Jump to content

Hezbollah: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m a -> an, other minor
Line 27: Line 27:
<ref name="Rubenstein">Rubenstein, Colin. [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/06/01/1054406072000.html "Australia is right to ban Hezbollah. Here's why."] ''[[The Age]]''. 2 June 2003. 24 February 2007.</ref><ref name="National">[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/07/photogalleries/hezbollah/photo4.html "National Geographic News Photo Gallery: Hezbollah, Igniting Conflict."] ''[[National Geographic News]]''. 24 February 2006.</ref>
<ref name="Rubenstein">Rubenstein, Colin. [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/06/01/1054406072000.html "Australia is right to ban Hezbollah. Here's why."] ''[[The Age]]''. 2 June 2003. 24 February 2007.</ref><ref name="National">[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/07/photogalleries/hezbollah/photo4.html "National Geographic News Photo Gallery: Hezbollah, Igniting Conflict."] ''[[National Geographic News]]''. 24 February 2006.</ref>


Hezbollah first emerged during the [[Lebanese Civil War]] as a militia of Shia followers of the Ayatollah Khomeini, trained, organized and funded by a contingent of [[Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution|Iranian Revolutionary Guards]].<ref name="nybooks">{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060|title= In Search of Hezbollah|author=Adam Shatz|publisher=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=April 29, [[2004]]|Accessed=August 14, [[2006]]}}</ref> Hezbollah's three main goals are to: Eradicate [[Western world|Western]] [[colonialism]] in Lebanon, bring to justice of those who committed atrocities during the war (specifically the [[Kataeb Party|Phalangists]]), and establish an [[Islamic republic|Islamic government]] in Lebanon.<ref name="The Hizballah Program">{{cite web |url=http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/hezbollah_program.pdf |title=The Hizballah Program |publisher=provided by standwithus.com ([[StandWithUs]]) |author=author unknown|accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref><ref name="Kashi">Kashi, Roei. [http://www.stanfordreview.org/Archive/Volume_XXXVII/Issue_10/World/world2.shtml "The Standofrd Review - January 12, 2007."] ''[[The Stanford Review]]''. 12 January 2007. 1 November 2007.</ref><ref name="Stalinsky">Stalinsky, Steven. [http://www.nysun.com/article/37184 "An Islamic Republic Is Hezbollah's Aim."] ''[[The New York Sun]]''. 2 August 2006. 1 November 2007.</ref><ref name="Frontline" /> Hezbollah has realized that the goal of transforming Lebanon into an Islamic state is not practical at this time and has temporarily abandoned it.<ref name="nybooks"/> Also, Hezbollah wishes for the destruction of Israel, which they see as being a unlawful "entity", and not a real nation.<ref name="The Hizballah Program"/><ref name="Kashi" /><ref name="Stalinsky" /><ref name="Frontline" />
Hezbollah first emerged during the [[Lebanese Civil War]] as a militia of Shia followers of the Ayatollah Khomeini, trained, organized and funded by a contingent of [[Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution|Iranian Revolutionary Guards]].<ref name="nybooks">{{cite web|url=http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060|title= In Search of Hezbollah|author=Adam Shatz|publisher=[[The New York Review of Books]]|date=April 29, [[2004]]|Accessed=August 14, [[2006]]}}</ref> Hezbollah's three main goals are to eradicate [[Western world|Western]] [[colonialism]] in Lebanon, bring to justice of those who committed atrocities during the war (specifically the [[Kataeb Party|Phalangists]]), and establish an [[Islamic republic|Islamic government]] in Lebanon.<ref name="The Hizballah Program">{{cite web |url=http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/hezbollah_program.pdf |title=The Hizballah Program |publisher=provided by standwithus.com ([[StandWithUs]]) |author=author unknown|accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref><ref name="Kashi">Kashi, Roei. [http://www.stanfordreview.org/Archive/Volume_XXXVII/Issue_10/World/world2.shtml "The Standofrd Review - January 12, 2007."] ''[[The Stanford Review]]''. 12 January 2007. 1 November 2007.</ref><ref name="Stalinsky">Stalinsky, Steven. [http://www.nysun.com/article/37184 "An Islamic Republic Is Hezbollah's Aim."] ''[[The New York Sun]]''. 2 August 2006. 1 November 2007.</ref><ref name="Frontline" /> Hezbollah has realized that the goal of transforming Lebanon into an Islamic state is not practical at this time and has temporarily abandoned it.<ref name="nybooks"/> Also, Hezbollah wishes for the destruction of Israel, which they see as being an unlawful "entity", and not a real nation.<ref name="The Hizballah Program"/><ref name="Kashi" /><ref name="Stalinsky" /><ref name="Frontline" />


Six countries, including the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]], officially list Hezbollah or its external security arm as a [[terrorist organization]], though its designation as such is not unanimous among world powers (perhaps most notably, the European Union).<ref>http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/lebanon/intro/</ref> Most in the Arab and Muslim worlds regard Hezbollah as a legitimate [[resistance movement]].<ref name="HG20Ak02"/>
Six countries, including the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]], officially list Hezbollah or its external security arm as a [[terrorist organization]], though its designation as such is not unanimous among world powers (perhaps most notably, the European Union).<ref>http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/lebanon/intro/</ref> Most in the Arab and Muslim worlds regard Hezbollah as a legitimate [[resistance movement]].<ref name="HG20Ak02"/>

Revision as of 13:01, 11 November 2007

Template:Infobox Social Political Party

For other uses, see Hezbollah (disambiguation).

Hezbollah[1] (Arabic: حزب الله Template:ArabDIN, [2] literally "party of God") is a Shi'a Islamic political and paramilitary organization based in Lebanon. It follows an Islamist Shi'a ideology developed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the Islamic Revolution in Iran.[3][4][5] [6][7]

Hezbollah first emerged during the Lebanese Civil War as a militia of Shia followers of the Ayatollah Khomeini, trained, organized and funded by a contingent of Iranian Revolutionary Guards.[8] Hezbollah's three main goals are to eradicate Western colonialism in Lebanon, bring to justice of those who committed atrocities during the war (specifically the Phalangists), and establish an Islamic government in Lebanon.[9][10][11][5] Hezbollah has realized that the goal of transforming Lebanon into an Islamic state is not practical at this time and has temporarily abandoned it.[8] Also, Hezbollah wishes for the destruction of Israel, which they see as being an unlawful "entity", and not a real nation.[9][10][11][5]

Six countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, officially list Hezbollah or its external security arm as a terrorist organization, though its designation as such is not unanimous among world powers (perhaps most notably, the European Union).[12] Most in the Arab and Muslim worlds regard Hezbollah as a legitimate resistance movement.[3]

Hezbollah has popular support in Shi'a Lebanese society[13] and has mobilized demonstrations of hundreds of thousands.[14][15][16] In addition Hezbollah receives arms, training, and financial support from Iran[17][18] and has "operated with Syria's blessing" since the end of the Civil War.[19][20] Hezbollah, which started only with a militia, has grown to an organization which has seats in the Lebanese government, a radio and a satellite television station, and programs for social development.[21] Since 1992 the organization has been headed by Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, its Secretary-General.

