary Hatcher, Olga San Juan
6	I Walk Alone (1948)	Paramount, Hal Wallis	Byron Haskin, Charles Schnee	Kay Lawrence	Burt Lancaster	Kirk Douglas, Kristine Miller
7	Pitfall (1948)*	United Artists, Samuel Bischoff	André De Toth, Karl Kamb	Mona Stevens	Dick Powell	Jane Wyatt, Raymond Burr, Byron Barr, Ann Doran
8	Too Late for Tears (1949)*	United Artists, Hunt Stromberg	Byron Haskin, Roy Huggins	Jane Palmer	Don DeFore	Dan Duryea, Arthur Kennedy, Kristine Miller
9	Easy Living (1949)	RKO, Robert Sparks	Jacques Tourneur, Irwin Shaw	Liza "Lize" Wilson	Victor Mature	Lucille Ball, Sonny Tufts, Lloyd Nolan, Jack Parr
10	Paid in Full (1950)*	Paramount, Hal Wallis	William Dieterle, Robert Blees	Jane Langley	Robert Cummings	Diana Lynn, Eve Arden, Ray Collins
11	Dark City (1950)	Paramount, Hal Wallis	William Dieterle, John Meredyth Lucas	Fran Garland	Danny Haley/ Richard Branton (Charlton Heston)	Viveca Lindfors, Dean Jagger, Don DeFore, Jack Webb, Harry Morgan
12	The Company She Keeps (1951)	RKO, John Houseman	John Cromwell, Ketti Frings	Joan	Dennis O'Keefe	Jane Greer, Fay Baker
13	Two of a Kind (1951)	Columbia, William Dozier	Henry Levin, Lawrence Kimble	Brandy Kirby	Edmund O'Brien	Terry Moore, Alexander Knox, Griff Barnett
14	Red Mountain (1951)	Paramount, Hal Wallis	William Dieterle, George W. George	Chris	Alan Ladd	Arthur Kennedy, John Ireland, Jeff Corey, Neville Brand
15	The Racket (1951)	RKO, Edmund Grainger	John Cromwell, William Wister Haines	Irene Hayes	Robert Mitchum	Robert Ryan, Ray Collins, William Talman, Joyce Mackenzie, Robert Conrad
16	Stolen Face (1952)	Hammer/ Lippert, Anthony Hinds	Terence Fisher, Martin Berkeley	Alice Brent/ Lily Conover (after surgery)	Paul Henreid	André Morell, Mary Mackenzie
17	Lux Video Theatre (TV series) "Amo, Amas, Amat" (1952)*	J. Walter Thompson Agency, Cal Kuhl	Richard Goode, Anne Howard Bailey	Margaret Bailey	Nicky Hanks (Ralph Meeker)	Oliver Thorndike
18	Lux Video Theatre (TV series) "Make Believe Bride" (1953)*	J. Walter Thompson Agency, Cal Kuhl	Howard Loeb, Anne Howard Bailey	Betsy	Don DeFore	Glenn Anders
19	Scared Stiff (1953)	Paramount, Hal Wallis	George Marshall, Herbert Baker	Mary Carroll	Dean Martin	Jerry Lewis, Carmen Miranda
20	Bad for Each Other (1953)	Columbia, William Fadiman	Irving Rapper, Irving Wallace	Helen Curtis	Charlton Heston	Dianne Foster
21	Silver Lode (1954)	RKO, Benedict Bogeaus	Allan Dwan, Karen DeWolf	Rose Evans	John Payne	Dan Duryea, Dolores Moran, Alan Hale, Jr., Stuart Whitman
22	Studio 57 (TV series) "I'll Always Love You, Natalie" (1955)	Revue Productions	Lawrence Kimble (screenwriter)	Clara Townsley	Patric Knowles	William Roerick, Edward Platt, Ed Reimers
23	The 20th Century Fox Hour (TV series) "Overnight Haul" (1956)	20th Century Fox Television, Peter Packer	Jules Bricken, Leonard Freeman	Frances Fowler	Richard Conte	Richard Eyer
24	The Weapon (1957)	Republic, Irving H. Levin	Val Guest, Fred Freiberger	Elsa Jenner	Steve Cochran	Jon Whiteley, Herbert Marshall
25	Loving You (1957)	Paramount, Hal Wallis	Hal Kanter, Herbert Baker	Glenda Markle	Elvis Presley	Wendell Corey, Dolores Hart
26	Adventures in Paradise (TV series) "The Amazon" (1960)	20th Century Fox Television, Richard Goldstone	Joseph Lejtes, William Froug	Carla MacKinley	Gardner McKay	Claude Akins, Tom Drake
27	Burke's Law (TV series) "Who Killed Cable Roberts?" (1963)	Four Star, Aaron Spelling	Jeffrey Hayden, Gwen Bagni	Mona Roberts	[[Gene Barry])	Paul Lynde, Mary Astor, Zsa Zsa Gabor, John Saxon
28	The Third Man (TV series) "The Luck of Harry Lime" (1965)*	20th Century Fox Television, John Llewellyn Moxey	Paul Henreid, Gene Wang	Diane Masters	Michael Rennie	Jonathan Harris, Willis Bouchey
29	Pulp (1972)	United Artists, Michael Klinger	Mike Hodges (both)	Princess Betty Cippola	Michael Caine	Mickey Rooney, Lionel Stander, Nadia Cassini

External links

• Lizabeth Scott 1996 Interview Part 1 of 8, Soapbox & Praeses Productions
• Lizabeth Scott at IMDb
• Lizabeth Scott at the Internet Broadway Database
• Lizabeth Scott at the Turner Classic Movies