Costa Rica: Difference between revisions
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==Tourism== |
==Tourism== |
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The travel industry has quickly become one of Costa Rica's main economic endeavours. It has gained special favor among "green-minded" or eco-travelers. Congruent with the country's express commitment to sustainability and conservation, Costa Rica has successfully developed a unique travel product that promises enriching experiences while promoting human and environmental health. In recent years, several of its top travel service providers have been internationally recognized for their commitment to planet-positive tourism. Most notable are Nature Air |
The travel industry has quickly become one of Costa Rica's main economic endeavours. It has gained special favor among "green-minded" or eco-travelers. Congruent with the country's express commitment to sustainability and conservation, Costa Rica has successfully developed a unique travel product that promises enriching experiences while promoting human and environmental health. In recent years, several of its top travel service providers have been internationally recognized for their commitment to planet-positive tourism. Most notable are [[Nature Air]] and Hotel Punta Islita as winners of the Tourism for Tomorrow Awards, sponsored by the [[World Travel and Tourism Council]] (WTTC).{{cn|date=August 2009}} |
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Boasting a wide diversity of eco-climates and settings, Costa Rica is attractive to travelers seeking beaches, tropical forests, active volcanoes, mountain settings, and a wide array of activities. Surfing, canopy zip-lining, hiking, birdwatching, and fishing are some of the most popular draws. |
Boasting a wide diversity of eco-climates and settings, Costa Rica is attractive to travelers seeking beaches, tropical forests, active volcanoes, mountain settings, and a wide array of activities. Surfing, canopy zip-lining, hiking, birdwatching, and fishing are some of the most popular draws. |
Revision as of 00:34, 1 August 2009
Republic of Costa Rica República de Costa Rica | |
---|---|
Anthem: Noble patria, tu hermosa bandera Template:Es icon "Noble homeland, your beautiful flag" | |
![]() | |
Capital and largest city | San José |
Official languages | Spanish |
Recognised regional languages | Mekatelyu |
Ethnic groups | 94% White & Mestizo 3% Afro-Costa Rican 1% Amerindian 1% Chinese |
Demonym(s) | Costa Rican; Tico |
Government | Constitutional democracy (Presidential republic) |
Oscar Arias (PLN) | |
unoccupied | |
Independence from Spain (via Guatemala) | |
• Declared | September 10, 1821 |
• Recognized by Spain | May 10, 1850 |
• from the UPCA | 1838 |
Area | |
• Total | 51,100 km2 (19,700 sq mi) (128th) |
• Water (%) | 0.7 |
Population | |
• May 2009 estimate | 4,509,290 (119th) |
• Density | 85/km2 (220.1/sq mi) (107th) |
GDP (PPP) | 2008 estimate |
• Total | $48.741 billion[1] |
• Per capita | $10,752[1] |
GDP (nominal) | 2008 estimate |
• Total | $29.828 billion[1] |
• Per capita | $6,580[1] |
Gini (2001) | 49.9 high inequality |
HDI (2008) | ![]() Error: Invalid HDI value (50th) |
Currency | Costa Rican colón (CRC) |
Time zone | UTC-6 |
Driving side | right |
Calling code | +506 |
ISO 3166 code | CR |
Internet TLD | .cr |
Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica (Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica, pronounced [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkosta ˈrika]) is a country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the east and south, the Pacific Ocean to the west and south and the Caribbean Sea to the east.
Costa Rica, which translates literally as "Rich Coast", was the first country in the world to constitutionally abolish its army.[2][3][4] Costa Rica has consistently been among the top Latin American countries in the Human Development Index, ranking 50th in 2006.[5] The country is ranked 5th in the world, and 1st among the Americas, in terms of the 2008 Environmental Performance Index.[6][7] In 2007 the Costa Rican government announced plans for Costa Rica to become the first carbon neutral country by 2021.[8][9][10] According to the New Economics Foundation, Costa Rica ranks first in the Happy Planet Index and is the greenest country in the world. The HPI measures how much of the Earth's resources nations use and how long and happy a life their citizens enjoy as a result.[11]
History
In Pre-Columbian times the indigenous people, in what is now known as Costa Rica, were part of the international Intermediate Area located between the Mesoamerican and Andean cultural regions. This has recently been updated to include the influence of the Isthmo-Colombian area. It was the point where the Mesoamerican and South American native cultures met.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pre-Columbian_incense_burner%2C_Costa_Rica_%28Carlos_Museum%29.jpg/220px-Pre-Columbian_incense_burner%2C_Costa_Rica_%28Carlos_Museum%29.jpg)
The northwest of the country, the Nicoya Peninsula, was the southernmost point of Nahuatl cultural influence when the Spanish conquerors (conquistadores) came in the sixteenth century. The central and southern portions of the country had Chibcha influences. However, the indigenous people have influenced modern Costa Rican culture to a relatively small degree, as most of these died from diseases such as smallpox[12] and mistreatment by the Spaniards.