Part of a series on
Hezbollah
Political activities
Military activities
Capabilities
Organizations
Media
People
Secretaries-General
Senior officials

Background

Main article: History of Hezbollah
File:BlueLine2.jpg
Map of southern Lebanon, featuring the Blue Line and Litani River, 2006

Hezbollah is one of two major political parties that represent the Shiites in Lebanon, Lebanon's largest religious group. It holds 14 of the 128 seats in Lebanon's Parliament, and is a member of the Resistance and Development Bloc.

Hezbollah organizes an extensive social development program and runs hospitals, news services, and educational facilities.[17] Its Reconstruction Campaign ('Jihad Al Binna') is responsible for numerous economic and infrastructure development projects in Lebanon.[22]

Ending Israel's occupation of Southern Lebanon was the primary focus of Hezbollah's early activities.[19] Israel had become militarily involved in Lebanon in combat with the Palestine Liberation Organization which moved into Southern Lebanon after being ousted from Jordan. The PLO was attacking Israel from Southern Lebanon in the lead up to the 1982 Lebanon War, and Israel had invaded and occupied Southern Lebanon and besieged Beirut.

Then Hezbollah tried to expel Israel from Lebanon. At the beginning it had used suicide attacks against the IDF and also against Jewish and Israeli targets outside of Lebanon.[23] Hezbollah is reputed to have been among the first Islamic resistance groups to use tactical suicide bombing, assassination and capturing against foreign soldiers in the Middle East.[8][19] But gradually Hezbollah turned into paramilitary organization and used missiles, Katyusha and other type of rocket launchers and detonations of explosive charges[4][24][25] instead of capturings,[26][27][28] murders,[27] hijackings,[29] and bombings.[29][30][31] Hezbollah has been subject to assassination and abduction by Israel as well.[29] Hezbollah's violent acts are characterized by some countries as terrorist attacks; while others regard them as a resistance movement engaged in defensive Jihad."[32][33] Human rights organizations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch accused Hezbollah of committing war crimes against Israeli civilians.[34]

Supporters of Hezbollah justify Hezbollah's attacks against Israel for several reasons. Firstly, Hezbollah justifies its operations against Israel as reciprocal to Israeli operations against Lebanese civilians and retaliation for Israel's occupation of Lebanese territory.[35][36][37] Many of these attacks took place while Israel occupied the southern part of Lebanon and held it as a security zone in spite of United Nations Security Council Resolution 425. Although Israel withdrew from Lebanon in 2000, and their complete withdrawal was verified by the United Nations, Lebanon now considers the Shebaa farms, a 10 sq. mile piece of land captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 war and considered by the UN to be disputed territory between Syria and Israel, to be Lebanese territory. Additionally, Hezbollah has identified three Lebanese prisoners held in Israeli jails it wants released.[38] Finally, Hezbollah and some of the Muslim world consider Israel an illegitimate state. For these reasons, many in the Arab world consider acts performed by Hezbollah against Israel to be justified as acts of defensive Jihad.[39][29] Although some Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia) have condemned Hezbollah's actions, saying that "the Arabs and Muslims can't afford to allow an irresponsible and adventurous organization like Hezbollah to drag the region to war" and calling it "dangerous adventurism,"[40] throughout most of much of Lebanese society and the Arab and Muslim world Hezbollah is regarded as a legitimate resistance movement with an emphasis on "calls for the destruction of Israel."[41] Three-quarters of Lebanese Christians identified Hezbollah as a legitimate group in challenging Israeli aggression.[42][43]

In contrast, the United States, Israel and four other countries consider Hezbollah wholly or partly a terrorist organization. The European Union does not list Hezbollah as a "terrorist organization",[44] but does list Imad Mugniyah, a senior member and founder of Hezbollah as a terrorist.[45]

Ideology

Main article: Hezbollah Ideology

On February 16, 1985 Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin issued Hezbollah's manifesto. According to this manifesto (titled "An Open Letter: The Hizballah Program"), the three objectives of the organization are:[9]

  • To expel Americans, the French and their allies definitely from Lebanon, putting an end to any colonialist entity on our land.
  • To submit the phalanges to a just power and bring them all to justice for the crimes they have perpetrated against Muslims and Christians.
  • To permit all the sons of our people to determine their future and to choose in all the liberty the form of government they desire. We call upon all of them to pick the option of Islamic government which alone is capable of guaranteeing justice and liberty for all. Only an Islamic regime can stop any future tentative attempts of imperialistic infiltration onto our country.

The 1985 manifesto makes it clear that Hezbollah intends to use armed force to achieve these goals and phrases its argument for this measure through the language of defensive jihad:[46]

Hezbollah's Shi'a Islamic doctrine

Hezbollah was largely formed with the aid of the Ayatollah Khomeini's followers in the early eighties in order to spread Islamic revolution[47] and follows a distinct version of Islamic Shi'a ideology (“Willayat Al-Faqih”) developed by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran.[4][5][3][6][7]

Translated excerpts from Hezbollah's original 1985 manifesto read:

We are the sons of the umma (Muslim community) ...
... We are an ummah linked to the Muslims of the whole world by the solid doctrinal and religious connection of Islam, whose message God wanted to be fulfilled by the Seal of the Prophets, i.e., Muhammad. Our behavior is dictated to us by legal principles laid down by the light of an overall political conception defined by the leading jurist....As for our culture, it is based on the Holy Koran, the Sunna and the legal rulings of the faqih who is our source of imitation...[9]

Although Hezbollah originally aimed to transform Lebanon into an Islamic republic, in practice this goal has been abandoned. Nasrallah has been quoted as saying, "We believe the requirement for an Islamic state is to have an overwhelming popular desire, and we're not talking about fifty percent plus one, but a large majority. And this is not available in Lebanon and probably never will be."[8] Doubts, however, remain.[48][20][49] During the time Hezbollah has transformed from a revolutionary movement to a socio-political movement of Lebanese Shia and accepted the multi-cultural situation of Lebanon. This transformation is known as "Lebanonization".[50] However Hezbollah is not satisfied with the multi-confessional quotas under the Ta'if Accord due to the fact that Shia's position in the state is lower than its proportion of population. Hezbollah believes in one-person-one-vote system but does not intend to force it onto the other minorities.[51]

Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Israel

File:Hizbullahmartyrs.jpg
Billboard in Southern Lebanon depicting Hezbollah combatant "martyrs." Note the image of the Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock accompanied by an image of Hassan Nasrallah in the center of the billboard.

