Suwon: Difference between revisions

Suwon

수원
Suwon 수원
Special case city
Korean transcription(s)
• Hangul	수원특례시
• Hanja	水原特例市
• Revised Romanization	Suwon-teungnyesi
• McCune–Reischauer	Suwŏn-t'ŭkrye-si
	From top, left to right:; view of Suwon from Paldalsan Mountain,; Suwon World Cup Stadium,; Hwaseong Haenggung Palace, Hwaseong Fortress,; Gwanggyo Lake Park, Suwon Station
	Flag Emblem of Suwon
	Location in South Korea
	Coordinates: 37°16′N 127°01′E / 37.267°N 127.017°E
Country	South Korea
Area	Gyeonggi Province (Seoul Capital)
Administrative divisions	4 gu, 43 dong
Government
• Type	Mayor-Council
• Mayor	Lee Jae-jun (Democratic)
• Council	Suwon City Council
• Members of the Gyeonggi Provincial Council	List
• Members of the National Assembly	List
Area
• Total	121.04 km2 (46.73 sq mi)
Highest elevation (Gwanggyosan)	582 m (1,909 ft)
Population (31 December 2023)
• Total	1,233,424
• Dialect	Gyeonggi
Area code	+82-31-2xx
Flower	Azalea
Tree	Pine
Bird	Egret
Website	Suwon City Council

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Suwon (Korean: 수원; lit. Water source^[3]; [su.wʌn]) is the largest city and capital of Gyeonggi Province, South Korea's most populous province. Suwon lies approximately 30 km (19 mi) south of the national capital, Seoul. With a population close to 1¼ million, Suwon has more inhabitants than the metropolitan city Ulsan,^[1]^[4] though it enjoys a lesser degree of self-governance as a 'special case city'.^[5]

Traditionally known as the 'City of Filial Piety',^[6] modern Suwon retains a variety of historical landmarks. As a walled city, it is a popular destination for day-trippers from Seoul,^[7] with the wall itself—Hwaseong Fortress—receiving 1½ million visits in 2015.^[8]

Suwon plays an important economic role as it is home to Samsung Electronics, Korea's largest and most profitable company.^[9] The company's research and development centre is in Yeongtong-gu in eastern Suwon, where its headquarters have also been located since 2016.^[10] Samsung's prominence in Suwon is clear: the company is partnered with Sungkyunkwan University,^[11] which has a campus in the city; it also owns a professional football team, Suwon Samsung Bluewings. This team has won the K League four times^[12] and the Asian Super Cup twice.^[13]^[14] The city is also home to the K League 1 team Suwon FC and the KBO League baseball team KT Wiz.

Suwon houses several well-known universities, most notably Sungkyunkwan University and Ajou University.^[15] It is served by three expressways, the national railway network, and three lines on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway.

Name

Suwon means literally "water source". The area has gone by different names since antiquity, but they all had the same meaning.^[16]^[17] The name originally comes from the name of the statelet Mosukuk [ko], from around the Proto–Three Kingdoms period.^[16] Afterwards, the area and what is now Hwaseong were together called Maehol, Maetkol, or Mulgol (매홀; 맷골; 물골; 買忽).^[18]^[16] In 757 CE, the name was changed to Susŏng-gun (수성군; 水城郡; lit. Susŏng County),^[18]^[16] in order to disambiguate it from another territory with a similar-sounding name.^[17] In 940, its name was changed to Su-ju (수주; 水州; lit. Su Province).^[18]^[16] In the 11th century, it went by either Susŏng (different Hanja: 隋城) or Hannam (한남; 漢南; lit. south of Han).^[16] In 1310, it received the name Suwon.^[16]

In English, the name was formerly often spelt 'Sou-wen'.^[19]

History

Early history

The area now corresponding to Suwon has been inhabited since at latest the early Bronze Age. Artifacts from that period to the early Iron Age have been found in the area, and include objects such as pottery, sculpture, and arrowheads.^[16] One location these materials have been found is at Yeogisan [ko], which is now a monument of Gyeonggi Province [ko].^[16]

During the Three Kingdoms of Korea period, the area was described as being of the territory of the statelet Mosukuk, part of the Mahan confederacy.^[16]^[17] The area came under the influence of Goguryeo in the late 5th century CE, and then later became part of Unified Silla (668–935).^[16]^[18]

It became part of Goryeo after a military campaign led by King Taejo.^[16] In the 13th and 14th centuries, the area was promoted, demoted, merged, and made part of various administrative districts. The area then became a part of Joseon upon its founding, and in 1395 was made an administrative center of Gyeonggi Province.^[16]

Until the late 18th century, Suwon’s administrative centre was in modern-day Annyeong-dong at the foot of Hwasan (a hill in Hwasan-dong, Hwaseong City).^[20]^[16] In 1796, King Jeongjo relocated it to its current location at the foot of Paldalsan.^[20]^[16] To protect this new city, he commanded the building of Hwaseong Fortress—a protective wall around the town.^[21]

An 1899 administrative report had the population at 49,708 people in 12,579 households.^[16]

Japanese colonial period

During the 1910–1945 Japanese colonial period, a number of prominent Korean independence activists came from or operated in Suwon. Kim Se-hwan [ko] and Yi Sŏn-gyŏng (이선경; 李善卿) were both arrested for their activities.^[16]

Liberation to Korean War periods

On 15 August 1949, Suwon was promoted from a county to a city, with some of its former territory made into Hwaseong County.^[16]^[22]

When the Korean War began, the United States Air Force 49th Fighter Wing, then stationed in Japan, was sent to Korea^[23] with an initial mission of evacuating civilians from Suwon and Gimpo.^[24] While on this mission, on 27 June 1950, US planes in Suwon were attacked by North Korean fighters. The ensuing Battle of Suwon Airfield became the first aerial combat of the war.^[25] Suwon Airfield was attacked again two days later while General Douglas MacArthur was on site.^[26] Though the US repelled both attacks, Suwon fell to the advancing North Koreans one week later, on 4 July 1950.^[27] The following day saw the first land conflict between United States and North Korean forces, the Battle of Osan.

