Prime Minister of Canada

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File:Stephen Harper (Official Photo).jpg Incumbent Stephen Harper

The Prime Minister of Canada (French: Premier ministre du Canada) is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus head of government of Canada. The office is not outlined in any of the documents that constitute the written portion of the constitution of Canada; executive authority is formally vested in the Canadian sovereign and exercised on his or her behalf by the Governor General. The prime ministership is part of Canada's constitutional convention tradition. The office was initially modelled after the job as it existed in Britain at time of Confederation in 1867. The British prime ministership, although fully developed by 1867, was not formally integrated into the British constitution until 1905—hence, its absence from Constitution Act, 1867.

The Prime Minister is almost invariably the leader of the political party that holds the largest number of seats in the House of Commons. According to protocol, all prime ministers are styled Right Honourable (in French: Très Honorable) for life.

Stephen Harper is the current Prime Minister, appointed by Governor General Michaëlle Jean as the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada, on February 6, 2006. He is the leader of the Conservative Party, which won 124 of 308 seats in the 2006 federal election and has won 143 seats in the 2008 federal election. Of the total 308 seats, less than 155 seats is a plurality (a majority would be 155 seats) so Prime Minister Harper leads a minority government; that is, the total number of seats held by all the other political parties is greater than the number of seats held by the Conservatives.

Qualifications and selection

Further information: Canadian politics

The Prime Minister, along with the other ministers of the Cabinet, are formally appointed by the Governor General on behalf of the Queen. However, by constitutional convention designed to maintain stability in government, the Governor General will almost always call on the leader of the party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons to form a government.

Legally, any citizen of Canada of voting age (18 years) can undoubtedly be appointed to the office of Prime Minister, these being the requirements to gain election to the House of Commons. Since it is not legally necessary for the Prime Minister to be a sitting MP, there is some question as to whether there are technically even age or citizenship restrictions to the position. In any event, it is customary for the Prime Minister to also be a sitting member of the House of Commons, although two Prime Ministers have governed from the Senate: Sir John Joseph Caldwell Abbott and Sir Mackenzie Bowell. (Both men, in their roles as Government Leader in the Senate, succeeded Prime Ministers who died in office in the 1890s; Canadian convention has since evolved toward the appointment of an interim leader in such a scenario.) One Prime Minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King, having lost his own seat in a general election while his party retained a plurality in the House of Commons, briefly governed "from the hallway", until he won a by-election a few weeks later. John Turner, who was previously an MP but had quit politics, was Canada's only non-MP Prime Minister. He ran for Liberal Party leadership to replace Pierre Trudeau. Turner won a seat at the next election but his party didn't hold the most seats.

If the prime minister should fail to win his or her seat, a junior Member of Parliament in a safe seat would typically resign to permit a by-election to elect that leader to a seat. However, if the leader of the governing party is changed shortly before an election is due and the new leader is not a Member of Parliament, he or she will normally await the general election before running for a seat. For example, John Turner was briefly prime minister in 1984 without being a member of the House of Commons; he would ironically win his seat in the general election that swept his party from power. The official residence of the prime minister is 24 Sussex Drive in Ottawa, Ontario. All prime ministers (with the exception of Kim Campbell) have lived there since Louis St. Laurent in 1951. The prime minister also has a secondary residence at Harrington Lake in Gatineau Park near Ottawa.

In earlier years, it was tradition that the Sovereign bestow a knighthood on each new Canadian prime minister. As such, several carry the prefix "Sir" before their name (of the first eight prime ministers, only Alexander Mackenzie refused knighthood). After the Nickle Resolution debate of 1919, it was against policy for the Sovereign to grant titles to Canadians; the last prime minister knighted was Sir Robert Laird Borden, who was in power when the Nickle Resolution was debated. (Being only a Commons resolution, it has never been binding.) In addition one prime minister, Richard Bennett, was created a viscount after his retirement and the widow of Sir John A. Macdonald was created a baroness.

Mandate

Sir John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of Canada (1867–1873, 1878–1891)

A prime minister does not have a fixed term of office - once appointed and sworn in (s)he retains the office until (s)he resigns, is dismissed or dies. The Constitution of Canada limits the lifespan of each Parliament to five years after which a general election for every seat in the House of Commons must be called; the time limit may be exceeded only in case of war or insurrection. The Prime Minister has typically asked the Governor General to issue a writ of election during the government's fourth year in office. If the sitting Prime Minister's party wins a general election there is no need to re-appoint the Prime Minister or swear him or her in again (although after almost any such election the Prime Minister will be advising the Governor General regarding any changes to the Cabinet that may be necessary, for example to replace ministers who have lost their seats).