From the inception of Hezbollah to the present[9][8][52][53][54] the elimination of the State of Israel has been one of Hezbollah's primary goals. Its 1985 manifesto reportedly states "our struggle will end only when this entity [Israel] is obliterated."[9][55] In an interview with the Washington Post, Nasrallah said "I am against any reconciliation with Israel. I do not even recognize the presence of a state that is called 'Israel.'[56] Throughout its history, Hezbollah has made statements and actions against the United States in part because of the United States' support for Israel.[57]

Israel's occupation of the Shebaa Farms, along with the presence of Lebanese prisoners in Israeli jails, is often cited as justification – and invoked as a pretext, according to many[58][59][60] – for Hezbollah's continued hostilities against Israel even after Israel's verified withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000. Hezbollah's spokesperson Hassan Ezzedin, however, had this to say about an Israeli withdrawal from Sheba Farms: "If they go from Shebaa, we won't stop fighting them. ... Our goal is to liberate the 1948 borders of Palestine, ... The Jews who survive this war of liberation can go back to Germany or wherever they came from. However, that the Jews who lived in Palestine before 1948 will be 'allowed to live as a minority and they will be cared for by the Muslim majority."[61]

Hezbollah has declared that it distinguishes between Zionism and Judaism. Hezbollah MP Abdallah Qussayr stated that "Hezbollah has never been against religions. Hezbollah supports all religions, it supports interfaith dialogue, and it has no problem with any religion. Hezbollah considers Zionism to be the enemy, not the Jews as a people or a religion."[62] Others have attributed anti-Jewish statements to Hassan Nasrallah. Nasrallah was quoted as saying "if [Jews] all gather in Israel, it will save us the trouble of going after them worldwide."[63][64]

In a 2003 interview, Nasrallah has answered questions concerning the establishment of a Palestinian state established alongside an Israeli state stating "that he would not sabotage what is finally a 'Palestinian matter.' But until such a settlement is reached, he will, he said, continue to encourage Palestinian suicide bombers."[65] Similarly, in 2004, when asked whether he was prepared to live with a two-state settlement between Israel and Palestine, Nasrallah said he would not sabotage what is a Palestinian matter.[8] He also said that outside of Lebanon, Hezbollah will act only in a defensive manner towards Israeli forces, and that Hezbollah's missiles were acquired to deter attacks on Lebanon.[66]

Organization

Organizational chart of Hezbollah, by Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh.

The nature of Hezbollah's organization is disputed. Many Hezbollah leaders have maintained that the movement was `not an organization, for its members carry no cards and bear no specific responsibilities,` [67] and that the movement does not have "a clearly defined organizational structure."

However Hezbollah scholar Magnus Ranstorp reports that Hezbollah does indeed have a formal governing structure and in keeping with the principle of velayat-e faqih, it "concentrate[s] ... all authority and powers" in its religious leaders, whose decisions then "flow from the ulama down the entire community."

The supreme decision-making bodies of the Hezbollah were divided between the Majlis al-Shura (Consultative Assembly) which was headed by 12 senior clerical members with responsibility for tactical decisions and supervision of overall Hizballah activity throughout Lebanon, and the Majlis al-Shura al-Karar (the Deciding Assembly), headed by Sheikh Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah and composed of eleven other clerics with responsibility for all strategic matters. Within the Majlis al-Shura, there existed seven specialized committees dealing with ideological , financial, military and political, judicial, informational and social affairs. In turn, the Majlis al-Shura and these seven committees were replicated in each of Hizballah's three main operational areas (the Beqaa, Beirut, and the South). [68]

Since the Supreme Leader of Iran is the ultimate clerical authority, Hezbollah's leaders have appealed to him "for guidance and directives in cases when Hezbollah's collective leadership [was] too divided over issues and fail[ed] to reach a consensus." After the death of Iran's first Supreme Leader, Khomeini, Hezbollah's governing bodies developed a more "independent role" and appealed to Iran less often. [69]

Political activities

Main article: Hezbollah political activities

Hezbollah, along with the Amal Movement, represents most of the Shi'a community in Lebanon.[70] However, unlike Amal, Hezbollah has not disarmed. Hezbollah participates in the Parliament of Lebanon. In the general election of 2005, it won 10.9% of parliamentary seats. The Resistance and Development Bloc, of which Hezbollah is a member, won all 23 seats in Southern Lebanon, and in total 35 seats or 27.3% of parliamentary seats natonwide.[71] When municipal elections were held in Spring, 2004, Hezbollah won control of 21% of the municipalities.[51]

Although Hezbollah had joined the new government in 2005, it remained staunchly opposed to the March 14 Alliance.[72] In November 2006, Hezbollah, the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM), and the Amal Movement jointly demanded the establishment of a "national unity government",[73][74] in which they demanded early elections and one third of the Cabinet seats; effectively veto power.[75][76] When negotiations with the ruling coalition failed, five Cabinet Ministers from Hezbollah and Amal resigned their positions. On December 1, 2006, these groups began the 2006–present Lebanese revolt, an ongoing series of protests and sit-ins in opposition to the government of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora.

See also: 2006–2007 Lebanese anti-government revolt

Military activities

Main article: Hezbollah military activities

Hezbollah has a military branch known as Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya ("The Islamic Resistance") and is the possible sponsor of a number of lesser-known militant groups, some of which may be little more than fronts for Hezbollah itself, including the Organization of the Oppressed, the Revolutionary Justice Organization, the Organization of Right Against Wrong, and Followers of the Prophet Muhammad.[77][4][78]

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 called for the disarmament of militia[79] with the Taif agreement at the end of the Lebanese civil war. Hezbollah denounced and protested against the resolution.[19][80] The 2006 military conflict with Israel has increased the controversy. Failure to disarm remains a violation of the resolution and agreement,[81] Most of the Shia consider Hezbollah's weaponry a necessary and justified element of resistance while the less than half of the other religious communities support the idea that Hezbollah should keep its weapons after 2006 Lebanon war.[82]

Bombings, terrorism and kidnappings

Hezbollah has been accused by some countries for being responsible for a number of attacks and kidnappings carried out since its founding in the early 1980s.[83][84][85] These include:

  • kidnappings of western, especially American, targets in the 80's,[85], mostly alleged by the US,Israel and Canada, while others allege other groups responsible
  • According to researcher Robert A. Pape, "from 1982 to 1986, Hezbollah conducted 36 suicide terrorist attacks involving a total of 41 attackers against American, French, and Israeli political and military targets in Lebanon ... Altogether, these attacks killed 659 people, most of who were off-duty soldiers in no position to defend themselves, such as the 241 U.S. Marine who were killed as they slept." [87]
  • the 1992 Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires, Argentina,[83][85]
  • the 1994 AMIA bombing of a Jewish cultural centre, also in Argentina,[83]

These accusations are denied by Hezbollah.[88][89][90]

Conflict against Israel

Hezbollah has involved in several cases of armed conflict against Israel:

  • On July 25, 1993, following the killing of seven Israeli soldiers in southern Lebanon, Israel launched Operation Accountability (known in Lebanon as the Seven Day War) during which the IDF carried out their heaviest artillery and air attacks on targets in southern Lebanon since 1982. The declared aim of the operation was to eradicate the threat posed by Hizbullah and to force the civilian population north to Beirut so as to put pressure on the Lebanese Government to repress Hizbullah. The fighting ended when an unwritten understanding was agreed to by the warring parties . Apparently, the 1993 understanding provided that Hizbullah combatants would not fire rockets at northern Israel, while Israel would not attack civilians or civilian targets in Lebanon.[92]
  • In April 1996, the Israeli armed forces launched Operation Grapes of Wrath, which was intended to wipe out Hezbollah's base in southern Lebanon. International condemnation greeted the massacre on 18 April 1996 of over 100 Lebanese refugees in a UN base at Qana, in what the Israeli military said was a mistake. A cease-fire was agreed between Israel and Hezbollah on April 27, 1996.[93] Finally, following several days of negotiations, the two sides signed the Grapes of Wrath Understandings on April 26, 1996. Both sides agreed that civilians should not be targeted, which meant Hizbullah allowed to continue its military activities against IDF forces inside Lebanon.[51] [94]
  • On May 24, 2000, after the collapse of the SLA and the rapid advance of Hezbollah forces, Israel withdrew its troops from southern Lebanon, more than six weeks before its stated deadline of 7 July."[95] Hezbollah and many other Lebanese considered this to be a victory, and since then its popularity has been boosted in Lebanon.[96]