North Korean troops were not the only threat to life: in the early days of the war, southern authorities feared left-leaning civilians, and many were killed.^[28] Suwon was a site of such killings: eyewitness account from US intelligence officer Donald Nichols places Suwon as the location of a massacre of approximately 1,800 in late June 1950.^[29]^[30]^[31]

Suwon was retaken, fell again to the North, before being recaptured for the final time. In total, the city changed hands four times during the war.^[32]

While under southern authority, Suwon hosted forces from several countries. For example, on 16 December 1950, the Greek Expeditionary Force relocated from Busan to Suwon, attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division.^[33] The city also appeared strategically important, as in late 1951, the US Air Force's top fighter pilot Gabby Gabreski was placed in charge of Suwon Air Base.^[24]^[34]

A memorial to French forces was erected in 1974 near the Yeongdong Expressway's North Suwon exit.^[35] This was renovated in 2013.^[36]

Recent history

Beginning in 1964, the headquarters of Gyeonggi Province began a process of relocation from Seoul to Suwon.^[37]^[16] Seoul had left the province in 1949.^[38] When the construction of the headquarters was completed on 23 June 1967, the date was set as a new annual holiday: Suwon Citizen's Day (수원시민의 날). The Hwahong Cultural Festival (now Hwaseong Cultural Festival [ko]) was established to celebrate the occasion.^[16]

Suwon has experienced a number of administrative territory changes since the 1960s. In 1963, Suwon expanded greatly as 20 villages were incorporated from Hwaseong-gun.^[39] In 1983, two more villages were acquired from Yongin.^[40]^[16] In 1987, Suwon expanded westwards, acquiring another two villages from Hwaseong.^[41]^[42]^[16] Gwonseon-gu and Paldal-gu were established in 1988.^[16] It received more territory from Hwaseong and Yongin in 1994,^[43]^[16] and again from Hwaseong in 1995.^[16] It established Yeongtong-gu in 2003.^[16]

In preparation for the construction of a new planned city Gwanggyo, there were two-way exchanges of land between Suwon and Yongin in 2007^[44]^[45] and 2019.^[46]^[47] Suwon’s most recent land exchange occurred in 2020, when it swapped some land parcels with Hwaseong.^[48]

Geography

Suwon lies in the north of the Gyeonggi plain, just south of South Korea's capital, Seoul. It is bordered by Uiwang to the north-west, Yongin to the east, the city of Hwaseong to the south-west, and Ansan to the west.^[49] Suwon is near the Yellow Sea coast: at its closest point, on the 239-metre (784 ft) Chilbosan ridge to the west, Suwon lies 18.2 km (11.3 mi) from Ueumdo^[50] in Sihwa Lake, a coastal inlet cordoned off to drive the world's largest tidal power station.^[51]

Geology and topography

Suwon is primarily composed of Precambrian metamorphic rock. It has amphibolites that intrude through these, and also granites from the Mesozoic Era.^[52]

Most of Suwon is composed of biotite granite (Jbgr) from the Jurassic period. This granite is centred on Paldalsan. A form of Daebo granite, this rock is distributed through Homaesil-dong, Geumgok-dong, Dangsu-dong, Seryu-dong, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-dong, and other areas. Its main constituent minerals are quartz, plagioclase, orthotic, biotite, and amphibole.^[52]

Precambrian biotite gneiss (PCEbgn) is found in northern Suwon, specifically Pajang-dong, Gwanggyo-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong. Visible rocks here are composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, amphibole, and muscovite; and are generally dark grey or dark green. Mesozoic biotite granite intrudes through these.^[52]

Precambrian quartzo-feldspathic gneiss (PCEqgn) is distributed in some mountainous areas in Hagwanggyo-dong and Sanggwanggyo-dong in northern Suwon. This gneiss has primarily undergone silicification, and is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, and muscovite. It is grey, grey-brown, and white.^[52]

Suwon's single tectonic fault splits from the Singal Fault in Iui-dong, creating the Woncheonri Stream. The stream follows the fault through Ha-dong, Woncheon-dong, and Maetan-dong till it joins the Hwangguji Stream in Annyeong-dong, Hwaseong City. This is a 20 km-long vertical fault running SSW, eventually to the Yellow Sea. In Suwon, biotite gneiss and biotite granite are brought into contact by the fault.^[52]

While the low-lying fault sits in the south of Suwon, the north is hillier: the city's highest point is Gwanggyosan (582 m (1,909 ft)) on the border with Yongin.^[53]

Streams and lakes

Most of Suwon's streams originate on Gwanggyosan or other nearby peaks. Since the city is bounded to the north by Gwanggyosan, to the west by Chilbosan, and to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the Suwoncheon and Seohocheon, flow southwards. After joining the Hwanggujicheon, they eventually empty into the Yellow Sea at Asan Bay. The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner.^[54]

Several of Suwon's streams feature lakes. Since there are few natural lakes on the Korean mainland,^[55] Suwon's lakes are in fact small reservoirs. These 11 reservoirs are Chungmanje (축만제), otherwise known as Seoho (서호) near Hwaseo Station; Irwol Reservoir (일원 저수지) near Sungkyunkwan University; Bambat Reservoir (밤밭 저수지) near Sungkyunkwan University Station; Ilwang Reservoir (일왕 저수지), otherwise called Manseokkeo (만석거) in Manseok Park; Pajang Reservoir (파장 저수지) near the North Suwon exit of the Yeongdong Expressway; Gwanggyo Reservoir (광교 저수지) and Hagwanggyo Reservoir (하광교 소류지) at the foot of Gwanggyosan; Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs (원천 저수지, 신대 저수지) in Gwanggyo Lake Park; and Geumgok Reservoir (금곡 저수지), a small lake at the foot of Chilbosan. Iilwang Reservoir (Manseokkeo) has been designated a world heritage site for irrigation.^[56] Wangsong Reservoir (왕송 저수지), on the border with Uiwang, used to be partly in Suwon, but after controversial boundary changes, it is now entirely in Uiwang.^[57]