The first European to reach what is now Costa Rica was Christopher Columbus in 1502.[13] During Spanish Colonial times, the largest city in Central America was Guatemala City. Costa Rica's distance from this hub led to difficulty in establishing trade routes and was one of the reasons that Costa Ricans developed in relative isolation and with little oversight from the Spanish Monarchy ("The Crown"). While this isolation allowed the colony to develop free of intervention by The Crown, it also contributed to its failure to share in the prosperity of the Colonies.[14] Costa Rica was described as "the poorest and most miserable Spanish colony in all Americas" by a Spanish governor in 1719.[15]
Another contributing factor to this poverty was the lack of indigenous people used as forced labor. While many Spaniards in the other colonies had tribal members working on their land, most of the Costa Rican settlers had to work on their own land themselves. For all these reasons Costa Rica was by and large unappreciated and overlooked by the Crown and left to develop on its own. It is believed that the circumstances during this period led to the formation of many of the idiosyncrasies that Costa Rica has become known for, while at the same time setting the stage for Costa Rica's development as a more egalitarian society than the rest of its neighbors. Costa Rica became a "rural democracy" with no oppressed mestizo or indigenous class. It was not long before Spanish settlers turned to the hills, where they found rich volcanic soil and a climate that was milder than that of the lowlands.[16]
Costa Rica joined other Central American provinces in 1821 in a joint declaration of independence from Spain. After a brief time in the Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide Costa Rica became a state in the Federal Republic of Central America from 1823 to 1839. In 1824 the capital was moved to San José, but violence briefly ensued through an intense rivalry with Cartago. Although the newly independent provinces formed a Federation, border disputes broke out among them, adding to the region's turbulent history and conditions.
Costa Rica's membership in the newly formed Federal Republic of Central America, free of Spanish rule, was short lived; in 1838, long after the Central American Federation ceased to function in practice, Costa Rica formally withdrew and proclaimed itself sovereign. The distance from Guatemala City to the Central Valley of Costa Rica, where most of the population lived and still lives, was great. The local population had little allegiance to the government in Guatemala City, in part because of the history of isolation during Colonial times. Costa Rica's disinterest in participating as a province in a greater Central American government was one of the deciding factors in the break-up of the fledgling federation into independent states, which still exist today. However, all of the Central American nations still celebrate September 15 as their independence day, which pertains to the independence of Central America from Spain.
Most Afro-Costa Ricans, who constitute about 3% of the country's population, descend from Jamaican immigrants who arrived during the 1880s to work in the construction of railways connecting the urban populations of the Central Plateau to the port of Limón on the Caribbean coast.[17] United States convicts and Chinese immigrants also participated in the construction project, conducted by U.S. businessman Minor C. Keith. In exchange for completing the railroad, the Costa Rican government granted Keith large tracts of land and a lease on the train route, which he used to produce bananas and export them to the United States. As a result, bananas came to rival coffee as the principal Costa Rican export, while foreign-owned corporations (including the United Fruit Company) began to hold a major role in the national economy.
Historically, Costa Rica has generally enjoyed greater peace and more consistent political stability compared with many of its fellow Latin American nations. Since the late nineteenth century, however, Costa Rica has experienced two significant periods of violence. In 1917-19, Federico Tinoco Granados ruled as a dictator until he was overthrown and forced into exile. Again in 1948, José Figueres Ferrer led an armed uprising in the wake of a disputed presidential election. With more than 2,000 dead, the resulting 44-day Costa Rican Civil War was the bloodiest event in Costa Rica during the twentieth-century. Afterwards, the new, victorious government junta, led by the opposition, abolished the military and oversaw the drafting of a new constitution by a democratically-elected assembly. Having enacted these reforms, the regime finally relinquished its power on November 8, 1949, to the new democratic government. After the coup d'etat, Figueres became a national hero, winning the country's first democratic election under the new constitution in 1953. Since then, Costa Rica has held 12 presidential elections, the latest being in 2006. All of them have been widely regarded by the international community as peaceful, transparent, and relatively smooth transitions.