Amendments to the Canada Elections Act passed in 2007 during the first session of the 39th Parliament have brought about legal changes that are designed to constrain when the Prime Minister can request a dissolution of Parliament. Under the revised act, a general election must occur on the third Monday in October every four years starting in 2009. Other than cases of war or insurrection, the only exceptions provided for under the Act are when the government is defeated by a vote of no confidence (discussed below) or otherwise "prevented from governing." The Canada Elections Act is not a part of the constitution and can be further amended or repealed by Parliament.

Otherwise, by constitutional convention, the Governor General cannot refuse a request to issue the writs of election, issue writs in the absence of a request, or dismiss the Prime Minister and his government without having been offered their resignations unless acting contrary to the Prime Minister's wishes is necessary to avoid contravention of either the Constitution or (possibly) an Act of Parliament (including as the aforementioned Canada Elections Act). The only time since Confederation time it was deemed necessary to refuse the prime minister's request to call an election was 1926 (see the King-Byng Affair). A Canadian vice-regal's presumed right and obligation to refuse to grant a dissolution where the dissolution would only violate an Act of Parliament has not yet been tested either at the federal level or in those provinces that have enacted similar "fixed election date" legislation. The only other situation where an extraordinary use of the Governor General's powers might be acceptable would be if the Prime Minister was no longer able to offer competent advice to the Governor General - for example, if (s)he became incapacitated. There are no formal provisions regarding what is to be done if a Canadian prime minister becomes incapacitated and unable to serve for an extended period of time (this has never happened). Presumably, if such incapacitation appeared to be long term or permanent and the Prime Minister could not sign a letter of resignation then the Governor General would use his/her reserve powers to remove him/her and appoint the governing party's choice for a replacement.

In general, a majority government is in power three to five years before a new general election is called. A minority government typically calls a new general election at the first opportunity when it appears able to win a majority of seats. Otherwise, it is unusual for minority governments to last more than two years owing to their vulnerability to votes of non-confidence. For example, in 1979–1980, Joe Clark was prime minister in a minority Progressive Conservative government only six months before his government lost a motion of non-confidence and had to call another election. The new Liberal majority government took office in 1980 just nine months after the Clark government had taken office in 1979.

A prime minister is required to resign only when an opposition party wins a majority of seats in the House. If the prime minister's party wins a plurality, he or she normally stays in office. (A prime minister may resign in this circumstance, but there is no requirement to do so.) If the prime minister's party wins a minority while an opposition party wins a plurality (i.e., more seats than any other party but less than a majority), the prime minister can attempt to remain in office by forming a coalition with other minority parties. This, however, is almost never attempted in Canada.

If a governing party loses a motion of non-confidence, the prime minister—and, thus, the government—may resign, thereby allowing another party to form the government. But as this is practical only if no party in the House has a majority, the convention in Canada is to immediately ask the governor general to call a general election.

If a general election gives an opposition party a plurality of seats, the incumbent prime minister can continue to try to form the government, but this has not been done at the federal level since 1925, although it remains an option under the constitution. The normal practice in this situation is for the prime minister to resign and for the governor general to appoint as prime minister the leader of the new largest party in the House of Commons.

Role and authority

Canadian prime ministers, 1867–1963

Since the prime minister is, in practice, the most powerful member of the Canadian government, he or she is sometimes erroneously referred to as Canada's head of state. The Canadian head of state is Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The prime minister is the head of government. The office of Prime Minister of Canada is not mentioned in the Canadian Constitution. In modern-day Canada, however, his/her prerogatives are largely the duties to which the constitution refers to as the job of the Governor General (who acts mostly as a figurehead). The function, duties, responsibilities, and powers of the Prime Minister of Canada were established at Confederation, modeled upon the existing office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Over time, the role of the Prime Minister of Canada has evolved, mainly gaining power over the years.

The prime minister plays a prominent role in most legislation passed by the Canadian Parliament. The majority of Canadian legislation originates in the Cabinet of Canada, which is a body selected by the prime minister, and appointed by the Governor General, largely from the ranks of his party's MPs. The Cabinet must have "unanimous" consent on all decisions they make, but in practice whether or not unanimity has been achieved is decided by the prime minister.