Armed strength

See also: Hezbollah rocket force

It has been estimated by Mustafa Alani, security director at the Dubai-based Gulf Research Centre, that Hezbollah military force is made up of about 1,000 full-time Hezbollah members, along with a further 6,000-10,000 volunteers.[98]

Hezbollah possesses the Katyusha-122 rocket, which has a range of 29 km (18 mi) and carries a 15 kg (33 lb) warhead. Hezbollah also possesses about 100 long-range missiles. They include the Iranian-made Fajr-3 and Fajr-5, the latter with a range of 75 km, enabling it to strike the Israeli port of Haifa, and the Zelzal-1 with an estimated 150km range, which can reach Tel Aviv. Fajr-3 missiles have a range of 40 km, and a 45 kg warhead, and Fajr-5 missiles, which extend to 72 km, also hold 45 kg warheads.[98]

According to various reports, Hezbollah is armed with some anti-tank guided missiles. Namely the Russian-made AT-3 Sagger, AT-4 Spigot, AT-5 Spandrel, AT-13 Saxhorn-2 'Metis-M', АТ-14 Spriggan 'Kornet'; Iranian-made Ra'ad (version of AT-3 Sagger), Towsan (version of AT-5 Spandrel), Toophan (version of BGM-71 TOW); and European-made MILAN missiles. These weapons have been used against IDF soldiers, causing much of the deaths during the 2006 Lebanon War.[99]

For air defense, Hezbollah possesses some anti-aircraft weapons, including the ZU-23 artillery and man-portable shoulder-fired SA-7 and SA-18 surface-to-air missile (SAM).[100] One of the most effective weapons deployed by Hezbollah has been the C-802 anti-ship missile.[101]

During the 2006 Lebanon War, Hezbollah fired 3,970 rockets into Northern Israel in the course of a month, killing 43 Israeli civilians.[102] Hezbollah officials have stated that the group has recovered fully from the previous war; during the Divine Victory rally, held shortly after the cease-fire, Hezbollah's Secretary-General Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah declared that the group has "more than 20,000 rockets available".[103] He also spoke in retrospect of the war, saying "Tel Aviv or elsewhere, we were certain that we could reach any corner or spot in occupied Palestine and now we are certain that we can reach them."[104] Nasrallah has also implied that Hezbollah's rocket force became stronger in the months following the 2006 Lebanon War than it had been during the war itself.[105]

Targeting policy

Hezbollah has not been involved in any suicide bombing since Israel withdrew from Lebanon.[106][107] After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Hezbollah condemned Al Qaeda for targeting the civilian World Trade Center, but remained silent on the attack on the The Pentagon, neither favoring nor opposing the act.[108][8] Hezbollah also denounced the Armed Islamic Group massacres in Algeria, Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya attacks on tourists in Egypt,[109] and the murder of Nick Berg.[110] In a 2006 interview with the Washington Post, Nasrallah condemned violence against American civilians.[108]

Although Hezbollah has denounced certain attacks on Western civilians, some people accuse the organization of the bombing of an Argentine synagogue in 1994. Argentine prosecutor Alberto Nisman, Marcelo Martinez Burgos, and their "staff of some 45 people"[111] alleged Hezbollah and their contacts in Iran were responsible for the 1994 bombing of a Jewish cultural center in Argentina, in which "[e]ighty-five people were killed and more than 200 others injured."[112] In June 2002, shortly after the Israeli government launched Operation Defensive Shield, Nasrallah gave a speech in which he defended and praised suicide bombings of Israeli targets by members of Palestinian groups for "creating a deterrence and equalizing fear." Nasrallah stated that "in occupied Palestine there is no difference between a soldier and a civilian, for they are all invaders, occupiers and usurpers of the land."[8]

In addition, Hezbollah's television station Al-Manar airs programming designed to inspire suicide attacks in Gaza, the West Bank and Iraq.[61][113][114]

Attacks on Hezbollah

Hezbollah has also been the target of bomb attacks and kidnappings. These include:

  • In 1992, Israeli helicopters attacked a motorcade in southern Lebanon, killing the Hezbollah leader Abbas al-Musawi, his wife, son, and four others.
  • On July 28, 1989, Israeli commandos kidnapped Sheikh Abdul Karim Obeid, the leader of Hezbollah.[116] This action led to the adoptation of UN security council resolution 638 which condemned all the hostage takings by all sides.

Media operations

File:Al-Manar logo.png
Logo of al-Manar

Hezbollah operates a satellite television station, Al-Manar TV ("the Lighthouse"), a radio station al-Nour ("the Light"), and a monthly magazine Kabdat Alla ("The Fist of God"). Al-Manar broadcasts from Beirut, Lebanon.[117] The station was launched by Hezbollah in 1991[118] with the help of Iranian funds.[119] Al-Manar, self-proclaimed "Station of the Resistance" (qanat al-muqawama), is a key player in what Hezbollah calls its "psychological warfare against the Zionist enemy"[120][119] and an integral part of Hezbollah's plan to spread its message to the entire Arab world.[119]

Al-Manar's transmission in France is prohibited due to promotion of Holocaust denial, a criminal offense in France.[121][122][123] The United States also lists Al-Manar television network as a terrorist organization.[124]

Materials aimed at instilling principles of nationalism and Islam in children are an aspect of Hezbollah's media operations.[125] The Hezbollah Central Internet Bureau released a video game in 2003 entitled Special Force in which players conduct war on Israeli invaders, wherein the winner becomes a national hero on Earth and a martyr in Heaven.[126]

Social services

Hezbollah also organizes extensive social development programs, running hospitals, news services, and educational facilities. Social services have a central role in the party's programs. Most experts believe that Hezbollah's social and health programs are worth hundreds of millions of dollars annually.[17]

It has established some institutions which are Emdad committee for Islamic Charity,[127] Hizbollah Central Press Office, Al Jarha Association,[128] and Jehad Al Benaa Developmental Association.[129] Its Reconstruction Campaign ('Jihad al-Binna') is responsible for numerous economic and infrastructure development projects in Lebanon.[130] Hezbollah has set up a Martyr's Institute(Al-Shahid Social Association), which guarantees to provide for the living and education expenses for the families of fighters who die in battle.[131] In March 2006 an IRIN news report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted: "Hezbollah not only has armed and political wings - it also boasts an extensive social development program. Hezbollah currently operates at least four hospitals, 12 clinics, 12 schools and two agricultural centres that provide farmers with technical assistance and training. It also has an environmental department and an extensive social assistance program. Medical care is also cheaper than in most of the country's private hospitals and free for Hezbollah members".[17]

According to CNN: "Hezbollah did everything that a government should do, from collecting the garbage to running hospitals and repairing schools."[132] In July 2006, during the war with Israel, when there was no running water in Beirut, Hezbollah was arranging supplies around the city. "People here [in South Beirut] see Hezbollah as a political movement and a social service provider as much as it is a militia, in this traditionally poor and dispossessed Shiite community."[132] Also after the war it competes with the Lebanon government to reconstruct destroyed area. According to analysts like American University Professor Judith Swain Harik, Jihad al-Binaa has won the initial battle of hearts and minds in large part because they are the most experienced in the reconstruction field in Lebanon.[133]

