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Three days after the 1 December [[1991 Ukrainian independence referendum]], the mayor of St. Petersburg, [[Anatoly Sobchak]], argued that Russia had handed over to Ukraine "a whole series of Russian provinces, the so-called Novorossiya, whose population is for the most part Russian" and that the Russian minority in Ukraine was threatened with forcible "[[Ukrainianisation]]".<ref name="Solchanyk" />{{rp|48}} Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]],<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Prokhorov|editor-first=A. M. |editor-link=Alexander Prokhorov|year=2000|script-chapter=ru:Ст. Донецко-Криворожская советская республика|chapter-url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc3p/122586|script-title=ru:Большой энциклопедический словарь|trans-title=Great Encyclopedic Dictionary|edition=2nd revised and expanded|language=ru|access-date=3 July 2014|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6CYUAmSFG?url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc3p/122586|archive-date=30 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> the term "Novorossiya" began to be used again in calls for the independence or secession of regions of Ukraine corresponding to different areas.<ref name="NewRepublic">{{cite news|last=Kinstler|first=Linda|title=Protesters in Eastern Ukraine Are Chanting "Novorossiya", an Old Term That's Back in Vogue|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/117284/federalized-ukraine-could-mean-return-novorossiya|access-date=26 May 2014|work=[[The New Republic]]|date=7 April 2014|archive-date=19 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020255/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/117284/federalized-ukraine-could-mean-return-novorossiya|url-status=live}}</ref>
Three days after the 1 December [[1991 Ukrainian independence referendum]], the mayor of St. Petersburg, [[Anatoly Sobchak]], argued that Russia had handed over to Ukraine "a whole series of Russian provinces, the so-called Novorossiya, whose population is for the most part Russian" and that the Russian minority in Ukraine was threatened with forcible "[[Ukrainianisation]]".<ref name="Solchanyk" />{{rp|48}} Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]],<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Prokhorov|editor-first=A. M. |editor-link=Alexander Prokhorov|year=2000|script-chapter=ru:Ст. Донецко-Криворожская советская республика|chapter-url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc3p/122586|script-title=ru:Большой энциклопедический словарь|trans-title=Great Encyclopedic Dictionary|edition=2nd revised and expanded|language=ru|access-date=3 July 2014|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6CYUAmSFG?url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc3p/122586|archive-date=30 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> the term "Novorossiya" began to be used again in calls for the independence or secession of regions of Ukraine corresponding to different areas.<ref name="NewRepublic">{{cite news|last=Kinstler|first=Linda|title=Protesters in Eastern Ukraine Are Chanting "Novorossiya", an Old Term That's Back in Vogue|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/117284/federalized-ukraine-could-mean-return-novorossiya|access-date=26 May 2014|work=[[The New Republic]]|date=7 April 2014|archive-date=19 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419020255/http://www.newrepublic.com/article/117284/federalized-ukraine-could-mean-return-novorossiya|url-status=live}}</ref>


As late as September 1992, in Odessa, several organizations such as the Civic Movement of Odessa, Rus', the Socialist Party, and Novorossia are campaigning for the establishment of a separate Novorossian region, the exact borders of which were still being debated.<ref name="GlobalSec">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/novorossiya.htm|title=Federal State of Novorossiya / Union of People's Republics|website=[[GlobalSecurity.org]]|date=27 May 2015|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712130907/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/novorossiya.htm|archive-date=12 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
As late as September 1992, in Odessa, several organizations such as the Civic Movement of Odessa, Rus', the Socialist Party, and Novorossia wee campaigning for the establishment of a separate Novorossian region, the exact borders of which were still being debated.<ref name="GlobalSec">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/novorossiya.htm|title=Federal State of Novorossiya / Union of People's Republics|website=[[GlobalSecurity.org]]|date=27 May 2015|access-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712130907/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/novorossiya.htm|archive-date=12 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>