As the monarch or Governor General almost always follows the advice of his or her ministers, the Prime Minister (and the PMO) essentially controls the appointments of the following positions:

• all members of the Cabinet;
• vacant seats on the Supreme Court of Canada;
• vacant seats in the Senate;
• all heads of Canadian Crown Corporations, whom the prime minister may replace at any time;
• all executive positions, such as the head of the Transportation Safety Board, the president of the Business Development Bank;
• all ambassadors to Foreign Countries;
• the Governor General of Canada;
• the 10 Lieutenant-Governors of the Canadian provinces, and the three Commissioners of the Canadian territories ;
• plus approximately 3,100 other government positions, the bulk of which the Prime Minister usually designates a member of his staff to appoint with his concurrence.

William Lyon Mackenzie King, 10th Prime Minister (1921–1926; 1926–1930; 1935–1948)

Brian Mulroney, 18th Prime Minister (1984–1993)

As to the Prime Minister's broad de facto authority over the Canadian military, see Canadian Forces.

Former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau is credited with consolidating power in the Office of the Prime Minister (PMO), although the evolution can be seen throughout Canadian history. The PMO consists of the Prime Minister's political and administrative staff hired solely at the PM's discretion. By coordinating communication with the other agents in policy arenas, as well as with the central party apparatus, the PMO can wield considerable influence. This may have the positive effect of a productive parliament, which in turn provides a valid criticism of centralized power in majority governments and the PMO.

There are checks on the prime minister's power. Cabinet or caucus revolts will bring down a sitting prime minister quickly, and even the threat of caucus revolts can persuade and/or compel a prime minister to resign the office as happened to Jean Chrétien in 2003. The prime minister is also restricted by the Senate. The Senate can delay and impede legislation, which occurred when Brian Mulroney introduced the Goods and Services Tax (GST). In many cases, the conflicts arose primarily because the Senate was dominated by members appointed by previous governments. The aforementioned Prime Ministers proceeded to shift the Senate in their favour with a flurry of senate appointments to ensure the smooth passage of legislation. Furthermore, as Canada is a federal system, the action of the federal government (and thus the Prime Minister) is limited to areas of federal jurisdiction. In practice, however, provincial and federal actions are intertwined in most areas, and so the Prime Minister's power can also be thwarted by concerted opposition from provincial governments.

As well, as executive power is formally vested in the Canadian Monarch and "exercised" by the Governor General as the vice-regal, either body has the power to oppose a Prime Minister's will. Senator and constitutional expert Eugene Forsey stated that a "Governor General must take all steps necessary to thwart the will of a ruthless prime minister." This power of the Governor General was last used by Lord Byng against Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King in what is known as the King-Byng Affair of 1926. Some, such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's Larry Zolf, also speculated whether (former) Governor General Adrienne Clarkson would refuse a recommendation from Prime Minister Jean Chrétien to dissolve Parliament in 2002. Near the end of her time as Governor General, Clarkson stated: "My constitutional role has lain in what are called 'reserve powers:' making sure that there is a prime minister and a government in place, and exercising the right 'to encourage, to advise, and to warn' [...] Without really revealing any secrets, I can tell you that I have done all three."

Salary

According to the CBC, in 2004, the Prime Minister of Canada had an aggregate annual salary in excess of $280,000 (CAD). Although this sum is several times the national average, it is only a fraction of the pay of some of Canada's top corporate executives. About half of the Prime Minister's salary is because he/she is a Member of Parliament, and the other half is because he/she is Prime Minister. After exchange rates are considered, the Canadian Prime Minister's salary is roughly three quarters the equivalent salaries of the British Prime Minister and U.S. President.

All Prime Ministers to date have become at least reasonably prosperous prior to entering politics and have not been very dependent on their salaries.

Criticisms of the Prime Minister's Office

In recent times, a few Canadians and some members of Parliament have begun to question the powers the Canadian Constitution confers on the prime minister. In particular, their goal is to find ways to change the decayed role of elected members of the House of Commons, to create a Parliamentary committee to review appointments to the Supreme Court, and the need to abolish or radically restructure the appointed Senate. A 2001 book, The Friendly Dictatorship, by national affairs columnist Jeffrey Simpson, pointed out the potential dangers by detailing what he argues to be near absolute power vested in the prime minister.

The main case given in favour of Prime Ministerial power has to do with the federal structure of the nation. Canada is one of the most decentralized of the world's federations, and provincial premiers have a great deal of power. Constitutional changes must be approved by the provincial premiers, and they must be consulted for any new initiatives in their areas of responsibility, which include many important sectors such as health care and education. In light of regional forces such as the Quebec sovereignty movement, some have argued there is a need for a national counterbalance to these pressures.