Climate

Suwon has both a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa), and a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa).^[58]

The city is prone to occasional flooding: the 1998 flood caused the death of a US soldier,^[59] and 145 mm (5.7 in) of rain fell in 24 hours in 2010.^[60]

Climate data for Suwon (1991–2020 normals, 1964–2023 extremes)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	15.3 (59.5)	19.3 (66.7)	25.0 (77.0)	30.5 (86.9)	33.2 (91.8)	34.0 (93.2)	37.5 (99.5)	39.3 (102.7)	33.7 (92.7)	29.0 (84.2)	25.8 (78.4)	17.8 (64.0)	39.3 (102.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	2.8 (37.0)	5.6 (42.1)	11.3 (52.3)	18.2 (64.8)	23.6 (74.5)	27.5 (81.5)	29.3 (84.7)	30.3 (86.5)	26.4 (79.5)	20.4 (68.7)	12.5 (54.5)	4.9 (40.8)	17.7 (63.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−2.1 (28.2)	0.3 (32.5)	5.7 (42.3)	12.0 (53.6)	17.6 (63.7)	22.2 (72.0)	25.3 (77.5)	26.0 (78.8)	21.4 (70.5)	14.6 (58.3)	7.2 (45.0)	0.1 (32.2)	12.5 (54.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−6.6 (20.1)	−4.5 (23.9)	0.6 (33.1)	6.4 (43.5)	12.3 (54.1)	17.9 (64.2)	22.1 (71.8)	22.7 (72.9)	17.1 (62.8)	9.4 (48.9)	2.4 (36.3)	−4.2 (24.4)	8.0 (46.4)
Record low °C (°F)	−24.8 (−12.6)	−25.8 (−14.4)	−11.3 (11.7)	−4.7 (23.5)	2.3 (36.1)	7.8 (46.0)	13.2 (55.8)	13.0 (55.4)	3.6 (38.5)	−3.6 (25.5)	−12.6 (9.3)	−24.4 (−11.9)	−25.8 (−14.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	18.1 (0.71)	28.3 (1.11)	40.7 (1.60)	71.6 (2.82)	95.0 (3.74)	122.9 (4.84)	385.1 (15.16)	296.3 (11.67)	133.5 (5.26)	54.1 (2.13)	48.9 (1.93)	25.8 (1.02)	1,320.3 (51.98)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	6.7	6.2	7.0	8.0	8.6	9.6	15.4	14.0	8.6	6.1	9.0	8.3	107.5
Average snowy days	6.9	5.3	2.2	0.1	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.8	6.8	23.1
Average relative humidity (%)	63.0	61.9	62.2	62.1	66.1	71.4	79.9	77.6	73.2	69.8	67.9	64.4	68.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours	174.3	178.7	205.7	214.5	229.7	195.0	138.2	168.7	184.6	208.9	162.5	166.2	2,227
Percent possible sunshine	54.0	56.2	53.4	54.6	50.4	42.8	30.5	39.5	48.8	57.4	51.6	53.4	48.6
Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010)^[61]^[62]^[63]

Administrative divisions

The city is composed of four gu (districts).^[15] Jangan-gu (장안구) and Gwonseon-gu (권선구) were established on 1 July 1988. On 1 February 1993, parts of Jangan-gu and Gwonseon-gu became a new district, Paldal-gu (팔달구). The newest district is Yeongtong-gu (영통구), which separated from Paldal-gu on 24 November 2003. These districts are in turn divided into 42 dong.^[64]

Suwon has several new 'towns', e.g., Homaesil^[65] and Gwanggyo. The latter is perhaps the most notable of these: the first stage of its construction was completed in 2011,^[66] and today its district, Yeongtong-gu, has Gyeonggi Province's seventh most expensive housing.^[67]

Demography

Suwon is 50.3% male (49.7% female), and 2.9% foreign. On average, there are 2.3 residents per household. Further details for each district are shown below (figures from 31 December 2023).^[1]

	Total people	Korean males	Korean females	Korean (total)	Foreign males	Foreign females	Foreign (total)
Suwon (total)	1,233,424^[1]	602,346	594,911	1,197,257	17,837	18,330	36,167
Gwonseon-gu	375,574	184,970	181,197	366,167	4,558	4,849	9,407
Jangan-gu	277,645	136,145	134,704	270,849	3,312	3,484	6,796
Paldal-gu	208,791	99,290	97,923	197,213	5,917	5,661	11,578
Yeongtong-gu	371,414	181,941	181,017	363,028	4,050	4,336	8,386

Religion

The Catholic Diocese of Suwon was created in 1963 by Pope Paul VI.^[68]^[69] The cathedral—St Joseph's—is at 39 Imok-ro, Jeongja-dong.

Suwon is the birthplace of the former president of the Baptist World Alliance, Kim Janghwan (Billy Kim).^[70] Mr founded the Suwon Central Baptist Church,^[71] though this is located in Yongin.

