Royal Mews

Entrance to the Royal Mews

The Royal Mews is a mews, or collection of equestrian stables, of the British royal family. In London these stables and stable-hands' quarters have occupied two main sites in turn, being located at first on the north side of Charing Cross, and then (since the 1820s) within the grounds of Buckingham Palace.

The Royal Mews, Buckingham Palace includes an extensive display of royal carriages and other associated items, and is open to the public for much of the year. It is also a working part of the palace, where horses and people live and work, and where carriages and cars are in daily use supporting the work of the King as head of state.

At Charing Cross

"The mewes" (top right) at Charing Cross, depicted on John Norden's map of Westminster, 1593. The map is oriented with north-west to the top.

The first set of stables to be referred to as a mews was at Charing Cross at the western end of The Strand. The royal hawks were kept at this site from 1377 and the name originates from the fact that they were confined there at moulting time ("mew" being derived from the French verb "muer", to moult).

The building was destroyed by fire in 1534 and rebuilt as a stables, keeping its former name when it acquired this new function. On old maps, such as the "Woodcut" map of London of the early 1560s, the Mews can be seen extending back towards the site of today's Leicester Square.

The Mews at Charing Cross in 1793

It was rebuilt again in 1732 to the designs of William Kent, and in the early 19th century it was open to the public. This building was usually known as the King's Mews, but was also sometimes referred to as the Royal Mews, the Royal Stables, or as the Queen's Mews when there was a woman on the throne.

On 15 June 1820, the Guards in the Royal Mews mutinied in support of Caroline of Brunswick, whom King George IV was seeking to divorce.

Kent's redesign was an impressive classical building occupying the northern half of the site, with an open space in front of it that ranked among the few large ones in central London at a time when the Royal Parks were on the fringes of the city and most squares in London were garden squares open only to the residents of their surrounding houses. The whole site was cleared in the late 1820s to create Trafalgar Square, laid out in 1837–1844 after delays, and the National Gallery which opened in 1838.

At Buckingham Palace

Stables in the Royal Mews

The present Royal Mews is in the grounds of Buckingham Palace, to the south of Buckingham Palace Gardens, near Grosvenor Place.

In the 1760s George III moved some of his day-to-day horses and carriages to the grounds of Buckingham House, which he had acquired in 1762 for his wife's use, but the main royal stables housing the ceremonial coaches and their horses remained at the King's Mews. However, when his son George IV had Buckingham Palace converted into the main royal residence in the 1820s the whole stables establishment was moved there. The current Royal Mews was built to designs by John Nash and was completed in 1825 (although the Riding School, thought to be by William Chambers, dates from the 1760s). The mews buildings have been modified extensively since.

As well as being a full-time working facility, the Royal Mews is regularly open to the public. The state coaches and other carriages are kept there, along with about 30 horses, together with their modern counterparts, the state motor cars. Coachmen, grooms, chauffeurs and other staff are accommodated in flats above the carriage houses and stables.

Royal and State Carriages

A few of the carriages stored at the Mews are pictured here in action; several more are illustrated on their own pages (see listing below).

• 
  A Clarence from the Royal Mews, drawn by a pair of Cleveland Bay horses, passing the Victoria Memorial. (A Clarence is a larger-than-standard, two-horse Brougham.)
• 
  One of two Royal Mews Barouches carrying members of the Royal Family at the 2009 Trooping the Colour.
• 
  Queen Elizabeth II riding in a Phaeton, drawn by Windsor Grey horses, at the 2007 Trooping the Colour. (This carriage is known as the "Ivory-mounted Phaeton".)
• 
  "Ascot" Landau conveying bridesmaids back from Westminster Abbey to Buckingham Palace after the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, 2011.
• 
  The "Balmoral" Sociable on a damp day at the Lord Mayor's Show.
• 
  The "Balmoral" Landau conveying the Countess of Wessex and others from Trooping the Colour, 2018.

Vehicles in the care of the Royal Mews are listed below. A good number are on public display though not all are kept in London. Most are in regular use, and some (for example, the Broughams) are driven on a daily basis. Others (above all the Gold Coach) are only used on great and rare State occasions. The list includes vehicles for personal, recreational and sporting use, as well as those designed and kept for State occasions:

A Royal Mews Brougham on display alongside a Station Bus at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh.

Charabanc (presented by Louis Philippe of France to Queen Victoria) at Windsor Castle in 1844.

Brakes are regularly used for training and exercising the carriage horses, as seen here in Hyde Park.

• The Gold State Coach
• The Irish State Coach
• The Scottish State Coach
• The Australian State Coach
• The Diamond Jubilee State Coach
• Queen Alexandra's State Coach
• The Glass Coach
• King Edward VII's Town Coach
• Several Landau carriages including:
  • The 1902 State Landau
  • Seven other State Landaus
  • Five Semi-state Landaus
  • Five Ascot Landaus
• Barouches and Sociables
• Broughams and Clarences
• Phaetons and Victorias
• Sporting carriages, including a rare Curricle
• Recreational vehicles, such as the Louis-Philippe Charabanc (illustrated)
• A variety of pony carriages, drags and exercise vehicles

In less regular use is Queen Victoria's State Sledge, one of a number of royal sleighs in the Mews.