List of Canadian Prime Ministers

Main article: List of Prime Ministers of Canada

Four Canadian Prime Ministers. From left to right, Pierre Trudeau, John Turner, Jean Chrétien, and Lester B. Pearson.

Living former Prime Ministers

There are six living former Prime Ministers of Canada. In order from most recent they are:

• Paul Martin
• Jean Chrétien
• Kim Campbell
• Brian Mulroney
• John Turner
• Joe Clark

Death of the Prime Minister

Only two Prime Ministers who died in office:

• Sir John Alexander Macdonald died of a stroke in Ottawa (1891)
• Sir John Sparrow Thompson died of a heart attack at Windsor Castle (1894)

Thompson, Tupper and Bennett are the only PMs to have died outside of Canada and all were in England.

Unlike most state leaders whom are buried in the nation's capital, all Canadian PMs are buried in locations of their or their family's choice. Bennett is the only Canadian PM to have been buried outside of Canada. Diefenbaker is the only PM not to buried in a cemetery. Most burials are private functions at the request of the the families.

Name	Date of death	Cause of death	Age	Place of death	Funeral	Date of Burial	Place of Burial
Macdonald	June 6 1891	stroke	76	Ottawa, Ontario	state funeral and body transported by train back to Kingston	Cataraqui Cemetery in Kingston, Ontario
Mackenzie	April 17, 1892	stroke	70	Toronto, Ontario	funeral at St Andrew's Church	Lakeview Cemetery in Sarnia, Ontario
Abott	October 30, 1893	brain cancer	72	state funeral in Montreal	Montreal, Quebec	Mount Royal Cemetery in Montreal, Quebec
Thompson	December 12, 1894	heart attack	49	state funeral at Windsor Castle and body shipped back to Canada	Windsor Castle, England	Holy Cross Cemetery, Halifax
Bowell	December 10, 1917	pneumonia	93	private funeral in Belleville	Belleville, Ontario	Belleville Cemetery in Belleville, Ontario
Tupper	October 30, 1915	heart failure	94	body shipped back for state funeral in Halifax, Nova Scotia	Bexleyheath, England	St. John's Cemetery in Halifax, Nova Scotia
Laurier	February 17, 1919	stroke	77	Ottawa, Ontario	state funeral in Ottawa	Notre Dame Cemetery in Ottawa, Ontario
Borden	June 10, 1937	heart failure	82	state funeral in Ottawa at All Saints' Church	Ottawa	Beechwood Cemetery in Ottawa, Ontario.
Meighen	August 5, 1960	heart failure	86	state funeral in Toronto, Ontario (St. Andrew's United Church)	Toronto, Ontario	St. Mary's Cemetery in St. Marys, Ontario
King	July 22, 1950	pneumonia	75	state funeral in Ottawa, Ontario, casket transported by train to Ottawa and Toronto	Wright County, Quebec	Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto, Ontario
Bennett	June 26, 1947	heart attack	76	private funeral	Mickleham, England	St. Michael's Churchyard, Mickleham, England
St. Laurent	July 25, 1973	natural causes (heart failure)	91	state funeral in Quebec	Quebec, Quebec	St. Thomas Aquinas Cemetery in Compton, Quebec
Diefenbaker	August 16, 1979	heart failure	83	state funeral in Ottawa and body transported by train to Saskatoon, Saskatchewan	Ottawa, Ontario,	hillside near the Right Honourable John G. Diefenbaker Centre at the University of Saskatchewan
Pearson	December 27, 1972	cancer	75	state funeral in Ottawa, Ontario (Christ Church)	Ottawa	Maclaren Cemetery in Wakefield (Gatineau), Quebec
Trudeau	September 28, 2000	Parkinson's disease and prostate cancer	80	state funeral in Ottawa and Montreal (Notre Dame) and body transported by train/hearse to Saint-Rémi, Quebec	Montreal	family crypt at St-Rémi-de-Napierville Cemetery in Saint-Rémi, Quebec

Canadian PMs are buried in Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and Saskatchewan. Only one PM is buried in the United Kingdom.

All PMs are given the option for state funerals with the casket lying in state in Centre Block on Parliament Hill. Only Bowell and Bennett had private services. Bennett was the only PM to die and buried outside of Canada. Bowell is the only PM not to have politicans attend his funeral.