Mireukdang (미륵당), a small shrine to Maitreya, is located in Pajang-dong. This has a religious basis fusing Buddhism and traditional local religions.^[72]^[73]

Crime

The following table tallies crimes in Suwon reported in 2021.^[74]

Suwon crime statistics, 2021
Category	Crime	Number
Property crime	Theft	4,202
	Possession of stolen property	8
	Fraud	6,183
	Embezzlement	1,277
	Breach of trust	70
	Destruction	1,510
Violent crime (serious)	Murder	16
	Robbery	7
	Arson	28
	Sexual assault	934
Violent crime (lesser)	Violence	2,988
	Injury	429
	Intimidation	540
	Extortion	159
	Kidnapping, abduction	4
	False arrest, confinement	33
	Violation of The Punishment of Violence, Etc. Act (e.g., burglary)	29
	Violation of The Punishment of Violences, Etc. Act (e g., Formation of illegal organizations, and such activities)	0
Forgery	Currency	7
	Valuable securities, revenue stamp, postage	2
	Documents	228
	Seal	11
Public official crime	Abandonment of duties	18
	Abuse of authority	30
	Receiving bribes	2
	Giving bribes	0
Crime against morality	Gambling, lotteries	1,342
	Deceased person	1
	Other obscene acts	79
Negligence	Inflicting bodily injury or death through negligence	52
	Inflicting bodily injury or death through occupational negligence	47
	Fire caused by negligence	57
Misc.	Defamation	759
	Obstruction of rights	134
	Credit business, auction	438
	Trespass	439
	Violation of secrecy	4
	Abandonment	5
	Traffic obstruction	10
	Obstruction of official duties	186
	Escape, harbouring criminals	4
	Perjury, destruction, and concealment of evidence	83
	False accusation	108
	Breach of the peace	4
	Insurrection	0
	Drinking water crimes	0
	Water use crimes	0

Illegal dumping of household waste has been a problem in Suwon, and the city council has addressed this by increasing urban greenery. This approach appears to have reduced the scale of the problem.^[75]

Education

Colleges and universities

There are several universities and colleges in Suwon, including Sungkyunkwan University's Natural Sciences Campus, Kyonggi University, Ajou University, Dongnam Health University, Gukje Cyber University, Hapdong Theological Seminary, and Suwon Women's University. Despite their names, the University of Suwon and Suwon Science College are not actually in Suwon, but in neighbouring Hwaseong. Seoul National University's agriculture campus was located in Suwon until 2005; it is now in Seoul.^[76]

Schools

Suwon has 44 high schools, 57 middle schools, 100 primary schools, and 180 kindergartens.^[77]

Schools and kindergartens in Suwon
		Gwonseon-gu	Jangan-gu	Paldal-gu	Yeongtong-gu	Total
Kindergarten	Public (dedicated k'gtn)	3	2	1	5	11
	Public (in elem. sch.)	32	19	11	23	85
	Private	29	21	10	24	84
Elementary school	Public	33	22	15	28	98
Elementary school	Private	0	0	0	2	2
Middle School	Public	13	13	5	20	51
Middle School	Private	1	0	4	1	6
High School	Public	7	9	3	12	31
High School	Private	2	3	8	0	13

The city has three schools dedicated to special education: Jahye School (47 Subong-ro, Tap-dong),^[78] Suwon Seokwang School (517 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong),^[79] and Areum School (32 Gwanggyo-ro, Iui-dong).^[80] Special education is also provided in some regular schools, e.g., Suwonbuk Middle School (37 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeonghwa-dong).^[81] There is also a centre for lifelong learning at Kyemyung High School (88 Jangan-ro 496 beon-gil, Imok-dong).^[82]

There are two international schools in Suwon: Gyeonggi Suwon International School^[83] and Suwon Chinese International School (수원화교중정소학교; 水原華僑中正小學)^[84]

Environment

Throughout South Korea, water management is a challenge.^[85] Suwon is 11% self-sufficient in its use of water, and plans to increase this to 50% through rainwater harvesting, including building retention facilities; and by treating and reusing sewage.^[86]

Air pollution in Suwon appears to be from a range of industrial and other sources, with origins of coarse particulate matter (PM₁₀) shown in the pie chart.^[87]

PM₁₀ sources on the Suwon–Yongin border:

Soil (25.4%)

Secondary sulphate (produced in the atmosphere by photochemical processes acting on sulphuric compounds) (22.1%)

Industry and oil combustion (13.8%)

Secondary nitrate (produced by oxidation of some volatile organic compounds) (12.3%)

Diesel emissions (12.1%)

Gasoline emissions (5.6%)

Sodium-rich sources (5.6%)

Waste incineration (3.1%)

Industry

The largest employer in Suwon is Samsung Electronics, which was founded in the city in 1969.^[88] Its headquarters remain in Suwon, located today with the company's large R&D complex in Maetan-dong. Samsung's presence in the city can be seen through its sponsorship of local sports teams such as Suwon Samsung Bluewings Football Club^[89] and two of the oldest domestic basketball teams—Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx—both of which have since left Suwon.^[90]^[91]^[92]^[93] Other major companies in Suwon include SK Chemical,^[94] Samsung SDI,^[95] and Samsung Electro-Mechanics.^[96]

Landmarks

Hwaseong Fortress

Hwaseong Fortress, built under the orders of King Jeongjo in 1796, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[21] The entire city used to be encircled by the fortress walls,^[97] but Suwon has long since expanded far beyond this boundary. There are four main gates in the walls,^[21] and Haenggung Palace lies in the centre of the fortress.^[98]

Hwaseong was built under the guidance of philosopher Jeong Yak-yong.^[21] Workers were paid for their labour for one of the first times in Korea’s history, corvée labour having been common previously.^[99] Construction details were meticulously recorded in the text Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe (화성 성역 의궤).^[100] This document was invaluable after the Korean War: reconstruction efforts from 1964 to the present day have relied heavily on this.^[21]

Hyanggyo

Suwon Hyanggyo (수원향교; 水原鄕校) was a government-run school and Confucian ceremonial centre during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. During the Joseon Dynasty, it was the largest and oldest state school in Gyeonggi Province.^[101] The school was originally built in 1291 beside Hwasan in Wau-ri, Hwaseong-gun. It was moved to its current location at 107–9 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong around 1795, when Hwaseong Fortress was built.^[102] The school houses memorial tablets to Confucius, Mencius, and 25 Korean figures noteworthy to Confucianism.^[103] It is open to the public on weekdays from 9 a.m. till 5 p.m., but it is closed at weekends.^[102]