In June 1994, the chairman of [[Transnistria]]'s [[Supreme Council (Transnistria)|Supreme Council]] made a reference to Crimea, Odessa and other oblasts as "Novorossiya".<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Brzezinski|editor-first1=Zbigniew |editor-link1=Zbigniew Brzezinski|editor-last2=Sullivan|editor-first2=Paige |author=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]|year=1997|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|location=Armonk, N.Y. |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|page=639|isbn=978-1-56324-637-1}}</ref>
In June 1994, the chairman of [[Transnistria]]'s [[Supreme Council (Transnistria)|Supreme Council]] made a reference to Crimea, Odessa and other oblasts as "Novorossiya".<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Brzezinski|editor-first1=Zbigniew |editor-link1=Zbigniew Brzezinski|editor-last2=Sullivan|editor-first2=Paige |author=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]]|year=1997|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|location=Armonk, N.Y. |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]]|page=639|isbn=978-1-56324-637-1}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:10, 12 June 2022

For the historical territory of the Russian Empire, see Novorossiya. For other uses, see Novorossiya (disambiguation).

Federal State of New Russia
  • Федеративное Государство Новороссия (Russian)
    Federativnoye Gosudarstvo Novorossiya
  • Федеративна Держава Новоросія (Ukrainian)
    Federatyvna Derzhava Novorossiya
2014–2015
Coat of arms of Novorossiya
Coat of arms
Motto: Воля и труд![1]
Volya i trud!
"Will and effort!"
Anthem: Живи, Новороссия!
Zhivi, Novorossiya!
"Live, New Russia!"
File:National Anthem of Novorossiya.ogg
Dark green: Claimed territory of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics Light green: Extent of Novorossiyan claims
Dark green: Claimed territory of the Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics
Light green: Extent of Novorossiyan claims
StatusConfederation of unrecognized states
Largest cityDonetsk
Official languagesRussian, Ukrainian
Religion
Russian Orthodox (official)[2]
Membership Donetsk Republic
 Luhansk Republic
GovernmentProvisional confederation
• Speaker of the Parliament
Oleg Tsaryov[3]
Denis Pushilin
Leonid Pasechnik
Historical eraRusso-Ukrainian War
• Declared
22 May 2014
• Suspended
20 May 2015
CurrencyRussian ruble
Time zoneUTC+3 (Moscow Time[4])
Driving sideright
Today part ofUkraine, Donetsk People's Republic, Luhansk People's Republic

Novorossiya, Novorussia, or New Russia (Russian: Новороссия, romanized: Novorossiya, IPA: [nəvɐˈrosʲɪjə]; Ukrainian: Новоросія, romanized: Novorosiya), also referred to as the Union of People's Republics (Russian: Сою́з наро́дных респу́блик, romanized: Soyuz narodnykh respublik, IPA: [sɐˈjus nɐˈrodnɨx rʲɪˈspublʲɪk]; Ukrainian: Союз народних республік, Soyuz Narodnykh Respublik), was a proposed confederation of the self-proclaimed Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) in Eastern Ukraine, both of which are under the control of pro-Russian separatists.[5] The term "Novorossiya" comes from the historic Novorossiya, a former colonial Russian territory conquered from the Cossacks and the Ottomans in which Russian settlers were encouraged to settle down.[6]

The two constituent republics of the proposed confederation have only Russian diplomatic recognition, and the Government of Ukraine has classified them as terrorist groups and refers to their territory as the Anti-Terrorist Operation Zone.[7][8] The creation of Novorossiya was declared on 22 May 2014,[2] and one month later spokesmen of both republics declared their merger into a confederal "Union of People's Republics".[9] Within a year, the project was suspended: on 1 January 2015, founding leadership announced the project has been put on hold, and on 20 May the constituent members announced the freezing of the political project.[10][11]

Background

The historical Novorossiya was a territory of the Russian Empire formed from the Crimean Khanate and the Zaporozhian Sich, which was under a mutual condominium of the Russian Empire and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The territory had been annexed several years after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca concluded the Russo-Turkish War in 1774. Novorossiya initially included today's Southern Ukraine as well as some parts of today's Russia such as Kuban. The modern Russian Black Sea coast that was occupied by indigenous Circassians under military protection of the Ottoman Empire was not conquered until 1829 and was ceded to Russia under the 1829 Treaty of Adrianople.

The Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic was invoked during the war in Donbas (started 2014), when the legislature of the unrecognized separatist Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) adopted a memorandum on 5 February 2015 declaring itself the successor to the Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic, and Artyom as founding father.[12]

The region was soon colonized by Ukrainian, Romanian, Russian, German, Greek, Bulgarian, Jewish and other settlers. The major cities were Odessa, Kherson, Mykolaiv, and Novorossiysk.[citation needed] In 1802, the province of Novorossiya was split into three governorates.

Most of 18th century Novorossiya was incorporated in 1917 into the newly proclaimed Ukrainian People's Republic. After the defeat of pro-independence Ukrainians in the Ukrainian–Soviet War, the Soviet government confirmed that Southern Ukraine was part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

The Novorossiya movement made its appearance in Odessa in August 1990. The movement, known as the Democratic Union of Novorossiya, argued that given the separate ethnos of the region it should have an autonomous status within a federated Ukrainian state. It campaigned for "special state status" within "the historical boundaries of Novorossiya" (at the time Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, and Crimean Oblasts, and also part of the Dniester region of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic).[13]: 59  It failed, however, to gain popular support.[14]

In September 1990, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn published an article in opposition to the cultural partition of Ukraine and Russia in which he references "Novorossiya", i.e., "including those regions which have never been part of the traditional Ukraine: the 'wild steppe' of the nomads – the later 'New Russia' – as well as the Crimea, the Donbass area, and the lands stretching east almost to the Caspian Sea". He argues that "self-determination of peoples" requires that a nation must resolve issues of identity for itself.[15]

By November 1991, representatives from the Odessa, Kherson, Mykolaiv and Crimean Oblasts had met in Odessa to discuss the question of forming a new state, "Novorossiya". This was necessitated, they explained, by the growth of "nationalist tendencies" in Ukraine, its increasing isolationism, and diminishing ties with Russia.[13]: 60 

Three days after the 1 December 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum, the mayor of St. Petersburg, Anatoly Sobchak, argued that Russia had handed over to Ukraine "a whole series of Russian provinces, the so-called Novorossiya, whose population is for the most part Russian" and that the Russian minority in Ukraine was threatened with forcible "Ukrainianisation".[13]: 48  Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union,[16] the term "Novorossiya" began to be used again in calls for the independence or secession of regions of Ukraine corresponding to different areas.[17]

As late as September 1992, in Odessa, several organizations such as the Civic Movement of Odessa, Rus', the Socialist Party, and Novorossia wee campaigning for the establishment of a separate Novorossian region, the exact borders of which were still being debated.[3]

In June 1994, the chairman of Transnistria's Supreme Council made a reference to Crimea, Odessa and other oblasts as "Novorossiya".[18]

A rally in support of Novorossiya in Moscow on 11 June 2014

Dmitri Trenin of the Carnegie Moscow Center wrote that in 2005 and again in 2008 some quarters in Moscow, that were not entirely academic, discussed the idea of a Russia-friendly buffer state, "Novorossiya", being formed out of Southern Ukraine from the Crimea to Odessa in response to perceived Western penetration into the former Soviet Union.[19]

The term "Novorossiya" came into usage in 2014 among Antimaidan protesters following the Euromaidan Revolution of Dignity.[17]

On 17 April 2014, during talks in Geneva on resolving the rising unrest in southern and eastern Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin stated at a question and answer session that even "in the tsarist days – Kharkov, Lugansk, Donetsk, Kherson, Nikolayev and Odessa – were not part of Ukraine"[20] but part of Novorossiya, and that they had been irresponsibly ceded to Ukraine.[20][21][a]

On 29 August 2014, President Putin issued a statement addressed to the "Militia of Novorossiya" calling upon it to show humanitarian compassion and allow surrounded Ukrainian soldiers to withdraw and reunite with their families. This was the last official statement by Putin addressing "Novorossiya".[24]

History

Main articles: 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine and War in Donbas

As part of Russia hybrid warfare in Ukraine on 17 April 2014 Russian President Vladimir Putin launched his concept of the historic Novorossiya,[25] giving legitimacy to the nascent separatist movement when he described the Donbas as part of the historic "New Russia" (Novorossiya) region, and issued a statement of bewilderment as how the region had ever become part of Ukraine in 1922 with the foundation of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.[26]