Prime Ministers in popular culture

Real

• John A. Macdonald: in 1979 TV movie Riel, played by Christopher Plummer (Note: Plummer is a great-grandson of John Abbott)
• Pierre Trudeau: in the 1980 film The Kidnapping of the President, played by Aubert Pallascio
• In the 2002 CBC mini series Trudeau, four Prime Ministers were portrayed
  • Pierre Trudeau, played by Colm Feore
  • Jean Chrétien, played by Guy Richer
  • Lester Pearson, played by William Parsons
  • John Turner, played by Karl Pruner
• Pierre Trudeau: in 2005 CBC mini series Trudeau II: Maverick in the Making, played by Stéphane Demers
• In the 2006 CBC mini series Prairie Giant: The Tommy Douglas Story, two Prime Ministers were portrayed
  • John Diefenbaker, played by Paul Gross
  • Mackenzie King, played by Andy Jones
• John Diefenbaker, in the 1997 CBC miniseries The Arrow played by Robert Haley

Fictional

Fictional Prime Ministers of Canada have been portrayed in television series, including Rideau Hall, South Park and The West Wing, televisions films such as H2O, and the motion pictures Canadian Bacon and Buried on Sunday.

Literature

Fictional

• Jean-Jacques Charles: A Very Political Lady (1979) by Judy LaMarsh, said to be based on Pierre Elliott Trudeau.
• Ross Hamilton: Party Favours (1997) by Jean Doe, said to be based on Brian Mulroney
• Bobby Laurier: Party Favours (1997) by Jean Doe, said to be based on Jean Chrétien
• Sir Henry Marwood: Pour la patrie (1895) by Jean-Paul Tardival, said to be based on Sir John A. Macdonald.
• Barton McGarvie: Scribes and Scoundrels (1997) by George Galt, said to be based on Brian Mulroney.
• Huntley McQueen: Two Solitudes (1945) by Hugh MacLennan, said to be based on William Lyon Mackenzie King.
• April McTavish: Party Favours(1997) by Jean Doe, said to be based on Kim Campbell.
• Perry Pleaser: Jacob Two Two and the Dinosaur (1987) by Mordecai Richler
• The Prime Minister: S: Portrait of a Spy (1977) by Ian Adams, said to be based on Pierre Elliott Trudeau.
• Jean Rioux: Party Favours (1997) by Jean Doe, said to be based on Paul Martin.
• Carter Warden: A Very Political Lady (1979) by Judy LaMarsh, said to be based on John Turner.

As themselves

Paul Martin and Stephen Harper have appeared as themselves as the sitting prime ministers on the CTV sitcom Corner Gas:

• Paul Martin in the third-season episode "Fun Run"
• Stephen Harper in the fourth season episode "Gopher It"

Several sitting prime ministers have also appeared as themselves on the CBC sketch comedy series Royal Canadian Air Farce, while Harper appeared in an installment of the satirical CBC series The Rick Mercer Report.

Prime Minister impersonators

Radio and TV parodies

• Royal Canadian Air Farce has portrayed several Prime Ministers
  • Pierre Trudeau, played by Don Ferguson
  • Joe Clark, played by Don Ferguson
  • Brian Mulroney, played by Don Ferguson
  • Kim Campbell, played by Luba Goy
  • Jean Chrétien, played by Roger Abbott
  • Paul Martin, played by Don Ferguson
  • Stephen Harper, played by Craig Lauzon
• Double Exposure has portrayed several Prime Ministers
  • Joe Clark, played by Bob Robertson
  • Jean Chrétien, played by Bob Robertson
  • Pierre Trudeau, played by Bob Robertson
  • Brian Mulroney, played by Bob Robertson
  • Kim Campbell, played by Linda Cullen
• Max Ferguson has portrayed several Prime Ministers on his radio shows
  • Pierre Trudeau: on CBC Radio's Max Ferguson Show
  • Lester Pearson: on CBC Radio's Rawhide and the Max Ferguson Show
  • John Diefenbaker: on CBC Radio's Rawhide and the Max Ferguson Show

See also

• Government of Canada
• Air transport of the Royal Family and executive of Canada
• List of Prime Ministers of Canada

External links

• Official government Web site of the Office of the Prime Minister
• Prime Minister of Canada on YouTube
• primeministers.ca, Prime Ministers Online
• Library of Parliament of Canada
• Historians rank the Best and Worst Canadian Prime Ministers: 1997 Maclean's article
• Maple Leaf Web: The Prime Minister & Cabinet
• "CBC News in Depth: Canadian Government". CBC. 2004-09-28. Retrieved 2007-03-17.