Funding

Main article: Funding of Hezbollah

Hezbollah's financial support is a matter of controversy. Critics argue it is, or has been, massively supported with tens of millions of dollars annually from the Islamic Republic of Iran.[61] Hezbollah maintains the main source of its income comes from donations by Muslims.[134]

Lebanese Shi’ites often make zakat contributions directly after prayers, and an additional donation in a Hezbollah donation box. Hezbollah also receives financial and political assistance, as well as weapons and training, from the Islamic Republic of Iran.[17][131][18] The US estimates that Iran was giving Hezbollah about $60-$100 million per year in financial assistance but that assistance declined as other funding was secured, primarily from South America.[135]

Hezbollah has relied extensively on funding from the Shi'ite Lebanese Diaspora in West Africa, the United States and, most importantly, the Triple Frontier, or tri-border area, along the junction of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.[136] U.S. law enforcement officials charged that smugglers of illegal cigarettes in the United States were funneling millions of dollars to Hezbollah.[137]

Foreign relations

Main article: Hezbollah foreign relations

Hezbollah has close relations with Iran.[138] It also has ties with the Alawite leadership in Syria, specifically with President Hafez al-Assad (until his death in 2000) and his son and successor Bashar al-Assad.[139] Although Hezbollah and Hamas are not organizationally linked, Hezbollah provides military training as well as financial and moral support to the Palestinian group.[140] Furthermore, Hezbollah is a strong supporter of the ongoing Al-Aqsa Intifada.[8] The cooperation or any relationship between Hezbollah and al-Qaeda has been questioned.[141] Hezbollah's leaders deny links to al-Qaeda, present or past.[141][142] Also some al-Qaeda leaders like Abu Musab al-Zarqawi[143] and Wahhabi clerics consider Hezbollah to be apostate.[144][145] But United States intelligence officials speculate there has been contact between Hezbollah and low-level al-Qaeda figures who fled Afghanistan for Lebanon.[141][146][147]

Outside views

Lebanon’s majority Shi’a areas, where Hezbollah is most prominent

Public opinion

In the majority of the Arab world, Hezbollah is seen as a legitimate resistance organization that has defended its land against the Israeli occupying force, and consistently stood up to the Israeli army.[8]

According to a poll released by the "Beirut Center for Research and Information" on 26 July during 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, 87 percent of Lebanese support Hezbollah's fight with Israel, a rise of 29 percent on a similar poll conducted in February. More striking, however, is the level of support for Hezbollah's resistance from non-Shiite communities. Eighty percent of Christians polled supported Hezbollah along with 80 percent of Druze and 89 percent of Sunnis.[148][149]

In a poll of Lebanese adults taken in 2004, 6% of respondents gave unqualified support to the statement "Hezbollah should be disarmed". 41% reported unqualified disagreement.[150]

A poll of Gaza Strip and West Bank residents indicated that 79.6% had "a very good view" of Hezbollah.[151]

Polls of Jordanian adults in December, 2005 and June, 2006, showed that 63.9% and 63.3%, respectively, considered Hezbollah to be a legitimate resistance organization.[152] In the December, 2005, poll only 6% of Jordanian adults considered Hezbollah to be terrorist.[153]

A poll in August 2006 by ABC News and the Washington Post found that 68% of the 1,002 Americans polled blamed Hezbollah, at least in part, for the civilian casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 Lebanon War, compared to 31% who blamed Israel to some degree.[154] Another August 2006 poll by CNN shows that 69% of the 1,047 Americans polled believe that Hezbollah is unfriendly towards, or an enemy of, the United States.[154] A July 2006 USA Today/Gallup poll found that 83% of the 1,005 Americans polled blamed Hezbollah, at least in part, for the 2006 Lebanon War, compared to 66% who blamed Israel to some degree. Additionally, 76% disapproved of the military action Hezbollah took in Israel, compared to 38% who disapproved of Israel's military action in Lebanon.[154]

Designation as a terrorist organization

Governments disagree on Hezbollah’s status as a legitimate political entity, a terrorist group, or both. Throughout most of the Arab and Muslim worlds, Hezbollah is highly regarded as a legitimate resistance movement.[3]

The countries below have officially listed Hezbollah in at least some part as a terrorist organization.

 Australia The Hezbollah External Security Organization [155]
 Canada The entire organization Hezbollah [156]
 Israel The entire organization Hezbollah [157][158]
 Netherlands The entire organization Hezbollah [159][160]
 United Kingdom The Hezbollah External Security Organization [161]
 United States The entire organization Hezbollah [162]

In 2002 US state department official Christopher Ross is cited as explaining that while "the Hizbullah party and some of its members carried terrorist acts in the past", "the acts that it carried out against the Israeli forces in South Lebanon were not terrorist acts."[163]

The European Union does not list Hezbollah, or any group within it, a "terrorist" organization,[164][165] but on March 10 2005 the European Parliament passed a non-binding resolution recognizing "clear evidence" of "terrorist activities by Hezbollah"[166] and urging the EU Council to brand Hezbollah a terrorist organization and EU governments to place Hezbollah on their terrorist blacklists, as the bloc did with the Palestinian Hamas group in 2003.[166] The Council, however, has been reluctant to do this because France, Spain, and Britain fear that such a move would further damage the prospects for Middle East peace talks.[166] The EU Council designates Imad Mugniyah as a terrorist, claiming he is Hezbollah's "Senior Intelligence Officer".[164][167] In the midst of the 2006 conflict between Hezbollah and Israel, Russia’s government declined to include Hezbollah in a newly-released list of terrorist organizations, Yuri Sapunov saying that they only list organizations which represent "the greatest threat to the security of our country".[168] This was a notable omission given Russia’s membership with the US, EU, and UN in the Middle East Quartet.[citation needed] Prior to the release of the list, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov called "on Hezbollah to stop resorting to any terrorist methods including attacking neighboring states."[169]

The Quartet’s fourth member, the United Nations, does not maintain such a list.[170]