Geography
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Isla_del_Coco-chatham_beach.jpg/230px-Isla_del_Coco-chatham_beach.jpg)
Costa Rica is located on the Central American isthmus, 10° North of the equator and 84° West of the Prime Meridian. It borders both the Caribbean Sea (to the east) and the North Pacific Ocean (to the west), with a total of 1,290 kilometres (800 miles) of coastline, 212 km (132 mi) on the Caribbean coast and 1,016 km (631 mi) on the Pacific
Costa Rica also borders Nicaragua to the north (309 km or 192 mi of border) and Panama to the south-southeast (639 km or 397 mi of border). In total, Costa Rica comprises 51,100 square kilometres (19,700 square miles) plus 589 square kilometres (227 square miles) of territorial waters.
The highest point in the country is Cerro Chirripó, at 3,820 metres (12,530 feet), and is the fifth highest peak in Central America. The highest volcano in the country is the Irazú Volcano (3,431 m or 11,257 ft). The largest lake in Costa Rica is Lake Arenal.
Costa Rica also comprises several islands. Cocos Island (24 square kilometres (9.3 sq mi)*) stands out because of its distance from continental landmass, 300 mi (480 km) from Puntarenas, but Calero Island is the largest island of the country (151.6 square kilometres (58.5 sq mi)*).
Costa Rica protects 23% of its national territory within the Protected Areas system. It also possesses the greatest density of species in the world.[18]
Government
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OscarArias.jpg/220px-OscarArias.jpg)
Costa Rica is a democratic republic with a strong constitution. Although there are claims that the country has had more than 115 years of uninterrupted democracy,[19] their presidential election history shows otherwise. Nonetheless, the country has had at least 59 years of uninterrupted democracy, making it one of the most stable countries in the region. Costa Rica has been able to avoid the widespread violence that has plagued most of Latin America.
Costa Rica is a republic with three powers: executive responsibilities are vested in a president, legislative power is vested on the Legislative Assembly, and Judicial power is vested on the Supreme Court. There are two vice presidents as well as a cabinet designated by the president. The president, vice presidents, and 57 Legislative Assembly delegates are elected for four-year terms. A constitutional amendment approved in 1969 limited presidents and delegates to one term, although delegates were allowed to run again for an Assembly seat after sitting out a term.
The Supreme Electoral Body, the Office of the Comptroller General, the Office of the Procurator General of the Republic and the Office of the Ombudsman also enjoy a lot of independence.
The Supreme Court is divided into four chambers, one dealing with Constitutional Law, one dealing with Criminal Law and two dealing with Civil Law, Merchant Law and the like.
In April 2003, the constitutional amendment ban on presidential re-election was reversed, allowing Óscar Arias (Nobel Peace Prize laureate, 1987) to run for president for a second term. In 2006, Óscar Arias was elected in a tight and highly contested election, running on a platform of promoting free trade. He took office on May 8, 2006.
Certain autonomous state agencies enjoy considerable operational independence; they include the telecommunications and electrical power monopoly, the nationalized commercial banks, the state insurance monopoly, and the social security agency all of which have played an important role in the development of the Costa Rican high-indexed quality of life.
Costa Rica has no military by constitution.
Provinces, cantons, and districts
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Provinces_Costa_Rica.png/225px-Provinces_Costa_Rica.png)
Costa Rica is composed of seven provinces, which in turn are divided into 81 cantons ("cantón" in Spanish, plural "cantones"), each of which is directed by a mayor. Mayors are chosen democratically every four years by each canton's people. There are no provincial legislatures. The cantons are further divided into districts (distritos). The provinces are:
Economy
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Intel_Costa_12_2007_SJO_105b.jpg/225px-Intel_Costa_12_2007_SJO_105b.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/DirkvdM_orosi_valley_bird.jpg/225px-DirkvdM_orosi_valley_bird.jpg)
According to the CIA World Factbook, Costa Rica's GDP per capita is US$13,500 PPP (2007 estimate); however, this developing country still faces the fourth highest inflation rate in Latin America, lack of maintenance and new investment in infrastructure, a poverty rate of over 16% (2006 estimate), and a 5.5% unemployment rate (2007 estimate).[20] The Costa Rican economy grew nearly 5% in 2006 after experiencing four years of slow economic growth.[21] Costa Rica is also the Latin American pioneer in the implementation of a modern welfare state. Its welfare spending is as high as that of Scandinavian countries.
The central government offers tax exemptions for those who are willing to invest in the country. Several global high tech corporations have already started developing in the area exporting goods including chip manufacturer Intel, pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline, and consumer products company Procter & Gamble. In 2006 Intel's microprocessor facility alone was responsible for 20% of Costa Rican exports and 4.9% of the country's GDP.[22][23] Trade with South East Asia and Russia has boomed during 2004 and 2005, and the country obtained full Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC) membership in 2007 after becoming an observer in 2004.