Bugugwon

Bugugwon (부국원), also known as Suwon Gu Bugugwon, built prior to 1923, is a cultural centre at 130 Hyanggyo-ro, Gyo-dong. There is no record of the 85.95 m² building's construction, but exterior photographs were published in 1923,^[104] When Korea was a Japanese colony, the building was the headquarters of Bugukwon Co., Ltd., which sold agricultural products such as fertilizers.^[104] After liberation, from 1952 to 1956, it temporarily housed the Suwon Court and the Public Prosecutor's Office.^[104] From 1957 to 1960, it was used as the Suwon City Education Support Office,^[104] and in 1974 the Republican Party used it as their Gyeonggi Province base.^[104] In 1979, the Suwon Arts Foundation was based here,^[104] and in 1981 it became an internal medicine clinic.^[104] Since 2018, it has been a public cultural space.^[105]

Adams Memorial Hall

Adams Memorial Hall [ko] served as a focal point for the independence movement. The building was constructed in 1923 under Pastor William Noble with funding from various sources, including a church in the United States, Suwon Jongno Church, and local residents. Here, independence activists including Park Seon-tae and Lee Deuk-su met weekly to discuss their activities.^[106]

Culture and contemporary life

Housing

As is typical of urban South Korea, Suwon has many apartment complexes. The city has been affected greatly by real estate price fluctuations,^[107] and Yeongtong-gu's housing is the seventh most expensive in the province.^[67]

Food

Suwon is known for Suwon galbi, a variation on beef ribs enjoyed throughout Korea.^[108]

Sports

Suwon's sports facilities include Suwon World Cup Stadium, which hosted 2002 FIFA World Cup matches,^[109] and Suwon Gymnasium, used in the 1988 Summer Olympic Games.^[110]

Football

Suwon World Cup Stadium was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.^[109] Today, it is home to the K League 2 team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. K League 1 team Suwon FC and WK League team Suwon FC Women play at Suwon Sports Complex.^[111]^[112]

Baseball

Since 2013, Suwon has been home to KT Wiz. The team played at Sungkyunkwan University until Suwon Baseball Stadium remodelling was completed in time for their elevation to the KBO League in 2015.^[113] The stadium was previously the home of the Hyundai Unicorns, who folded after the 2007 season.^[114]

Basketball

File:KT Sonicboom Arena.jpg

KT Sonicboom Arena

Two of the Korean Basketball League and Women's Korean Basketball League's oldest teams, Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx, respectively, used to be based in Suwon. Samsung Thunders relocated to Jamsil Arena in Seoul in 2001,^[90]^[91] while four years later, Samsung Life moved to Yongin.^[92]^[93] Top-flight men's basketball returned to Suwon in 2021, when KT Sonicboom relocated from Busan to the renamed Suwon KT Sonicboom Arena (formerly Seosuwon Chilbo Gymnasium).^[115]

Volleyball

The 5,145-capacity Suwon Gymnasium is home to the men's and women's V-League volleyball teams Suwon Kepco Vixtorm and Suwon Hyundai Engineering & Construction Hillstate respectively.^[116] The gymnasium staged the handball events in the 1988 Summer Olympics.^[110] It also hosted handball and table tennis at the 2014 Asian Games^[117] and hosted the 2010 Judo World Cup.^[118]^[119]^[120]

Museums

Suwon has two national museums. The National Map Museum of Korea houses a collection of 33,598 maps.^[121] It is located at 92 Worldcup-ro, Woncheon-dong. Admission is free, and the museum opens daily from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.^[121] Suwon's second national museum, the National Agricultural Museum of Korea, opened by Seoho Lake in December 2022.^[122] It is located at 154 Suin-ro, Seodun-dong, admission is free, and it is open daily from 10 a.m. till 6 p.m.^[123]

There are also a number of smaller museums in Suwon. For example, Suwon Hwaseong Museum, at 21 Changryong-daero, Maehyang-dong, features exhibits contextualising and explaining the construction of Hwaseong.^[124] Another smaller museum, Haewoojae, has gathered some international attention.^[125] Built privately in 2007 at 463 Jangan-ro, Imok-dong, this museum is dedicated to the history of toilets.^[125] Ownership of Haewoojae was transferred to the city council in 2009.^[126]

Libraries

Suwon Central Library opened in 1980 at 318 Paldalsan-ro, Gyo-dong.^[127]^[128] Today, the city has 27 public libraries: seven in Gwonseon-gu, five in Jangan-gu, six in Paldal-gu, and nine in Yeongtong-gu.^[127] The council also plans to build another in Imok-dong.^[129]

Parks and gardens

Suwon has two municipal arboreta: Irwol Arboretum (일월 수목원) and Yeongheung Arboretum (영흥 수목원). These opened simultaneously on 19 May 2023 beside Irwol Reservoir and Yeongheung Park respectively.^[130]^[131] The 10.15-hectare (25.1-acre) Irwol Arboretum features 429,000 plants of 52,000 species, while Yeongheung Arboretum hosts 118,000 plants of 42,000 species over 14.6 hectares (36 acres).^[131] There are also 338 parks scattered through the city.^[132] Some of these, e.g., Gwanggyo Lake Park, Seoho Park, Irwol Park, and Manseok Park, contain sizeable lakes.^[133]

Street art

Haenggung-dong and Ji-dong in central Suwon are known for their murals,^[134] while Haenggung-dong streets have a variety of other artistic features such as optical illusions.^[135]