Some other countries have criticized Hezbollah, citing terrorist activities, without maintaining such a list. Argentine prosecutors hold Hezbollah and their financial supporters in Iran responsible for the 1994 bombing of a Jewish cultural center, described by the Associated Press as "the worst terrorist attack on Argentine soil", in which "[e]ighty-five people were killed and more than 200 others injured."[112] On 24 February 2000, French Prime Minister Lionel Jospin condemned attacks by Hezbollah fighters on Israeli forces in south Lebanon, saying they are "terrorism" and not acts of resistance. "France condemns Hezbollah's attacks, and all types of terrorist attacks which may be carried out against soldiers, or possibly Israel's civilian population."[171] On August 29, 2006, Italian Foreign Minister Massimo D'Alema differentiated the wings of Hezbollah: "Apart from their well-known terrorist activities, they also have political standing and are socially engaged."[172][173] Germany does not maintain an independent national list of terrorist organizations, choosing instead to adopt the common EU list; however, German officials indicate that they would likely support a designation of Hezbollah as a terrorist organization.[174]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Other transliterations include Hizbullah, Hizbollah, Hezballah, Hizballah, Hisbollah, and Hizb Allah.
  2. ^ In English the stress is most commonly placed on the final syllable, as suggested in the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (this is in accord with the Persian pronunciation, of Iran); in the Arabic of Hezbollah's theatre of operations it is most commonly placed on the second syllable. Hizb (party) is the Modern Standard Arabic pronunciation, and hezb is closer to Persian and Lebanese dialect. The name is derived from a Qur’anic ayat (verse) referring to those who belong to and follow the "party of God" [1].
  3. ^ a b c d Jamail, Dahr (2006-07-20). "Hezbollah's transformation". Asia Times. Retrieved 2007-10-23.
  4. ^ a b c d Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1996-04-11). "Hizbullah". Retrieved 2006-08-17.
  5. ^ a b c d "FRONTLINE/WORLD . Lebanon - Party of God . Bullets to Ballot Box: A Story of Hezbollah . 1983" PBS. May 2003. 2 November 2007.
  6. ^ a b Rubenstein, Colin. "Australia is right to ban Hezbollah. Here's why." The Age. 2 June 2003. 24 February 2007.
  7. ^ a b "National Geographic News Photo Gallery: Hezbollah, Igniting Conflict." National Geographic News. 24 February 2006.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Adam Shatz (April 29, 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah". The New York Review of Books. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |Accessed= ignored (help)
  9. ^ a b c d e f author unknown. "The Hizballah Program" (PDF). provided by standwithus.com (StandWithUs). Retrieved 2007-10-29. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  10. ^ a b Kashi, Roei. "The Standofrd Review - January 12, 2007." The Stanford Review. 12 January 2007. 1 November 2007.
  11. ^ a b Stalinsky, Steven. "An Islamic Republic Is Hezbollah's Aim." The New York Sun. 2 August 2006. 1 November 2007.
  12. ^ http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/lebanon/intro/
  13. ^ Briefing: Lebanese Public Opinion
  14. ^ Westcott, Kathryn. Who are Hezbollah?" BBC. 4 April 2002.
  15. ^ "Huge Beirut protest backs Syria." BBC News. 8 March 2005. 7 February 2007.
  16. ^ Stack, Megan K. Lebanon boils as Hezbollah leads protest Chicago Tribune news. 24 January 2007. 7 February 2007.
  17. ^ a b c d e UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2006-03-29). "LEBANON: The many hands and faces of Hezbollah". Retrieved 2006-08-17. Cite error: The named reference "irinnews52494" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  18. ^ a b Iranian official admits Tehran supplied missiles to Hezbollah
  19. ^ a b c d "Who are Hezbollah?". BBC News. 2002-04-04. Retrieved 2006-08-11. Cite error: The named reference "bbc-hi-me-1908671" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  20. ^ a b "Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)". Council on Foreign Relations. 2002-07-17. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
  21. ^ Deeb, Lara (2006-07-31). "Hizballah: A Primer". Middle East Report. Retrieved 2006-07-31.
  22. ^ Sachs, Susan. The New York Times. Helping Hand of Hezbollah Emerging in South Lebanon. March 30, 2000.
  23. ^ Pape, Robert (2005). Dying to win: the strategic logic of suicide terrorism. Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6317-5. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |loc= ignored (help) Specifically: "Suicide Terrorist Campaigns, 1980-2003", Appendix 1. (Page 253 of Australian paperback edition, published by Scribe Publications)
  24. ^ Zionism and Israel - Encyclopedic Dictionary, Hezbollah Definition
  25. ^ Hezbollah – the real story
  26. ^ "Israelis Held by the Hizbullah". Israel MFA. Jan 2004. Retrieved 2006-08-7. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  27. ^ a b H. CON. RES. 190, 1st session, 101st congress (1989-08-04). "Expressing the sense of the Congress over the reported murder of Lieutenant Colonel William Higgins and Hezbollah-sponsored terrorism". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2006-08-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Telegraph, 2004/2/21
  29. ^ a b c d "Timeline: Lebanon". BBC News.
  30. ^ United States Department of State, April 2005.
  31. ^ "On this day". BBC News. 1994-07-26. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
  32. ^ Hizbullah: Views and Concepts
  33. ^ Statement of purpose
  34. ^ Katie Fretland (14 September 2006). "Amnesty: Hezbollah committed war crimes against Israel". TheGlobeandMail.com/AP. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
  35. ^ CIVILIAN PAWNS, Laws of War Violations and the Use of Weapons on the Israel-Lebanon Border
  36. ^ ISRAEL/LEBANON "OPERATION GRAPES OF WRATH"
  37. ^ Hizbullah: Views and Concepts
  38. ^ Hezbollah's Apocalypse Now
  39. ^ Thisreen (Syrian newspaper) June 21, 1999, reprinted by MEMRI Secretary General of Hizbullah Discusses the New Israeli Government and Hizbullah’s Struggle Against Israel Accessed July 30, 2006
  40. ^ The Jerusalem Post (2006-07-17). "Arab world fed up with Hizbullah". Retrieved 2006-08-17.
  41. ^ "Death and destruction are Hezbollah's goals". The Boston Globe. August 8, 2006. Retrieved March 21, 2007.
  42. ^ Who is Hezbollah, by Socialist worker online
  43. ^ Interview: Hezbollah and the Lebanon war
  44. ^ http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/lebanon/intro/
  45. ^ "COUNCIL DECISION of [[21 December]] 2005 implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Decision 2005/848/EC(2005/930/EC)" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. {{cite news}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  46. ^ Qassem, (2005) page 39
  47. ^ Wright, Robin (2006-07-13). "Options for U.S. Limited As Mideast Crises Spread". Washington Post. p. A19.
  48. ^ US Department of State Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations Accessed August 15, 2006
  49. ^ "Lebanese prime minister: There will be no coup." CNN.com. 30 November 2006. 30 November 2006
  50. ^ Staying the Course: the "Lebanonization" of Hizbollah - the integration of an Islamist movement into a pluralist political system
  51. ^ a b c Cobban, Helena "Hizbullah’s New Face." Boston Review. Accessed February 2, 2007. Originally published in the April/May 2005 issue of Boston Review.
  52. ^ United Nations Document A/54/723 S/2000/55, citing Al Hayyat, 30 October 1999 Letter dated 25 January 2000 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General Accessed August 17, 2006
  53. ^ The Brunswickan Online. "Hizbollah promises Israel a blood-filled new year, Iran calls for Israel's end". (Student newspaper)
  54. ^ Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada Listed Entities - Hizballah Accessed July 31, 2006
  55. ^ this text is reportedly in the original Arabic-language manifesto but not in the original translation, nor found on Hezbollah website, according to the pro-Israel, anti-Hezbollah website where the text appears.