Formation

Pavel Gubarev (left) at the 90th anniversary celebration of the Donetsk Museum of Local Lore, 24 December 2014

The New Russia Party, founded on 13 May 2014 in Donetsk, Ukraine,[27] declared on its first congress of 22 May 2014 the formation of a new self-declared state named "Novorossiya", inspired by the historical region of the Russian Empire that carried that name. The congress was attended by separatist officials of the Donetsk People's Republic, the Donbas People's Militia as well as by the Donetsk Republic leader Pavel Gubarev, ultranationalist/Stalinist writer Alexander Prokhanov,[28] Eurasianist political scientist and Eurasia Party leader Aleksandr Dugin, and Valery Korovin [ru].[29][30] According to Gubarev the state would include Kharkiv,[a] Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv, Odessa and Zaporizhzhia.[31][32][33] Two days later, the self-appointed "Prime Minister" of Donetsk Alexander Borodai and Luhansk "head of the Republic" Aleksey Karyakin signed a document behind closed doors formalizing their merger into the new confederation.[34]

Pro-Russian separatist supporters demonstrating during the Great Patriotic War Victory Day celebrations in Donetsk on 9 May 2014
A line at a polling place in Donetsk during the referendum organized by pro-Russian separatists, 11 May 2014

In an interview on 31 May, Denis Pushilin, then acting as head of state of the Donetsk People's Republic, stated that Novorossiya currently existed as a union of people's republics, but cooperation could be deepened if more territories were to join.[35] On 24 June, the two separatist republics proclaimed their accession to the union of people's republics, and at the second plenum of the new Parliament of Novorossiya on 15 July, the confederation adopted the official name of Novorossiya.[36] Since the 2 November 2014 Donbas general elections, the Parliament has not gathered again.[10]

Parallel December 2014 declaration

On 12 December 2014, a "Congress of Deputies of All Levels" led by former DPR deputy foreign minister Boris Borisov, alongside figures such as Pavel Gubarev, issued a renewed declaration of the state sovereignty of the "Union of Sovereign Republics" of Novorossiya, claiming it to be an amendment of the 1922 Treaty on the Creation of the USSR.[37][38] In contrast to the May agreement, the new declaration aimed to build a new executive "from scratch".[38] An official of the DPR responded that although Borisov was well-intentioned, his initiative did not have the material backing necessary for success.[38]

Suspension of the project

On 20 May 2015, supporters of the LNR and the DNR officially announced the freezing of the "New Russia" project and the closure of the related structures of political technology. Oleg Tsaryov, chairman of the movement "New Russia", said that the activities of the Joint Parliament of Novorossiya are frozen because the confederation did not comply with the Minsk II accords.[10][39] On 11 May 2014, a referendum on self-determination in eight regions (Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhia, Odessa, Luhansk, Mykolaiv, Kharkiv, Kherson, and Donetsk) was not held as expected, but only in the Luhansk and Donetsk republics. On 24 May 2014, delegates from these eight regions created the Joint Parliament of New Russia; however, this proved to be only virtual in nature as the political structure was unclaimed: the expected delegation of representatives did not occur, leading to curtailment of the Parliament initiative.

The status of Novorossiya came into dispute on 26 May 2014, when according to Valery Bolotov, "none of the agreements have been concluded" but the intention is to form a "Union of People's Republics".[40] On 1 January 2015, former Donetsk Republic Prime Minister Alexander Borodai, who resigned on 7 August 2014,[41] stated that "there is no Novorossiya" and that the proposed state was a "dream that was not brought to life" and called it a false start.[42] On 8 June 2015, the leaders of the DPR and the LPR submitted their proposed changes to the Constitution of Ukraine that, while calling for wide autonomy of the Donbas region, conceded them as territories of Ukraine. No change was proposed regarding the status of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea as part of Ukraine, considering the status of Crimea outside their purview. This was imputed by news agencies as a recognition by the leaders of the DPR and the LPR of Ukrainian sovereignty over Crimea.[43] Given this interpretation, these changes were withdrawn within hours,[44] and on 15 June 2015, DPR "Prime Minister" Alexander Zakharchenko claimed that the DPR "will never be part of Ukraine".[45]