Media

Newspapers based in Suwon include the Kyeonggi Ilbo (경기일보) in Jangan-gu, and the Kyeongin Ilbo (경인일보) and Suwon Daily (수원일보) in Paldal-gu.^[136]

National broadcaster KBS has a drama studio and art hall in Ingye-dong, Yeongtong-gu. These are open to visits by appointment.^[137]

Cinemas

Suwon has several multiplex cinemas: three branches of CGV (in Ha-dong,^[138] Ingye-dong,^[138] and Jowon-dong^[138]); four branches of Lotte Cinema (in Cheoncheon-dong,^[139] Geumgok-dong,^[139] Iui-dong,^[139] and Seodun-dong^[139]); and six branches of Megabox (in Gwonseon-dong,^[140] Haenggung-dong,^[140] Homaesil-dong,^[140] Ingye-dong,^[140] Jeongja-dong,^[140] and Maesan-dong^[140]). Other smaller cinemas, which may show fewer foreign films, include Cinema Town,^[141] Taehan Theater,^[141] Piccadilly Theater,^[141] Jungang Theater,^[141] Royal Theater,^[141] Dano Theater,^[141] and Dano Art Hall.^[141]

Retail

There are several major shopping centres across Suwon, e.g., AK Plaza and Lotte Mall at Suwon Station, and Avenue France^[142] and Alleyway in Gwanggyo.^[143] Another large centre, Starfield—incorporating its own library and a Megabox cinema—opened beside Hwaseo Station in January 2014.^[144]

Public toilets

In the early 2000s, Suwon City Council strove to improve the condition of its public lavatories, and afterwards ran guided tours of the municipal facilities.^[145]^[146] Suwon has hosted several international conferences on toilet management,^[147] and the World Toilet Association is based in the city.^[148]

Transport

Rail

Suwon Station is served by KTX and other trains on the Gyeongbu Line connecting Seoul to Busan.^[149] From 1930 till 1972, the Suryeo Line also connected Suwon to Yeoju,^[150] and from 1937 to 1996, the Suin Line ran from Suwon to Incheon.^[150] The Suin Line has since been reconstructed as part of the Seoul Metro.^[150]^[151]

Metro

Suwon is served by three lines (14 stations) on the Seoul Metro.^[152]

Line 1
- Sungkyunkwan University (성균관대)^[152]
- Hwaseo (화서)^[152]
- Suwon (수원)^[152]
- Seryu (세류)^[152]
Shinbundang Line
- Gwanggyo Jungang (광교중앙)^[152]
- Gwanggyo (광교)^[152]
Suin-Bundang Line
- Cheongmyeong (청명)^[152]
- Yeongtong (영통)^[152]
- Mangpo (망포)^[152]
- Maetan-Gwonseon (매탄권성)^[152]
- Suwon City Hall (수원시청)^[152]
- Maegyo (매교)^[152]
- Suwon (수원)^[152]
- Gosaek (고색)^[152]
- Omokcheon (오목천)^[152]

Construction on an extension of the Sinbundang Line to Homaesil is scheduled to begin in 2024.^[153] Another planned line—the Dongtan–Indeogwon Line—should create several new stations in Suwon, but this has been delayed, prompting affected cities to call for urgent action.^[154]

Buses

There are two inter-city bus terminals in Suwon with connections to cities nationwide: Suwon Bus Terminal near Seryu Station,^[155] and West Suwon Bus Terminal near Sungkyunkwan University.^[156] Nevertheless, bus terminal passenger numbers are decreasing.^[157] Suwon is also connected to Seoul and other nearby cities by city and express buses with departure points across the city.^[158]

In 2017, a new bank of bus stops opened at Suwon Station Transfer Center. This was built to alleviate pressure on existing bus and taxi stands across the tracks.^[159] Another transfer centre is incorporated into Gwanggyo Jungang Station; this is underground, and bus stands feature screen doors.^[160]

Suwon has invested heavily in electric buses—in 2019, it built the country's largest bus charging station at 46 Gyeongsu-daero 1220beon-gil, Pajang-dong.^[161]

Roads

Suwon is served by several expressways. The Yeongdong Expressway (50) passes through Suwon, with two exits within the city limits: North Suwon and East Suwon.^[162] The Gwanggyo Sanghyeon exit on the Yongin–Seoul Expressway (171) is on Suwon's border with Yongin,^[163] and the Pyeongtaek–Paju Expressway (17) also has an exit in Suwon (Geumgok).^[164] The Suwon exit of the Gyeongbu Expressway (1) was renamed Suwon Singal in 2014 to reflect its actual location in Singal in neighbouring Yongin.^[165]

Bicycles

Suwon was the first place in Korea to introduce dockless shared bicycles for hire.^[166] Traversing Suwon by regular bicycle is also relatively easy as there are numerous cycle paths beside the streams that cut through the city. However, some of these are in poor condition.^[167]

Car-free zones

In 2013, the city hosted the EcoMobility World Festival in Haenggung-dong, where for one month, streets were closed to cars as a car-free experiment. Instead of cars, residents used non-motorized vehicles provided by the festival organizers.^[168] The experiment was not unopposed; however, on balance it was considered a success. Following the festival, the city began discussing whether to adopt the practice on a permanent basis.^[169]

Military

Suwon Air Base in Jangji-dong, Gwonseon-gu was used by the United States Air Force during the Korean War, when it was the scene of the conflict's first aerial combat.^[25] Today the base is under Republic of Korea Air Force jurisdiction, though it is still managed and maintained by the US military.^[170] The US military also maintains Madison Site—a small signals unit with nearby helipad on Gwanggyosan.^[171]

Fauna

While much of Suwon's wildlife can be expected to be similar to that in the surrounding province, two species are worth noting specifically in regard to the city. Firstly, an undisclosed location in Suwon appears to be Korea's first recorded breeding site of the white-breasted waterhen.^[172] Secondly, the Suwon tree frog—one of three tree frogs to inhabit the Korean peninsula—^[173]^[174] was discovered in Suwon around 1980, but due to urban sprawl it is no longer found in the city. It has, however, been found recently in Paju, Ansan, and Pyeongtaek (Gyeonggi Province); Eumseong (Chungcheongbuk-do); Gangwon-do; and North Korea.^[175] The species is considered endangered.^[176]^[173]^[174]

Notable people

Notable people from Suwon include the following.