For the fiscal year 2005, the country showed a government deficit of 2.1%; internal revenue increased 18%, and exports increased 12.8%. Revised economic figures released by the Central Bank indicate that economic growth stood at 5%, nevertheless the country faced high inflation (14%) and a trade deficit of 5.2%. As of 2007, Costa Rica's inflation rate stands at 9.30%, Latin America's 4th highest inflation rate.[20]
In recent times electronics, pharmaceuticals, financial outsourcing, software development, and ecotourism have become the prime industries in Costa Rica's economy. High levels of education among its residents make the country an attractive investing location. Since 1999, tourism earns more foreign exchange than the combined exports of the country's three main cash crops: bananas, pineapples and coffee.[24] Coffee production has played a key role in Costa Rica's history and economy and by 2006 was the third cash crop export.[24] The largest coffee growing areas are in the provinces of San José, Alajuela, Heredia, Puntarenas, and Cartago. Costa Rica is famous for its gourmet coffee beans, with Costa Rican Tarrazú among the finest Arabica coffee beans in the world used for making espresso coffee, together with Jamaican Blue Mountain, Guatemalan Antigua and Ethiopian Sidamo.[25][26][27][28]
There are also numerous gambling casinos in Costa Rica, and a national lottery. Some internet online gambling companies are also based there.
The unit of currency is the colón, which trades around 575[29] to the U.S. dollar; currently about 710 to the euro. On October 16, 2006, a new currency exchange system was introduced, allowing the value of the CRC colón to float between two bands as done previously by Chile. The idea is that by doing so the Central Bank will be able to better tackle inflation and discourage the use of U.S. dollars. Since that time, the value of the colón against the dollar has stabilized.
Costa Rica's location provides access to American markets as it has the same time zone as the central part of the United States and direct ocean access to Europe and Asia. A countrywide referendum has approved a free trade agreement with the United States. In the referendum on October 7, 2007, the voters of Costa Rica narrowly backed the free trade agreement, with 51.6% of "Yes" votes.[30]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Poas_crater.jpg/225px-Poas_crater.jpg)
With a $2.2 billion per year tourism industry, Costa Rica stands as the most visited nation in the Central American region, with 2.0 million foreign visitors in 2008,[31] which translates into a relatively high expenditure per tourist of $1,100 per trip, and a rate of foreign tourists per capita of 0.46, one of the highest in the Caribbean Basin. Most of the tourists come from the U.S. and Canada (46%), and Europe (16%).[32] In 2005, tourism contributed 8.1% of the country's GNP and represented 13.3% of direct and indirect employment.[33] Tourism now earns more foreign exchange than bananas and coffee combined.[24][34]
Ecotourism is extremely popular with the many tourists visiting the extensive national parks and protected areas around the country. Costa Rica was a pioneer in this type of tourism, and the country is recognized as one of the few with real ecotourism.[35] In the 2009 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index, Costa Rica ranked 42nd in the world and first among Latin American countries.[36] Just considering the sub-index natural resources, Costa Rica ranks 6th worldwide in terms of the natural resources pillar, but 89th in terms of its cultural resources.
Tourism
The travel industry has quickly become one of Costa Rica's main economic endeavours. It has gained special favor among "green-minded" or eco-travelers. Congruent with the country's express commitment to sustainability and conservation, Costa Rica has successfully developed a unique travel product that promises enriching experiences while promoting human and environmental health. In recent years, several of its top travel service providers have been internationally recognized for their commitment to planet-positive tourism. Most notable are Nature Air and Hotel Punta Islita as winners of the Tourism for Tomorrow Awards, sponsored by the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC).[citation needed]
Boasting a wide diversity of eco-climates and settings, Costa Rica is attractive to travelers seeking beaches, tropical forests, active volcanoes, mountain settings, and a wide array of activities. Surfing, canopy zip-lining, hiking, birdwatching, and fishing are some of the most popular draws.
Foreign affairs
Costa Rica is an active member of the United Nations and the Organization of American States. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the United Nations University of Peace are based in Costa Rica. The Costa Rican State is also a member of many other international organizations related to human rights and democracy.
Costa Rica holds as a main foreign policy objective is to foster human rights and sustainable development as a way to secure stability and growth.[citation needed]
Costa Rica is a member of the International Criminal Court, without a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the United States military (as covered under Article 98).
Costa Rica also has a long-term disagreement with Nicaragua over the San Juan River which denotes the border between the two countries; the disagreement originates from the fact that the river, being Nicaraguan soil, is the only way of access to several communities in Costa Rica which need to be served by armed Costa Rican police forces.