In mid-June 2015, Igor Girkin said that the situation in Novorossiya was a "colossal failure" no one knew how to patch up, and that the plan was to negotiate the return of the autonomous regions of Donetsk and Luhansk to Ukraine in return for Ukraine's de facto acceptance of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, the gradual withdrawal of sanctions, and the return of all other territories to their previous condition. According to Girkin, should such a "wonderful" plan be realized, Ukraine would become a federal state. "Consequently, in such a manner, a safety catch would be put in place for its entry into NATO. Russia would get leverage over Kyiv in the form of the autonomous regions, and everything would settle down."[46] On 9 June 2016, an anonymous Russian businessman averred that the shooting down of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 forfeited any chance to create the confederation.[47]

Similar proposal

A project was declared on 18 July 2017 by the Donetsk People's Republic to include all of Ukraine, but the name was changed to "Malorossiya" (Little Russia).[48][49] The Luhansk People's Republic, however, stated that it would not be taking part in the project. The announcement was widely condemned by nations, including Russia, which pointed to the Minsk agreement.[50]

Military

Main article: Russian separatist forces in Donbas

The Armed Forces of Novorossiya were composed of the Donbas People's Militia[51][52] and the LPR People's Militia (formerly known as the Army of the South-East).

The militias of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic merged into one force on 16 September 2014, forming the "United Armed Forces of Novorossiya".[53]

It is regarded as a terrorist group by the Government of Ukraine and was accused in the downing of a civil aircraft, Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, on 17 July 2014.

International recognition

No sovereign state of the United Nations has recognized Novorossiya as a sovereign state or political entity. The two constituent republics, the Luhansk People's Republic and the Donetsk People's Republic, are only recognized by one United Nations member, Russia (since 21 February 2022), as well as by the de facto state of South Ossetia since 2014.[54][55][56]

Controversy

Russian dissidents Aleksandr Skobov and Andrey Piontkovsky commented that in its political features (nationalism, imperialism) the entity has similarities to 20th-century fascist movements.[57][58]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b The city of Kharkiv was not part of the historical region of Novorossiya, but of Sloboda Ukraine.[22][23]

