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Along with his native [[English language|English]], Stallman is also fluent enough in [[French language|French]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] to deliver his two-hour speeches in those languages, and claims a "somewhat flawed" command of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].<ref name="WGIG"/><ref name="gnome-malaysia"/>
Along with his native [[English language|English]], Stallman is also fluent enough in [[French language|French]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] to deliver his two-hour speeches in those languages, and claims a "somewhat flawed" command of [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]].<ref name="WGIG"/><ref name="gnome-malaysia"/>


While Stallman does sometimes protest with friends at record stores near MIT, it is cordial affair involving signs that say things like "Sharing is Friendship".<ref name="iw-glimpse"/> Other times, Stallman sets a rather different tone as when the [[Aaron Swartz|Swartz]] case began to unfold and he said "MIT has a duty to get down on its knees and beg that this prosecution be dropped."<ref name="chronicle-swartz-crossroads"/>
While Stallman does sometimes protest with friends at record stores near MIT, it is cordial affair involving signs that say things like "Sharing is Friendship".<ref name="iw-glimpse"/> He has displayed the ''digitus impudicus'' (an offense of some gravity in his native land <ref name="nailhim"/>) at the [[Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford]] and at the William H. Gates Building at MIT and others have joined in.<ref name="reallyshovingitupthere"/><ref name="shaggygod"/> Other times, Stallman sets a rather different tone as when the [[Aaron Swartz|Swartz]] case began to unfold and he said "MIT has a duty to get down on its knees and beg that this prosecution be dropped."<ref name="chronicle-swartz-crossroads"/>


===Software freedom===
===Software freedom===
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<ref name="integrity">[http://www.serverwatch.com/article.php/3828561 Richard Stallman Fights Latest Linux Threat] by Paul Rubens, serverwatch.com, 2009-07-07</ref>
<ref name="integrity">[http://www.serverwatch.com/article.php/3828561 Richard Stallman Fights Latest Linux Threat] by Paul Rubens, serverwatch.com, 2009-07-07</ref>
<ref name="boston-review">{{cite web|last=Stallman|first=Richard|title=Who does that server really serve?|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html|publisher=[[GNU]], [[Boston Review]]|accessdate=15 January 2012|date=2011/09/20 08:15:47}}</ref>
<ref name="boston-review">{{cite web|last=Stallman|first=Richard|title=Who does that server really serve?|url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html|publisher=[[GNU]], [[Boston Review]]|accessdate=15 January 2012|date=2011/09/20 08:15:47}}</ref>
<ref name="nailhim"/>[http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/threatlevel/2010/03/middlefinger.pdf ''Digitus Impudicus'':The Middle Finger and the Law] by Ira P. Robbins*, 1404 University of California, Davis [Vol. 41:1403 </ref>
<ref name="reallyshovingitupthere">[http://www.salon1999.com/21st/feature/1998/08/cov_31feature.html MAVERICK RICHARD STALLMAN KEEPS THE FAITH - AND GIVES BILL GATES THE FINGER] by ANDREW LEONARD, salon.com, 1998-08-01</ref>
<ref name="bitcoin">[http://www.bitcoin2012.com/speakers Speakers - Bitcoin Conference London 15-16 September 2012]</ref>
<ref name="bitcoin">[http://www.bitcoin2012.com/speakers Speakers - Bitcoin Conference London 15-16 September 2012]</ref>
<ref name="wired">{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.11/linus_pr.html |title=Leader of the Free World, '&#39;Wired'&#39; Magazine, Issue 11.11, November 2003 |publisher=Wired.com |date=1991-09-17 |accessdate=2012-07-22}}</ref>
<ref name="wired">{{cite web|url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.11/linus_pr.html |title=Leader of the Free World, '&#39;Wired'&#39; Magazine, Issue 11.11, November 2003 |publisher=Wired.com |date=1991-09-17 |accessdate=2012-07-22}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:12, 3 April 2013

Richard Matthew Stallman
Richard Stallman at the University of Pittsburgh 2010
Born (1953-03-16) March 16, 1953 (age 71)
New York City, United States
NationalityAmerican
Other namesRMS, St. iGNUcius (avatar)
Alma materHarvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
OccupationPresident of the Free Software Foundation
Known forFree software movement, GNU, Emacs, GCC
Websitewww.stallman.org

Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16, 1953), often known by his initials, RMS,[4] is an American software freedom activist and computer programmer. He founded and leads the revolutionary free software movement.[1][5][6] He campaigns for the freedom to use, study, distribute and modify software; software that ensures these freedoms legally (via its license) is termed free software. At the same time, he encourages people who redistribute free software to charge as much as they wish or can. He distinguishes his efforts in the free software movement from those of the open source movement and emphasizes that his position is about freedom and ethics. Since the mid-1990s, Stallman has spent most of his time advocating for free software, as well as campaigning against software patents, digital rights management, and what he sees as excessive extension of copyright laws. He generally opposes technology or business practices that encourage vendor lock-in.