Also on display are some of the historic and immaculately kept liveries and harnesses (which likewise see regular use), ranging from the plainer items used for exercising and working horses, to the richly ornamented State liveries and harnesses designed for use with the similarly appointed State coaches.

Carriage horses

The horses in the Royal Mews today are for the most part either Windsor Greys or Cleveland Bays, though this has not always been the case (for example, for over 200 years locally bred Hanoverian Cream horses took pride of place in the harness on major state occasions, until problems due to inbreeding led to their use being discontinued in the mid-1920s). The horses are regularly exercised in the art of pulling carriages (one of the reasons for the continuing use of horse-drawn transport for the daily messenger rounds); they are used for competitive and recreational driving as well as for ceremonial duties. The manure that is produced by the horses is used by the adjacent garden at Buckingham Palace.

State Cars

Main article: State and royal cars of the United Kingdom

2002 Bentley State Limousine

Rolls-Royce Phantom VI limousines from 1986 (left) and 1978 (right)

The maintenance and provision of modern motor vehicles is as much a part of the work of the Royal Mews as that of carriages and horses. Edward VII first established a garage in the Mews in the early 20th century; by 1920 his son George V had converted two of the coach-houses to accommodate his State Daimlers.

The official cars (as opposed to vehicles for staff or private use) are all painted in black over claret (known as Royal Claret). They are driven, cared for and maintained by a number of chauffeurs, who are based in the Mews and work under the Head Chauffeur (who, along with his deputy, is primarily responsible for driving the King).

The five principal State Cars are without number plates. They comprise:

• Two Bentley State Limousines (given to Queen Elizabeth II in 2002 to mark her Golden Jubilee).
• Two Rolls-Royce Phantom VI limousines: the 1978 Silver Jubilee Phantom VI and a 1986 Phantom VI, both nearly identical outwardly, save for the slightly higher roof on the 1978 example (see photo).
• A rare 1950 Rolls-Royce Phantom IV with body by HJ Mulliner & Co., the first example of this model built; it was fitted with an automatic gearbox in 1955.

Former State Cars

During Queen Elizabeth II's reign the following vehicles also served as State Cars:

• A pair of Rolls-Royce Phantom V limousines delivered to the Royal Mews in 1960 and 1961 (retired from the working fleet after the Bentleys were acquired in 2002).
• A 1954 Rolls-Royce Phantom IV landaulette with coachwork by Hooper, purchased in 1959 (retired from the working fleet after the second Phantom VI was acquired in 1987).
• Four Daimler DE36 landaulettes, built as State Cars for King George VI in the late 1940s and inherited by the Queen when she came to the throne. (Of these, one was then given to the Queen Mother to use, while the others remained as State Cars alongside the Phantom IV limousine; these were sold when the Phantom IV landaulette and the Phantom V limousines were acquired).

Other official vehicles

2012 Jaguar XJ limousine

Daimler DS420 limousine (KLL1)

Limousines used for less formal occasions and as support vehicles:

• Two 2012 Jaguar XJ limousines (number plates NGN 1 and NGN 2).
• Three c. 1992 Daimler DS420 limousines (number plates KLL1, K326EHV and F728OUL).
• State Hearse

Land Rovers, luggage brakes and people carriers are also kept at the Royal Mews. A number of electric vehicles have been acquired since 2012, for various purposes, ranging from a BMW i3 and a BMW 7 Series hybrid to a Nissan van and a Renault Twizy.

Official oversight

The care and training of so many horses, the ongoing care and maintenance of the carriages, cars and tack, along with the actual use of these royal vehicles, means that the Mews is very much a working part of the Palace. The Royal Mews Department is overseen by an official called the Crown Equerry.

Other locations

Entrance to the Royal Mews, Windsor Castle

The Royal Mews, Hampton Court Palace overlooks Hampton Court Green. It continues to provide accommodation for royal staff, and horses are stabled there from time to time. It is not open to the public.

There is a working Royal Mews at Windsor Castle where the Ascot carriages are normally kept, together with vehicles used in Windsor Great Park. Some horses for riding (rather than driving) are also stabled here.

At Holyrood, the Royal Mews (situated in Abbey Strand) is one of the oldest parts of the Palace, and is still pressed into service whenever royal carriages are used in Edinburgh.

Historically, the old stables of St James's Palace, which stood where Lancaster House is now, were also sometime referred to as the Royal Mews.

See also

• Japan state carriages
• Royal Stables (Denmark)
• Royal Stables (Sweden)

External links

• Official website
• Royal Mews at Buckingham Palace, London. The Monarchy Today > Ceremony and symbol > Transport > Carriages.