On June 1, 2007, Costa Rica broke ties with the Republic of China in Taiwan, switching allegiance to the People's Republic of China in mainland China.[37]
Costa Rica is currently a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, having been elected for a non-renewable two-year term in the 2007 election. Its term expires on 31 December 2009; this is Costa Rica's sixth time on the Security Council.
Flora and fauna
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Anhinga_b.jpg/220px-Anhinga_b.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HeliconiusDorisLinnaeus.jpg/200px-HeliconiusDorisLinnaeus.jpg)
Costa Rica is home to a rich variety of plants and animals. While the country has only about 0.1% of the world's landmass, it contains 5% of the world's biodiversity.[38][39] Around 25% of the country's land area is in protected national parks and protected areas,[40][41] the largest percentual of protected areas in the world.[42][43]
One national park that is internationally renowned among ecologists for its biodiversity (including big cats and tapirs) and where visitors can expect to see an abundance of wildlife is the Corcovado National Park.[44][45] Corocovado is the one park in Costa Rica where all four Costa Rican monkey species can be found.[46] These include the White-headed Capuchin, the Mantled Howler and the endangered Geoffroy's Spider Monkey.[46][47] They also include the Central American Squirrel Monkey, which is found only on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and a small part of Panama, and was considered endangered until 2008 when its status was upgraded to vulnerable.[48]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Costa-Rica-colibri-humming-bird.jpg/200px-Costa-Rica-colibri-humming-bird.jpg)
Tortuguero National Park — the name Tortuguero can be translated as "Full of Turtles" — is home to spider, howler, and white-throated Capuchin monkeys; the three-toed sloth; 320 species of birds; and a variety of reptiles. The park is recognized for the annual nesting of the endangered green turtle and is the most important nesting site for the species. Giant leatherback, hawksbill, and loggerhead turtles also nest there.
The Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve is home to about 2,000 plant species,[49] including numerous orchids. Over 400 types of birds and over 100 species of mammals can be found there.[49]
As a whole, around 800 species of birds have been identified in Costa Rica. The Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad is allowed to collect royalties on any biological discoveries of medical importance.
Costa Rica and parts of Panama are home to the vulnerable Central American Squirrel Monkey. Deforestation, illegal pet-trading, and hunting are the main reasons for its threatened status.
Costa Rica is a center of biological diversity for reptiles and amphibians, including the world's fastest living lizard, the spiny-tailed iguana (Ctenosaura similis).[50]
Demographics
Costa Rica has a population of 4,509,290. white and casttizos 85%, mestizos 10 %, while 3% are Black/Afro-Caribbean, 1% Amerindian, 1% Chinese.[51] The white population is primarily of Spaniard ancestry[52] with significant numbers of Costa Ricans of Italian, German, English, Dutch, French, Irish, Portuguese, Lebanese and Polish families, as well a sizable Jewish community.
Just under 3% of the population is of black African descent. The majority of the Afro-Costa Ricans are Creole English-speaking descendants of nineteenth century black Jamaican immigrant workers, as well as slaves who were brought during the Atlantic slave trade.
The indigenous or Amerindian population numbers around 1%, or over 41,000 individuals. A significant portion of the population descends from a bi-racial mix of local Amerindians and Spaniards; most live in secluded Indian reservations in the Cordillera de Talamanca or Guanacaste.
There is also an expatriate community of people from the United States, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, Britain, and other countries.
Costa Rica hosts many refugees, mainly from Colombia and Nicaragua. As a result, an estimated 10% of the Costa Rican population is made up of Nicaraguans,[53] most of whom migrate for seasonal work opportunities and then return to their country. Moreover, Costa Rica took in many refugees from a range of other Latin American countries fleeing civil wars and dictatorships during the 1970s and 80s—notably from Chile and Argentina, as well as El Salvador who fled from guerrillas and government death squads.[54]
Religion
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Basilica_de_los_Angeles_2007.jpg/200px-Basilica_de_los_Angeles_2007.jpg)
When it comes to religion, Costa Rica behaves similarly to European developed countries. Christianity is the predominant religion, and Roman Catholicism is the official state religion according to its 1949 Constitution, which at the same time guarantees freedom of religion.
According to the most recent nationwide survey of religion, conducted in 2007 by the University of Costa Rica, only 44.9% of Costa Ricans are practicing Catholics out of the 70.5% who ascribe to Roman Catholicism, 13.8% are Evangelical Protestants, 11.3% report that they do not have a religion, and 4.3% belonged to another.