Deceased

In chronological order of birth:

Yeom Gyeongae (염경애; 廉瓊愛, 1100–1146, noble, pious wife of Choi Rubaek)^[177]
Choi Rubaek (최루백; 崔婁伯, –1205, pious son)^[178]^[179]
Lee Go (이고; 李皐, 1341–1420, Goryeo subject opposed to Joseon)^[178]
Kim Jullyong (김준룡; 金俊龍, 1586–1642, military general, defeated Qing soldiers at Gwanggyosan)^[178]
Woo Hayeong (우하영; 禹夏永, 1741–1812, Silhak scholar, agricultural pioneer)^[178]
Lim Myeonsu (임면수; 林勉洙, 13 June 1874–29 November 1930, independence activist)^[178]
Cha Injae (차인재; 車仁載, 1895–1971, independence activist)^[180]^[181]
Kim Sehwan (김세환; 金世煥, 1889–1945, educator, independence activist)^[178]
Na Hyeseok (나혜석; 羅蕙錫, 28 April 1896–10 December 1948, feminist, painter, writer, poet, sculptor, journalist)^[182]^[178]
Kim Hyanghwa (김향화; 金香花, 1897–?, gisaeng, independence activist)^[183]^[178]
Park Seontae (박선태; 朴善泰, 1901–1938, independence activist)^[178]
Lee Seongyeong (이선경; 李善卿, 1902–1921, independence activist)^[178]
Choi Munsun (최문순; 崔文順, 1903–?, independence activist)^[184]
Kim Jangseong (김장성; 金長星, 7 February 1913–9 March 1932, independence activist)^[178]
Hong Jongcheol (홍종철; 洪鐘哲, 26 March 1920–22 July 1989, independence activist)^[178]
Yun Hanheum (윤한흠; 尹漢欽, 1923–22 August 2016, artist) ^[185]^[186]^[187]

Living

In alphabetical order by surname:

Han-na Chang (장한나; 張漢娜, 23 December 1982–, conductor, cellist)^[188]^[189]
Chung Hyeon (정현; 鄭泫, 19 May 1996–, tennis player)^[190]^[191]
Im Chang-kyun (임창균; 任創均, stage name I.M, 26 January 1996–, rapper, singer, songwriter)
Jeon Ji-yoon (전지윤; 田祉潤, 15 October 1990–, rapper, singer, songwriter, actor)^[192]
Stella Hanbyul Jeung (정한별, opera singer)^[193]
Jo Kwon (조권; 趙權, 28 August 1989–, singer, actor, presenter)
Joo Won (문준원; 文晙原; Mun Junwon, stage name Joo Won, 30 September 1987–, actor)
Kim Dong-hyun (김동현; 金東炫, 17 November 1981–, MMA fighter)^[194]^[195]
Kim Jang-hwan (김장환, known as Billy Kim, 25 July 1934–, pastor, former President of the Baptist World Alliance, President of the Far East Broadcasting Company)^[70]
Kim Myung-jun (김명준; 金明俊, stage name MJ, 5 March 1994–, singer, actor, model)
Kim Sungbae (김성배; 金成培, 1954–, artist)^[196]
Kim Yugwon (김유권; 金有權, stage name U-Kwon, 9 April 1992–, singer)^[197]
Lee Chang-sub (이창섭; 李昌燮, 26 February 1991–, singer)
Lee Dong-hun (이동훈, 28 February 1993–, singer, A.C.E)
Lee Jin-ki (이진기; 李珍基, stage name Onew, 14 December 1989–, singer, songwriter, actor, presenter)^[198]
Lee Jong-suk (이종석; 李鐘奭, 14 September 1989–, actor, model)^[199]
Lee Ju-eun (이주은; 李宙恩, 7 June 1995–, singer, actor)
Oh Kyo-moon (오교문; 吳教文, 2 March 1972–, archer)^[200]
Sam Oh (오상미; O Sangmi, 15 January 1980–, presenter, columnist)^[201]
Park Hae-soo (박해수; 朴海秀, 21 November 1981–, actor)^[202]^[203]
Park Ji-sung (박지성; 朴智星, 30 March 1981–, footballer) Park was born in Seoul but raised in Suwon. In 2005, a city street was renamed after him.^[204]
Ryu Jun-yeol (류준열; 柳俊烈, 25 September 1986–, actor)^[205]^[206]
Seol Yoeun (설요은, 2012–, violinist)^[207]
Shin Dong-hee (신동희; 申東熙, stage name Shindong, 28 September 1985–, rapper, singer, dancer, presenter, video director)^[208]
Song Kang (송강; 宋江, 23 April 1994–, actor)^[209]
Yoo Hyun-young (유현영, 6 September 1976–, actor)
Yoo Jeong-yeon (유전연; 俞定延, 1 November 1996–, singer)^[210]
Yoo Ji-min (유지민, stage name Karina, 11 April 2000–, singer)^[211]^[212]
Yoon Bo-mi (윤보미; 尹普美, 13 August 1993–, singer, actor)^[213]^[214]

Sister cities

Suwon is twinned intenationally with:

Asahikawa, Japan (1989),^[215]
Jinan, China (1993),^[215]
Townsville, Australia (1997),^[215]
Bandung, Indonesia (1997),^[215]
Yalova, Turkey (1999),^[215]
Cluj-Napoca, Romania (1999),^[215]
Toluca, Mexico (1999),^[215]
Fez, Morocco (2003),^[215]
Hải Dương Province, Vietnam (2004),^[215]
Siem Reap Province, Cambodia (2004),^[215]
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (2005),^[215]
Curitiba, Brazil (2006),^[215] and
Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany (2015);^[215]

and domestically with:

Jeju (1997),^[216]
Pohang (2009),^[216]
Jeonju (2016),^[216] and
Nonsan (2021).^[216]

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External links

Suwon City Council (in Korean)
Suwon F.C (in Korean)
Suwon Samsung Bluewings (in Korean)
KT Wiz (in Korean)

[Population-1] 월별인구현황 [Population Status by Month] (in Korean). Suwon City Council. Retrieved 20 January 2024.