  56. ^ "Said Hassan Nasrallah Q&A: What Hezbollah Will Do". The Washington Post. February 20, 2000. Retrieved 2006-08-08. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  57. ^ Interview in July 1985, quoted in Martin Kramer, `The Oracle of Hizbullah: Sayiid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, Part II, in Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East, ed. R. Scott Appleby (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1997), p.8
  58. ^ Joshua Mitnick. Behind the dispute over Shebaa Farms, Christian Science Monitor, August 22, 2006.
  59. ^ Flashpoint farmland , The Guardian, May 10, 2006.
  60. ^ "Central to this issue is Hizballah’s claim, which was also espoused by Lebanon’s former pro-Syrian government, that the disputed Shebaa Farms are Lebanese rather than Syrian territories and are occupied by Israel. Therefore, Hizballah maintains that it is a legitimate resistance movement fighting for the liberation of Lebanese territory. Under this pretext, Hizballah, supported by some Lebanese parties, could argue that it is not a militia and thus it is outside the jurisdiction of Resolution 1559." Robert Rabil. Reinforcing Lebanon’s Sovereignty, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, November 8, 2005.
  61. ^ a b c "IN THE PARTY OF GOD Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war? by Jeffrey Goldberg". The New Yorker. October 14, 2002. Retrieved 2007-03-03. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  62. ^ http://memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1=570
  63. ^ "The Enemy Within". New York Times. 2004-05-23.
  64. ^ Chayban, Badih "Nasrallah alleges 'Christian Zionist' plot." The Daily Star (Beirut). 23 October 2002
  65. ^ Hersh, Seymour (2003-07-18). "The Syrian Bet". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2006-08-07.
  66. ^ Macvicar, Sheila (March 16, 2003). "Interview With Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah". CNN. Retrieved 2006-08-01.
  67. ^ al-Nahar al-Arabi walduwali, 10-16 June 1985; and La Revue du Liban, 27 July-3 August 1985. quoted in Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.41
  68. ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.45
  69. ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.45
  70. ^ Seelye, Kate (2005-04-01). "Lebanon's religious mix". PBS Frontline World. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
  71. ^ Lebanon: Angus Reid Global Monitor
  72. ^ The Counter-revolution of the Cedars
  73. ^ "Nasrallah Warns of 'Street Demonstrations' if National Unity Government is not Formed"
  74. ^ "Aoun calls for national unity government"
  75. ^ San Francisco Chronicle (December 15, 2006). "In Lebanon, Saniora stiffens his resistance". Retrieved December 18, 2006.
  76. ^ Reuters (December 18, 2006). "Lebanon opposition demands early elections". Retrieved December 18, 2006.
  77. ^ US Department of State (1999-10-08). "Background Information on Foreign Terrorist Organizations". Retrieved 2007-02-05.
  78. ^ Canada Gazette (2003-02-12). "Canada Gazette Vol. 137, no 1". Retrieved 2006-07-25.
  79. ^ United Nations Security Council (2004-09-02). "Resolution 1559 (2004)". Retrieved 2007-05-01. 3. Calls for the disbanding and disarmament of all Lebanese and non- Lebanese militias {{cite web}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 69 (help)
  80. ^ Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies (Israeli) (2005-09-07). "Hezbollah has no intention to disarm". Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  81. ^ "Hezbollah: Hezbollah and the Recent Conflict." ADL. 29 September 2006. 26 June 2007.
  82. ^ "Briefing: Lebanese Public Opinion". September–October 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date format (link)
  83. ^ a b c d e Hezbollah CFR.org Staff, the US Council on Foreign Relations, 2006-07-17
  84. ^ a b Hezbollah Attacks Since May 2000 Mitchell Bard, the Jewish AIJAC, 2006-07-24
  85. ^ a b c d Terrorism - In the Spotlight: Hezbollah (Party of God) Michael Donovan, Center for Defense Information cdi.org, 2002-02-25
  86. ^ a b "Timeline of Hezbollah Violence." CAMERA: Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America. 17 July 2006. 18 November 2006. Later reprinted in On Campus magazine's Fall 2006 issue and attributed the article to author Gilead Ini.
  87. ^ Pape, Robert A., Dying to Win : The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism , Random House, 2005 p.129
  88. ^ Sites, Kevin (Scripps Howard News Services). "Hezbollah denies terrorist ties, increases role in government" 2006-01-15
  89. ^ "Frontline: Target America: Terrorist attacks on Americans, 1979-1988", PBS News, 2001. Accessed 4 February 2007
  90. ^ Hezbollah again denies involvement in deadly Buenos Aires bombing BEIRUT, March 19 (AFP)
  91. ^ UN.
  92. ^ "ISRAEL/LEBANON, Unlawful Killings During Operation "Grapes of Wrath"". BBC News. 1996-07-24. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
  93. ^ "History of Israel's role in Lebanon". BBC News. 1998-04-01. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
  94. ^ "Operation Grapes of Wrath". ynetnews. 2006-08-01. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
  95. ^ "Timeline: Lebanon". BBC News. 2006-07-13. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
  96. ^ See:
  97. ^ Myre, Greg and Steven Erlanger. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/13/world/middleeast/13mideast.html?_r=1&hp&ex=1152849600&en=7c501785edb16cc8&ei=5094&partner=homepage&oref=slogin "Israelis Enter Lebanon After Attacks." The New York Times. 13 July 2006. 21 October 2007.
  98. ^ a b July 18th - - Agence France Presse - Analysis: Hezbollah a force to be reckoned with
  99. ^ "Missiles neutralizing Israeli tanks". Associated Press. 2007-03-18.
  100. ^ "Hezbollah Reportedly Acquires SA-18 SAMs". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. April 2003.
  101. ^ Hezbollah missile threat assessed
  102. ^ http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE020252006?open&of=ENG-LBN Amnesty International: Hizbullah’s attacks on northern Israel
  103. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=36195 Hezbollah leader appears in public
  104. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/2304E972-9584-4724-8242-35B396DAFE98.htm
  105. ^ http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7C4CF294-2386-4374-8DEA-47890CC083EE.htm
  106. ^ Hezbollah Operations from the Israeli-Lebanese Border Since the Israeli Withdrawal from Lebanon
  107. ^ Timeline of Hezbollah operations
  108. ^ a b Wright, Robin. "Inside the Mind of Hezbollah". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2006-08-01.
  109. ^ Hezbollah's condemnation of murder of civilians in Egypt and Algeria is described in Saad-Ghorayeb, p. 101.
  110. ^ Usher, Sebastian. "Muted Arab reaction to Berg beheading". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
  111. ^ Larry Luxner (2006-03-04). "AMIA Probe Was Botched: Argentina". The Jewish Week. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
  112. ^ a b "Argentine prosecutors: Arrest former Iranian president." Jerusalem Post, 2006-10-26, "Prosecutor Alberto Nisman told a news conference that the decision to attack the center 'was undertaken in 1993 by the highest authorities of the then-government of Iran.' He said the actual attack was entrusted to the Lebanon-based group Hezbollah."
  113. ^ "Terrorist Television Hezbollah has a worldwide reach". National Review Online. December 22, 2004. Retrieved 2006-08-22. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 21 (help)
  114. ^ "Al-Manar and the War in Iraq". Middle East Intelligence Bulliten. April, 2003. Retrieved 2006-08-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  115. ^ http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,965712,00.html
  116. ^ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/UN/unres638.html
  117. ^ Elise Labott and Henry Schuster (2006). "Lebanese media outlets' assets blocked". cnn.com.
  118. ^ "Terrorist Television Hezbollah has a worldwide reach". National Review Online. December 22, 2004. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