Because of the recent small but continuous immigration from Asia, and the Middle East, other religions have grown, the most popular being Buddhism (because of an increasing Chinese community of 40,000), and smaller numbers of Jewish, Muslim, Bahá’í, and Hindu adherents.
There is a Jewish synagogue, the Sinagoga Shaarei Zion[55], in San José, near La Sabana Metropolitan Park. Several homes in the neighborhood east of the park are festooned with the Star of David and other recognizable Jewish symbols.[56]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has seen modest growth in Costa Rica in the last 40 years and has built one of only two temples in Central America in the San Antonio de Belen region of Heredia.[57]
Languages
The only official language is Spanish.Spanish is spoken as mother tongue by a 97% of the population the other 3% is composed by Amerindian languages and English-creole. There are two main accents native to Costa Rica, the standard Costa Rican and the Nicoyan. The Nicoyan accent is very similar to the standard Nicaraguan accent.[58] A peculiarity of the Spanish in Costa Rica is the relative lack of the use of the pronoun tú, which is considered rather informal by native Costa Ricans. Instead, Costa Ricans use vos or usted. The conjugation of vos in Costa Rica is practically the same as in Argentina, with the exception of the subjunctive forms.
Jamaican immigrants in the 19th century brought with them a dialect of English that has evolved into the Mekatelyu creole dialect.
English is a language commonly taught in educational institutions, as are French and Portuguese.
Culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Teatro_National_de_Costa_Rica_-_inside.jpg/220px-Teatro_National_de_Costa_Rica_-_inside.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Gallo_Pinto_at_breakfast.jpg/220px-Gallo_Pinto_at_breakfast.jpg)
Costa Rica boasts a varied history. Costa Rica was the point where the Mesoamerican and South American native cultures met. The northwest of the country, the Nicoya peninsula, was the southernmost point of Nahuatl cultural influence when the Spanish conquerors (conquistadores) came in the sixteenth century. The central and southern portions of the country had Chibcha influences. The Atlantic coast, meanwhile, was populated with African workers during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Today Costa Rican culture is a peculiar variety of Latin American culture in that Pre-Columbian influences are almost non-existent today, since most of the indigenous population was virtually erased by epidemics in the first century of Spanish colonization. As a result the immigration of Spaniards and their 16th-Spanish culture and its evolution marked everyday life and culture until today, with Spanish language and the Catholic religion as main cultural pillars.
The Department of Culture, Youth, and Sports is in charge of the promotion and coordination of the cultural life. The work of the department is divided into Direction of Culture, Visual Arts, Scenic Arts, Music, Patrimony and the System of Libraries. Although the department creates many initiatives, they are constrained by the lack of resources.[citation needed] Permanent programs, nevertheless, are constantly high quality, such as the National Symphony Orchestra of Costa Rica and the Youth Symphony Orchestra, brilliant conjunctions of two areas of work: Culture and Youth.{{Fact|date=June 2009
Costa Rican popular music genres include American and British rock and roll, pop and electro-rave, especially among the youth who are very well accustomed to international trends.[citation needed] Reggae and reggaeton are popular as well, possibly because its main representatives are regionally grown. Dance-oriented genres like soca, salsa, bachata, merengue, cumbia and Costa Rican swing have been increasingly shifting toward an older demographic. The guitar is a popular instrument especially as an accompaniment to folk dances.
Education
The literacy rate in Costa Rica is of 96%,[59] one of the highest in Latin America. Elementary and high schools are found throughout the country in practically every community. Universal public education is guaranteed in the constitution. Primary education is obligatory, and both preschool and high school are free. There are only a few schools in Costa Rica that go beyond the 12th grade. Students who finish 11th grade receive a Costa Rican Bachillerato Diploma accredited by the Costa Rican Ministry of Education.
There are both state and private universities, with public universities been traditionally regarded as the best quality available in the country, as well as been historically one of the greatest social mobility tools available, given the large budget percentage committed to subsidize economically-challenged students. In recent years private universities and colleges have largely consolidated and now very well rival, quality-wise, that of the public sector.
International rankings
- (1) Worldwide ranking among countries evaluated. See notes (3) and (4) also
- (2) Ranking among the 20 Latin American countries (Puerto Rico is not included).
- (3) Ranking among 108 developing countries with available data only.
- (4) Ranking among 71 developing countries with available data only. Countries in the sample surveyed between 1990-2005. Refers to population below income poverty line as define by the World Bank's $2 per day indicator
- (5) Because the Gini coefficient used for the ranking corresponds to different years depending of the country, and the underlying household surveys differ in method and in the type of data collected, the distribution data are not strictly comparable across countries. The ranking therefore is only a proxy for reference purposes.