[Symbols-2] 나무·꽃·새·주 상징종 [Trees, Flowers, Birds, and City Symbols] (in Korean). Suwon City Council. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.

[LiteralMeaning-3] "Suwon Tour: Hwaryeongjeon, Haeng-gung and Suwon Fortress". Korea.net. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 3 July 2023.

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[SpecialCaseKBS-5] "PM: 4 Cities to be Given New Autonomous Status Hold Greater Responsibility". KBS World. 3 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.

[Piety-6] "Suwon invites visitors to city of heritage, festivities". Korea Herald. 1 May 2016. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.

[NightTourismInitiative-7] Park, Hyemi (11 March 2016). "Suwon celebrates its past while looking ahead". Korea Joongang Daily. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.

[HwaseongNumbersJoongang-8] "Suwon Hwaseong fortress celebrates 220th year". Korea Joongang Daily. 21 February 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2024.

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[Suwon_Statistics-15] 수원시통계 [Suwon City Statistics] (in Korean). Archived from the original on 30 January 2011.

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[1994Law-43] 대통령령 제14434호: 시·군·자치구의관할구역변경에관한규정 [Presidential Decree No. 14434: Regulations on Change of Jurisdiction of Si/Gun/Autonomous Gu]. National Legal Information Centre (in Korean). Ministry of Government Legislation. 22 December 1994. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.

[2007Law-44] 대통령령 제19875호: 전라남도 나주시 등 4개 시·군의 관할구역 변경에 관한 규정 [Presidential Decree No. 19875: Regulations on Change of Jurisdiction of 4 Si and Gun including Naju, Jeollanam-do]. National Legal Information Centre (in Korean). Ministry of Government Legislation. 8 February 2007. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.

[GwanggyoExchange-45] Roh, Hogeun (19 April 2007). 수원.용인 경계일부-어정동 분동 등 관할구역 변화 [Part of the Border Between Suwon and Yongin, and Changes in Jurisdictions such as Eojeong-dong and Bun-dong]. Newsis (in Korean). Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.

[2019Law-46] 대통령령 제30036호: 경기도 수원시와 용인시의 관할구역 변경에 관한 규정 [Presidential Decree No. 30036: Regulations on Change of Jurisdiction between Suwon and Yongin, Gyeonggi-do]. National Legal Information Centre (in Korean). Ministry of Government Legislation. 13 August 2019. Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.

[SecondGwanggyoExchange-47] Lee, Jaesang (6 August 2019). 부산·수원·용인 등 관할구역 변경…불합리한 행정구역 조정 [Changes in Jurisdictions such as Busan, Suwon, and Yongin: Unreasonable Administrative District Adjustment]. News1 (in Korean). Archived from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2023.

[2020Law-48] 대통령령 제30794호: 경기도 수원시와 화성시의 관할구역 변경에 관한 규정 [Presidential Decree No. 30794: Regulations on Change of Jurisdiction between Suwon and Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do]. National Legal Information Centre (in Korean). Ministry of Government Legislation. 23 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.

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v t e Cities in South Korea
Special city	Seoul
Metropolitan city	Busan Daegu Daejeon Gwangju Incheon Ulsan
Special autonomous city	Sejong
Big municipal city	Ansan Anyang Bucheon Changwon^※ Cheonan Cheongju^※ Gimhae Goyang Hwaseong Jeonju^※ Namyangju Pohang Seongnam Suwon^※ Yongin
Municipal city	Andong^※ Anseong Asan Boryeong Chuncheon^※ Chungju Dangjin Dongducheon Donghae Gangneung Geoje Gimcheon Gimje Gimpo Gongju Gumi Gunpo Guri Gunsan Gwacheon Gwangju Gwangmyeong Gwangyang Gyeongju Gyeongsan Gyeryong Hanam Icheon Iksan Jecheon Jeongeup Jinju Miryang Mokpo Mungyeong Namwon Naju Nonsan Osan Paju Pocheon Pyeongtaek Sacheon Samcheok Sangju Seosan Siheung Sokcho Suncheon Taebaek Tongyeong Uijeongbu Uiwang Wonju Yangju Yangsan Yeoju Yeongcheon Yeongju Yeosu
Administrative city	Jeju^※ Seogwipo
Provincial capital	Hongseong Muan
Note: ^※ also a provincial capital

v t e South Korea cities with a 200,000+ population
2,000,000 and more	Seoul (capital) Busan Incheon Daegu
1,000,000–1,999,999	Daejeon Gwangju Suwon Ulsan Changwon Goyang Yongin
500,000–999,999	Seongnam Bucheon Cheongju Ansan Namyangju Jeonju Hwaseong Cheonan Anyang Gimhae Pohang Pyeongtaek Siheung Jeju City
200,000–499,999	Uijeongbu Paju Gumi Gimpo Jinju Gwangmyeong Wonju Gwangju Yangsan Asan Iksan Yeosu Gunpo Chuncheon Suncheon Gunsan Gyeongju Gyeongsan Geoje Sejong City Mokpo Gangneung Hanam Icheon Osan Yangju

Authority control databases
International	FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat
National	Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Korea
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
Other	NARA