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***[[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I]] (M170, M258) ''Found in [[Europe]] and parts of the [[Near East]]''
***[[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I]] (M170, M258) ''Found in [[Europe]] and parts of the [[Near East]]''
****[[Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I1]] (M253) ''Found mainly in northern Europe''
****[[Haplogroup I1 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I1]] (M253) ''Found mainly in northern Europe''
****[[Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I2]] (P215) ''Found mainly in southeast Europe and Sardinia''
****[[Haplogroup I2 (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup I2]] (P215) ''Found mainly in southeast Europe and Sardinia'' save for I2B1 (m223) which is primarily found in Western, Central, and Northern Europe.
***[[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J]] (M304, S6, S34, S35)
***[[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J]] (M304, S6, S34, S35)
****[[Haplogroup J* (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J*]] (Rare outisde of [[Socotra]])
****[[Haplogroup J* (Y-DNA)|Haplogroup J*]] (Rare outisde of [[Socotra]])

Revision as of 13:43, 30 July 2010

In human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome (called Y-DNA).

The Y chromosome consortium has established a system of defining Y-DNA haplogroups by letters A through to T, with further subdivisions using numbers and lower case letters.[1]

Y-chromosomal Adam is the name given by researchers to a theoretical male who is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. Estimations of the date of this common ancestor have varied significantly in different studies.

Major Y-DNA haplogroups

Major Y-chromosome haplogroups include:

Table view

Groups A and B

Haplogroups A and B are only found in sub-Saharan Africa (and in populations extracted from there in modern times, primarily via the Atlantic slave trade and Arab slave trade). The first to branch off was A, with defining mutation M91. All other haplogroups are summarized as BT (also referred to as YxA).

Groups with mutation M168 (CT)

Main article: Haplogroup CT (Y-DNA)

The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups excepting A and B) are M168 and M294. These mutations predate the "Out of Africa" migration. The defining mutations of DE probably occurred in Northeastern Africa some 50,000 years ago.[citation needed] The P143 mutation that defines Haplogroup CF may have occurred somewhat earlier, perhaps even as early as 55,000 years ago, after the first Out of Africa migration brought Homo sapiens to the southern coast of Southwest Asia.

Groups descended from Haplogroup F (G, H & IJK)

Main article: Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)
The diversion of Haplogroup F and its descendants.

The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The mutation of IJ corresponds to a wave of migration out of the Middle East or Western Asia some 45 ka that subsequently spread into Europe (Cro-Magnon). Haplogroup G originated in the Middle East or Caucasus, or perhaps further east as far as Pakistan some 30 ka, and spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution. Haplogroup H probably occurred in India some 30-40 ka, and remains prevalent there, spreading westwards in historical times with the Romani migration. Haplogroup K probably originated in southwestern Asia and spread widely to Africa, Eurasia, Australia and the South Pacific.

Groups descended from Haplogroup K (LT)

Haplogroup L is mainly found in South Asia. Haplogroup M is most prevalent in Melanesia. The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 ka in Asia. Haplogroup N probably originated in Mongolia and spread both east into Siberia and west, being the most common group found in Uralic peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, and South Asia. Haplogroup P gave rise to groups Q and R, and is rarely found in its undifferentiated stage. It probably originated in Central Asia or the Altai region. Haplogroup Q also originated in Central Asia, migrating east to North America.

Groups descended from Haplogroup NO (M214)

The diversion of Haplogroup NO and its descendants.

The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 ka in Central Asia. Its predecessor, haplogroup MNOPS, is ancestral to a range of haplogroups distributed widely across mainly Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas, namely the M, N, O, Q, R, and S haplogroups. Haplogroup N possibly originated in eastern Asia and spread both west into Siberia and north, being the most common group found in some Uralic speaking peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, and South Asia.

Groups descended from Haplogroup P (M45)

Haplogroup P (M45) has two branches. They are Q-M242 and R-M207, which share the common marker M45 in addition to at least 18 other SNPs.

Haplogroup Q

Q is defined by the SNP M242. It is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 35-40 000 years ago. The subclades of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2008 ISOGG tree[3] are provided below. ss4 bp, rs41352448, is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR. This low frequency value has been found as a novel Q lineage (Q5) in Indian populations[4]

The 2008 ISOGG tree

Haplogroup R

The diversion of Haplogroup R and its descendants.

Haplogroup R is defined by the SNP M207. The bulk of Haplogroup R is represented in lineages R1a and R1b. R1a likely originated in the Eurasian Steppes, and is associated with the Kurgan culture and Proto-Indo-European expansion. It is primarily found in Central Asia, South Asia, and the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe. R1b probably originated in Central Asia. It is the dominant haplogroup of Western Europe and also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of Asia and Africa. Its subclade R1b1b2 (M269) is the haplogroup that is most commonly found among modern European populations, especially those of Western Europe.

See also

References

  1. ^ Giuseppe Passarino, Gianpiero L Cavalleri, Alice A Lin et al., "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms," European Journal of Human Genetics (2002) 10, 521 – 529
  2. ^ Andreas O Karlsson, Thomas Wallerström, Anders Götherström, and Gunilla Holmlund, "Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden – A long-time perspective," European Journal of Human Genetics (2006) 14, 963–970
  3. ^ "Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2010". International Society of Genetic Genealogy. Retrieved July 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  4. ^ Sharma, Swarkar; Rai, Ekta; Bhat, Audesh K; Bhanwer, Amarjit S; Bamezaicorresponding, Rameshwar NK (2007). "A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in India". BMC Evol Biol. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-232.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations, from the online supplementary material for the article by Bo Wen et al., "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture," Nature 431, 302-305 (16 September 2004)
  6. ^ Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region, from the article by R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 28, 2001)
  7. ^ "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas," Maria-Catira Bortolini et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 73:524-539, 2003

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