- (6) The Life Satisfaction Index study was performed by the Inter-American Development Bank among 24 countries in the Latin American and the Caribbean region, based on IDB calculations based on Gallup World Poll 2006 - 2007 and World Development Indicators. Therefore, it is a regional index.
See also
References
- ^ a b c d "Costa Rica". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 2009-04-22.
- ^ El Espíritu del 48. "Abolición del Ejército" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2008-03-09.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Costa Rica". World Desk Reference. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
- ^ "Costa Rica". Uppsala Universitet. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
- ^ a b UNDP Human Development Report 2008 Update. "Table 1: Human Development Index Trends" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-05-01.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) page 25-26 - ^ Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Center for International Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University. "Switzerland Tops 2008 Environmental Scorecard at World Economic Forum". Retrieved 2008-03-09.
{{cite web}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ a b Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy / Center for International Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University. "Environmental Performance Index 2008, Metrics for Costa Rica". Retrieved 2008-03-09.
{{cite web}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) Cite error: The named reference "dqvkdj" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - ^ John Burnett (2008-02-18). "Costa Rica Aims to Be a Carbon-Neutral Nation". National Public Radio (NPR.org). Retrieved 2009-04-27.
- ^ Alana Herro (2007-03-12). "Costa Rica Aims to Become First "Carbon Neutral" Country". Worldwatch Institute. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
- ^ Alejandro Vargas (2007-02-21). "País quiere ser primera nación con balance neutro de carbono" (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
- ^ Ashley Seager (2008-07-04). "Costa Rica is the world's happiest and greenest counitry in the world". The Guadian Unlimited (guardian.co.uk). Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ The Story Of... Smallpox
- ^ Geographia Accessed on November 22, 2007.
- ^ "A Brief History of Costa Rica: Colonial Times". Retrieved 2007-12-21.
- ^ Shafer, D. Michael (1994). Winners and losers: how sectors shape the developmental prospects of states. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8188-0.
- ^ Costa Rica - Cartago
- ^ "Blacks of Costa Rica". World Culture Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
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(help) - ^ estudiofi
- ^ "Costa Rica". Youth Challenge International. 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
- ^ a b "Rank Order - Inflation rate (consumer prices)". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
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: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ "Costa Rica: Economy". U.S. State Department. Retrieved 2007-11-02.
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(help) - ^ "Intel supone el 4,9 por ciento del PIB de Costa Rica" (in Spanish). El Economista. 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ "Intel fabrica el procesador "más veloz del mundo" en Costa Rica" (in Spanish). La Vanguardia. 2007-11-13. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ a b c Departamento de Estadísticas ICT (2006). "Anuário Estadísticas de Demanda 2006" (PDF) (in Spanish). Intituto Costarricense de Turismo. Retrieved 2008-07-29. Table 44 and 45
- ^ Revista VEJA (2008-07-31). "Os melhores grãos do mundo" (in Portuguese). Editora Abril. Retrieved 2008-07-29. Edition 2071. Print edition pp. 140
- ^ Betty Fussell (1999-09-05). "The World Before Starbucks". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
- ^ Florence Fabricant (1992-09-02). "Americans Wake Up and Smell the Coffee". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
- ^ "Ferris Gourmet Coffee Beans: Single origin coffees". Ferris Coffee & Nuts. Retrieved 2008-07-29.
- ^ Banco Central de Costa Rica
- ^ Latinamerica Press
- ^ Hassel Fallas (2008-12-18). "Llegada de turistas dejará $2.200 millones este año" (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved 2009-04-27.
- ^ "Informe de Encuestas IV Trimestre 2006. Aeropuerto Internacional Juan Santamaria" (in Spanish). Instituto Costarricense de Turismo. 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-06. 2006 Annual Survey from the Costa Rican Board of Tourism (ICT)
- ^ Altés, Carmen (2006), El Turismo en América Latina y el Caribe y la experiencia del BID, Inter-American Development Bank; Sustainable Development Department, Technical Paper Series ENV-149, Washington, D.C. available at http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=984876, p. 9 and 47
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(help) - ^ José Enrique Rojas (2004-12-29). "Turismo, principal motor de la economía durante el 2004" (in Spanish). La Nación. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Honey, Martha (1999), Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise?, Island Press; 1 edition, Washington, D.C., p. 5, ISBN 1559635827
- ^ Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa, Editors (2009). "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2009" (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland.