References

  1. ^ Gubarev, Pavel (2016). "Воля и труд!". Факел Новороссии [The Torch of New Russia] (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Piter. ISBN 978-5-496-02041-1. Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2019 – via WikiReading.
  2. ^ a b Babiak, Mat (23 May 2014). "Welcome to New Russia". Ukrainian Policy. Archived from the original on 8 June 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  3. ^ a b "Federal State of Novorossiya / Union of People's Republics". GlobalSecurity.org. 27 May 2015. Archived from the original on 12 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  4. ^ "DPR and LPR switch over to Moscow time". TASS. 26 October 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  5. ^ "'Many Russians' fighting in Ukraine". BBC News. 28 August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
  6. ^ Senkus, Roman (1993). "New Russia gubernia". Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Vol. 3. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  7. ^ "Ukraine's prosecutor general classifies self-declared Donetsk and Luhansk republics as terrorist organizations". Kyiv Post. Interfax-Ukraine. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  8. ^ Самопроголошені республіки у Донецькій та Луганській областях кваліфіковано як терористичні організації [The self-proclaimed republics in the Donetsk and Lugansk oblasts classified as terrorist organizations]. gp.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  9. ^ Babiak, Mat (24 June 2014). "Terrorist organizations declare New Russian "Union of People's Republics"". Euromaidan Press. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2014.
  10. ^ a b c "Russian-backed 'Novorossiya' breakaway movement collapses". Ukraine Today. 20 May 2015. Archived from the original on 21 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
    Dergachev, Vladimir; Kirillov, Dmitry (20 May 2015). Проект «Новороссия» закрыт [Project "New Russia" is closed]. Gazeta.Ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  11. ^ Andrei, Kolesnikov (29 May 2015). "Why the Kremlin Is Shutting Down the Novorossiya Project". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  12. ^ "The DPR became a legal successor of the Donetsk-Krivoy-Rog Republic". Novorossia Today. 5 February 2015. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  13. ^ a b c Solchanyk, Roman (1994). "The Politics of State Building: Centre–Periphery Relations in Post‐Soviet Ukraine". Europe-Asia Studies. 46 (1): 47–68. doi:10.1080/09668139408412149. S2CID 154417765.
  14. ^ Heenan, Patrick; Lamontagne, Monique, eds. (1999). The CIS Handbook. Chicago; London: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 1-57958-088-2. Retrieved 17 May 2022.
  15. ^ Solzhenitsyn, Alexander (1991). Rebuilding Russia: Reflections and Tentative Proposals. Translated by Klimoff, Alexis. London: Harvill. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-00-272157-8.
  16. ^ Prokhorov, A. M., ed. (2000). Ст. Донецко-Криворожская советская республика. Большой энциклопедический словарь [Great Encyclopedic Dictionary] (in Russian) (2nd revised and expanded ed.). Archived from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  17. ^ a b Kinstler, Linda (7 April 2014). "Protesters in Eastern Ukraine Are Chanting "Novorossiya", an Old Term That's Back in Vogue". The New Republic. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  18. ^ Center for Strategic and International Studies (1997). Brzezinski, Zbigniew; Sullivan, Paige (eds.). Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe. p. 639. ISBN 978-1-56324-637-1.
  19. ^ Trenin, Dmitri (2011). Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-87003-248-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2014.
  20. ^ a b "Direct Line with Vladimir Putin". kremlin.ru. 17 April 2014. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
  21. ^ Gentleman, Amelia (17 April 2014). "Putin asserts right to use force in east Ukraine". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  22. ^ Plokhy, Serhii (2005). Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History. Toronto; Bufallo; London: University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8020-3937-8. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  23. ^ Sakwa, Richard (2014). Frontline Ukraine: Crisis in the Borderlands. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-85773-804-2. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
  24. ^ "President of Russia Vladimir Putin addressed Novorossiya militia". kremlin.ru. 29 August 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  25. ^ Herszenhorn, David M. (18 April 2021). "What Is Putin's 'New Russia'?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  26. ^ Freedman, Lawrence (December 2014). "Ukraine and the Art of Limited War". Survival. 56 (6): 13. doi:10.1080/00396338.2014.985432. S2CID 154981360.
  27. ^ "Donetsk announces creation of Novorossiya Party". Kyiv Post. 13 May 2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  28. ^ Young, Cathy (21 May 2014). "Fascism Comes to Ukraine -- From Russia". RealClearPolitics. Archived from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  29. ^ Состоялся учредительный съезд ОПД "Партия Новороссия" [Founding congress of the socio-political movement "New Russia Party" held]. novorossia.su (in Russian). Novorossia News Agency. 22 May 2014. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  30. ^ Goble, Paul (8 August 2013). "Window on Eurasia: To Save Russia and Himself, Putin Must Become a National Bolshevik, Izborsky Expert Says". Window on Eurasia -- New Series. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 20 April 2015 – via Blogger.
  31. ^ У Донецьку створили партію "Новоросія" [In Donetsk the party "New Russia" has been founded]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 23 May 2014. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  32. ^ "Ukraine crisis timeline". BBC News. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  33. ^ Луганская и Донецкая республики объединились в Новороссию [The Luhansk and Donetsk republics united to Novorossiya]. novorossia.su (in Russian). Novorossia News Agency. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  34. ^ СМИ: Террористы из "ДНР" и "ЛНР" объединились [Mass media: Terrorists from the "DPR" and the "LPR" have united] (in Russian). UNIAN. 24 May 2014. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
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  40. ^ В.Болотов опроверг информацию об объединении ЛНР и ДНР в Новороссию [V.Bolotov denied the merger of the LNR and the DNR in Novorossiya]. OstroV (in Russian). 26 May 2014. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
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  43. ^ Holodny, Elena (9 June 2015). "The pro-Russia separatist regions just named Crimea as a part of Ukraine". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
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