In September 1983, Stallman launched the GNU Project to create a Unix-like computer operating system composed entirely of free software.[7] He has been the GNU project's lead architect and organizer, and developed a number of pieces of widely used GNU software including the GNU Compiler Collection,[8] the GNU Debugger,[9] various tools in the GNU Core Utilities[10] and the original Emacs editor.[11]

With the launch of the GNU Project, he initiated the free software movement; in October 1985[12] he founded the Free Software Foundation. In 1989 he co-founded the League for Programming Freedom. Stallman pioneered the concept of copyleft, which uses the principles of copyright law as a contract to preserve the right to use, modify and distribute free software, and is the main author of free software licenses which describe those terms, most notably the GNU General Public License (GPL), the most widely used free software license.[13]

Early years

Stallman was born to Alice Lippman and Daniel Stallman,[14] in 1953 in New York City. His first experience with computers was at the IBM New York Scientific Center when he was in high school. He was hired for the summer to write a numerical analysis program in Fortran on an IBM System/360. He completed the task after a couple of weeks and spent the rest of the summer writing a text editor in APL.[15]

During this time, Stallman was also a volunteer laboratory assistant in the biology department at Rockefeller University. Although he was already moving toward a career in mathematics or physics, his teaching professor at Rockefeller thought he would have a future as a biologist.[14]

As a first-year student at Harvard University, Stallman was known for his strong performance in Math 55.[16] Stallman was graduated from Harvard magna cum laude earning an AB in Physics in 1974.[17]

Position at MIT AI Laboratory

Stallman enrolled as a graduate student at MIT, but then ended his pursuit of a doctorate in physics to focus on his programming at the MIT AI Laboratory. In 1971 he became a programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and became a regular in the hacker community, where he was usually known by his initials, rms (which was the name of his computer accounts).[4]

While a graduate student at MIT, Stallman published a paper with Gerald Jay Sussman on an AI truth maintenance system, called dependency-directed backtracking.[18] This paper was an early work on the problem of intelligent backtracking in constraint satisfaction problems. As of 2003, the technique Stallman and Sussman introduced is still the most general and powerful form of intelligent backtracking.[19] The technique of constraint recording, wherein partial results of a search are recorded for later reuse, was also introduced in this paper.[19]

As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman worked on software projects such as TECO, Emacs, and the Lisp machine operating system. He would become an ardent critic of restricted computer access in the lab, which at that time was funded primarily by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. When MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) installed a password control system in 1977, Stallman found a way to decrypt the passwords and sent users messages containing their decoded password, with a suggestion to change it to the empty string (that is, no password) instead, to re-enable anonymous access to the systems. Around 20% of the users followed his advice at the time, although passwords ultimately prevailed. Stallman boasted of the success of his campaign for many years afterward.[20]

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the hacker culture that Stallman thrived on began to fragment. To prevent software from being used on their competitors' computers, most manufacturers stopped distributing source code and began using copyright and restrictive software licenses to limit or prohibit copying and redistribution. Such proprietary software had existed before, and it became apparent that it would become the norm. This shift in the legal characteristics of software can be regarded as a consequence triggered by the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, as stated by Stallman's MIT fellow Brewster Kahle.[21]

When Brian Reid in 1979 placed time bombs in the Scribe markup language and word processing system to restrict unlicensed access to the software, Stallman disapproved and suggested that Reid be ostracized from the hacker community in order to make an example out of him.[22]

In 1980, Stallman and some other hackers at the AI Lab were refused access to the source code for the software of a newly installed laser printer, the Xerox 9700. Stallman had modified the software for the Lab's previous laser printer (the XGP, Xerographic Printer), so it electronically messaged a user when the person's job was printed, and would message all logged-in users waiting for print jobs if the printer was jammed. Not being able to add these features to the new printer was a major inconvenience, as the printer was on a different floor from most of the users. Stallman later sought out a CMU faculty member with a version of the source code, but the faculty member (perhaps while an employee at Xerox) had signed a non-disclosure agreement not to share it. This experience convinced Stallman of people's need to be free to modify the software they use.[23]

Richard Greenblatt, a fellow AI Lab hacker, founded Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) to market Lisp machines, which he and Tom Knight designed at the lab. Greenblatt rejected outside investment, believing that the proceeds from the construction and sale of a few machines could be profitably reinvested in the growth of the company. In contrast, the other hackers felt that the venture capital-funded approach was better. As no agreement could be reached, hackers from the latter camp founded Symbolics, with the aid of Russ Noftsker, an AI Lab administrator. Symbolics recruited most of the remaining hackers including notable hacker Bill Gosper, who then left the AI Lab. Symbolics also forced Greenblatt to resign by citing MIT policies. While both companies delivered proprietary software, Stallman believed that LMI, unlike Symbolics, had tried to avoid hurting the lab's community. For two years, from 1982 to the end of 1983, Stallman worked by himself to clone the output of the Symbolics programmers, with the aim of preventing them from gaining a monopoly on the lab's computers.[20]