{{cite web}}
:|author=
has generic name (help) - ^ Boston.com
- ^ Leo Hickman (2007-05-26). "Shades of green". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
- ^ Honey, Martha (1999), Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? (in Inglés), Island Press; 1 edition, Washington, D.C., p. 128-181, ISBN 1-55963-582-7
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Chapter 5. Costa Rica: On the Beaten Path - ^ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. "Issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries and recommendations on any further process" Table 1
- ^ Earth Trends (2003). "Biodiversity and Protected Areas - Costa Rica" (PDF). World Resources Institute. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
- ^ "Costa Rica National Parks and Reserves". World Headquarters. 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
- ^ Leonardo Coutinho and Otávio Cabral (2008-05-21). "O desafio da economia verde" (in Portuguese). Revista Veja. Retrieved 2008-06-08. Published on website "Planeta Sustentável"
- ^ Corcovado National Park
- ^ Diversity of Corcovado National Park
- ^ a b Hunter, L. & Andrew, D. (2002). Watching Wildlife Central America. Lonely Planet. p. 97. ISBN 1-86450-034-4.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ a b Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve
- ^ Garland, T., Jr. (1984). "Physiological correlates of locomotory performance in a lizard: an allometric approach" (PDF). American Journal of Physiology. 247: R806–R815.
{{cite journal}}
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Costa Rica: Ethnic groups
- ^ White Settlement in Costa Rica
- ^ www.state.gov Background Note: Costa Rica - People
- ^ Biesanz, Karen Zubris; Biesanz, Mavis Hiltunen; Biesanz, Richard (1998). The Ticos: Culture and Social Change in Costa Rica. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 118. ISBN 1-55587-737-0.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Link to the Costa Rican Jewish Community
- ^ Jewish Community in Costa Rica
- ^ San José Costa Rica LDS (Mormon) Temple
- ^ The Phonemes of Costa Rican Spanish O. L. Chavarria-Aguilar Language, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Jul - Sep., 1951), pp. 248-253
- ^ CIA World Factbook, January 2009
- ^ New Economics Foundation. "The Happy Planet Index" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-07-05.
- ^ UNPD Human Development Report 2007/2008. "Table 3: Human poverty index: developing countries" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-20.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) page 240 - ^ UNPD Human Development Report 2007/2008. "Table 3: Human poverty index: developing countries" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-20.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) page 238-240 - ^ Reporters Without Borders. "Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007". Retrieved 2008-03-13.
- ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit. "The World in 2007, Democracy Index 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-13.
- ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit et al. (Vision of Humanity website). "Global Peace Index Rankings". Retrieved 2008-05-28.
- ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit. "Pocket World in Figures 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-13.
- ^ "The 2008 Legatum Prosperity Index Table 2008" (PDF). Legatum Institute. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
- ^ World Economic Forum (2009). "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-03-05.
- ^ Transparency International. "2008 Corruption Perception Table". Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- ^ The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Journal. "Index of Economic Freedom 2008". Retrieved 2008-03-14.
- ^ World Economic Forum. "The Global Competitiveness Report 2008-2009". Retrieved 2008-10-09.
- ^ UNPD Human Development Report 2007/2008. "Inequality in income or expenditure". Retrieved 2008-08-05.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Inter-American Development Bank. "Faster Economic Growth Hurts Life Satisfaction in Latin America and the Caribbean". Retrieved 2008-11-23.
Further reading
- CIA World Factbook. Costa Rica.
- Edelman, Marc. Peasants Against Globalization: Rural Social Movements in Costa Rica Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.
- Sebastian Huhn: Contested Cornerstones of Nonviolent National Self-Perception in Costa Rica: A Historical Approach, 2009.
- Lara, Sylvia Lara, Tom Barry, and Peter Simonson. Inside Costa Rica: The Essential Guide to Its Politics, Economy, Society and Environment London: Latin America Bureau, 1995.
- Lehoucq, Fabrice E. and Ivan Molina. Stuffing the Ballot Box: Fraud, Electoral Reform, and Democratization in Costa Rica Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
- Lehoucq, Fabrice E. Policymaking, Parties, and Institutions in Democratic Costa Rica, 2006.
- Palmer, Steven and Iván Molina. The Costa Rica Reader: History, Culture, Politics Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2004.
- Sandoval, Carlos. Threatening Others: Nicaraguans and the Formation of National Identities in Costa Rica Athens: Ohio University Press, 2004.
- Wilson, Bruce M. Costa Rica: Politics, Economics, and Democracy: Politics, Economics and Democracy. Boulder, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998.
External links
- Government and administration
- Casa Presidencial Template:Es icon Official presidential site.
- General
- "Costa Rica". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
- Costa Rica at UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Costa Rica at Curlie
- Travel & tourism