  119. ^ a b c Avi Jorisch (Winter 2004). "Al-Manar: Hizbullah TV, 24/7". Middle East Quarterly. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  120. ^ "Al-Manar Television". Retrieved 2007-03-27.
  121. ^ Full Text of the decision (in French)
  122. ^ Press Release(in French)
  123. ^ France pulls plug on Arab network
  124. ^ Bureau of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State (December 14, 2004). "United States Adds Al-Manar TV Network to Terrorism List". Retrieved February 28, 2007.
  125. ^ Roee Nahmias (31 August 2006). "Hizbullah presents". ynetnews.com. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |accessed= ignored (help)
  126. ^ Video Game at
  127. ^ Emdad committee for Islamic Charity
  128. ^ Al Jarha Association
  129. ^ Jehad Al Benaa Developmental Association
  130. ^ JoMarie Fecci, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs: Despite End of Lebanon’s Long Civil War, Low-Level Conflict Continues Around Israeli-Occupied Zone'
  131. ^ a b Edward Cody and Molly Moore (2006-08-14). "The Best Guerrilla Force in the World". The Washington Post.
  132. ^ a b CNN (2006-07-25). "Hezbollah's secret weapon". Retrieved 2006-07-25. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  133. ^ Jackson Allers (September 12, 2006). "Hezbollah Ahead of Govt Again". ipsnews.net. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
  134. ^ Washington Post, December 20, 2004 Lebanese Wary of a Rising Hezbollah Accessed August 8, 2006
  135. ^ "Hezbollah's Global Finance Network: The Triple Frontier". January, 2002. Retrieved 2006-08-07. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  136. ^ Hezbollah's Global Finance Network: The Triple Frontier
  137. ^ Cigarette Smuggling Linked to Terrorism, The Washington Post
  138. ^ Halliday, Fred. "A Lebanese fragment: two days with Hizbollah." openDemocracy. 20 July 2006. 17 February 2007.
  139. ^ Gambill, Gary. "Syria and Hezbollah: A Loveless Alliance." Mideast Monitor. 4 March 2005. 17 February 2007. Originally published in The National Post (Toronto).
  140. ^ "Israel-Hamas-Hezbollah: The Current Conflict" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. July 21, 2006. Retrieved 8th September, 2006. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help)
  141. ^ a b c Tehran, Washington, And Terror: No Agreement To Differ by A. W. Samii, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Volume 6, No. 3, September 2002 - citing Al-Majallah, March 24-March 30, 2002 and Al-Watan March 19, 2002
  142. ^ Stinson, Jeffrey. "Minister: Hezbollah doesn't need al-Qaeda's help fighting Israel in Lebanon." USATODAY.com. 28 July 2006. 17 February 2006.
  143. ^ BBC News (2006-06-02). "'Zarqawi tape' urges Sunni unrest". Retrieved 2006-07-26.
  144. ^ Jerusalem Post, August 5, 2006 Saudi religious leader blasts Hizbullah Accessed August 6, 2006
  145. ^ Nimir, Suleiman. "Middle East Online." 4 August 2006. 17 February 2007.
  146. ^ CBS News (2002-07-26). "Terrorism Alliance?". Retrieved 2006-07-26.
  147. ^ Mike Boettcher, Henry Schuster (2003-08-13). "New terror alliance suspected in Iraq". CNN World News. Retrieved 2006-07-26.
  148. ^ Blanford, Nicholas (2006-07-28). "Israeli strikes may boost Hizbullah base". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2006-07-29.
  149. ^ "Poll finds support for Hizbullah's retaliation". Beirut Center For Research & Information. 2006-07-29. Retrieved 2006-08-08.
  150. ^ "Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls & Research / Hezbollah's Disarmament Pondered In Lebanon". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 2005-04-25. Retrieved 2007-10-27. Source: Zogby International / Information International / The Arab American Institute
  151. ^ "Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls & Research / Palestinians Hold Hezbollah in High Regard". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 2006-07-29. Retrieved 2007-10-28. Source: An-Najah National University
  152. ^ "Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls & Research / Hamas, Hezbollah Legitimate for Jordanians". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 2006-07-14. Retrieved 2007-10-28. Source: Centre for Strategic Studies at the University of Jordan
  153. ^ "Angus Reid Global Monitor: Polls & Research / Jordanians Review Legitimacy of Specific Groups". Angus Reid Global Monitor. 2006-01-11. Retrieved 2007-10-28. Source: Centre for Strategic Studies at the University of Jordan
  154. ^ a b c "Israel/Palestinians." PollingReport.com. 10 December 2006.
  155. ^ "Hizballah External Security Organisation Relisted". Australian National Security. 2005-07-18. Retrieved 2006-08-21.
  156. ^ See:
  157. ^ "Summary of Terrorist Activity 2004". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2005-01-05. Retrieved 2006-07-15.
  158. ^ ": A Pragmatic Terror Organization of Global Reach - A Snapshot (February, 2005)". the International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT). 2005-02. Retrieved 2007-03-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  159. ^ "beantwoording_toezegging_inzake_de_positie_van_hezbollah" (website). The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. p. 1. Retrieved 2006-10-11.
  160. ^ "Annual Report 2004" (PDF). Netherlands General intelligence and security service.
  161. ^ Quick guide: Hezbollah BBC news, 2006-08-22
  162. ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)". United States Department of State. 2005-10-11. Retrieved 2006-07-16. "Current List of Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations . . . 14. Hizballah (Party of God)".
  163. ^ "Ross: Hizbullah's resistance of Israel is not terrorism". arabicnews.com. 2002-03-23. Retrieved 2007-10-29. In a statement to the Kuwaiti daily al-Rai al-Am issued on Friday, Ross said: ... "we are obliged to describe this organization by putting it in the American lists as a terrorist."
  164. ^ a b "COUNCIL COMMON POSITION 2005/847/CFSP" (PDF). 29 November 2005. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)
  165. ^ "The EU's relations with Lebanon". December 2005. Retrieved 2007-05-19.
  166. ^ a b c ISN Security Watch (March 11, 2005). "EU lawmakers label Hezbollah 'terrorist’ group". Retrieved March 3, 2007.
  167. ^ "COUNCIL DECISION of [[21 December]] 2005 implementing Article 2(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2580/2001 on specific restrictive measures directed against certain persons and entities with a view to combating terrorism and repealing Decision 2005/848/EC(2005/930/EC)" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. {{cite news}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  168. ^ "Hezbollah not on Russia's "terrorist" list". Associated Press. Retrieved 2007-10-27. Sapunov told Rossiiskaya Gazeta the list of 17 "includes only those organizations which represent the greatest threat to the security of our country." Groups linked to separatist militants in Chechnya and Islamic radicals in Central Asia made the list. {{cite news}}: Text "date-2006-07-28" ignored (help)
  169. ^ Haaretz Service and News Agencies (2006-07-15). "Russian defense minister says Hezbollah uses 'terrorist methods' - Haaretz - Israel News". Retrieved 2007-10-27.
  170. ^ United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee Portal Accessed 7 August 2006
  171. ^ French PM lashes Hezbollah 'terrorism'
  172. ^ D'Alema: The end of unilateralism, UN back in the lead
  173. ^ Italian FM: Hezbollah, Hamas are not al-Qaida
  174. ^ Germany’s Relations with Israel: Background and Implications for German Middle East Policy Congressional Research Service (January 19, 2007)

References

Books
  • Qassem, Naim (2005). Hizbullah: The Story from Within. Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0863565175.
Articles

Further reading

  • Joseph Alagha (2006). The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9053569103.
  • Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28716-2.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Hezbollah.

Official sites

UN resolutions regarding Lebanon

United States Department of State

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hezbollah&oldid=170739959"