As of 2012, Stallman continues to have an office at MIT with an unpaid position as a visiting scientist.[24]

GNU project

Main article: GNU Project
Richard Stallman in 2003 at the opening ceremony of NIXAL (a GLUG) at Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Calcutta, India

In February 1984, Stallman quit his job at MIT to work full-time on the GNU project, which he had announced in September 1983. Stallman announced the plan for the GNU operating system in September 1983 on several ARPANET mailing lists and USENET.[25]

Stallman started the project on his own and describes: "As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to it."[26]

In 1985, Stallman published the GNU Manifesto, which outlined his motivation for creating a free operating system called GNU, which would be compatible with Unix. The name GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix." Soon after, he started a nonprofit corporation called the Free Software Foundation to employ free software programmers and provide a legal infrastructure for the free software movement. Stallman is the nonsalaried president of the FSF, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in Massachusetts.[27] Stallman popularized the concept of copyleft, a legal mechanism to protect the modification and redistribution rights for free software. It was first implemented in the GNU Emacs General Public License, and in 1989 the first program-independent GNU General Public License (GPL) was released. By then, much of the GNU system had been completed.

Stallman was responsible for contributing many necessary tools, including a text editor (Emacs), compiler (GCC), debugger (gdb), and a build automator (gmake). The notable exception was a kernel. In 1990, members of the GNU project began a kernel called GNU Hurd, which has yet to achieve the maturity level required for widespread use.

In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, used the GNU development tools to produce the Linux kernel. The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform. (Most sources use the name Linux to refer to the general-purpose operating system thus formed. This has been a longstanding naming controversy in the free software community. Stallman argues that not using GNU in the name of the operating system unfairly disparages the value of the GNU project and harms the sustainability of the free software movement by breaking the link between the software and the free software philosophy of the GNU project.)

File:Richard Matthew Stallman.jpeg
Cover picture for O'Reilly Media's book Free as in Freedom

Stallman's influences on hacker culture include the name POSIX[28] and the Emacs editor. On UNIX systems, GNU Emacs's popularity rivaled that of another editor vi, spawning an editor war. Stallman's take on this was to canonize himself as St. IGNUcius of the Church of Emacs[29][30] and acknowledge that "vi vi vi is the editor of the beast," while "using a free version of vi is not a sin; it is a penance".[14]

Around 1992, developers at Lucid Inc. doing their own work on Emacs clashed with Stallman and ultimately forked the software into what would become XEmacs.[31] Technology journalist Andrew Leonard has characterized what he sees as Stallman's uncompromising stubbornness as common among elite computer programmers:

There's something comforting about Stallman's intransigence. Win or lose, Stallman will never give up. He'll be the stubbornest mule on the farm until the day he dies. Call it fixity of purpose, or just plain cussedness, his single-minded commitment and brutal honesty are refreshing in a world of spin-meisters and multimillion-dollar marketing campaigns.

— Andrew Leonard, Salon.com[32]

Activism

Since the 1990s, Stallman has engaged in activism to advance his philosophical views. Stallman has participated in protests about software patents,[33] DRM,[34][35] and proprietary software. The speeches Stallman has regularly given are titled The GNU project and the Free Software movement,[36] The Dangers of Software Patents,[37] and Copyright and Community in the age of computer networks.[38] In 2006 and 2007, during the eighteen month public consultation for the drafting of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, he added a fourth topic explaining the proposed changes.[39] Bruce Perens admires Stallman and has described Stallman as "entirely consistent and uncompromising".[40]

In 1999, Stallman called for development of a free on-line encyclopedia through the means of inviting the public to contribute articles.[41] The resulting GNUPedia was eventually retired in favour of the emerging Wikipedia, which had similar aims and was enjoying greater success.[42]

Stallman has supported Ralph Nader and Dennis Kucinich.[43] Stallman is a Green Party supporter,[4] and a supporter of the National Initiative proposal.[17] Stallman is a supporter of WikiLeaks.[44]

Along with his native English, Stallman is also fluent enough in French and Spanish to deliver his two-hour speeches in those languages, and claims a "somewhat flawed" command of Indonesian.[45][46]

While Stallman does sometimes protest with friends at record stores near MIT, it is cordial affair involving signs that say things like "Sharing is Friendship".[40] He has displayed the digitus impudicus (an offense of some gravity in his native land [47]) at the Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford and at the William H. Gates Building at MIT and others have joined in.[48][5] Other times, Stallman sets a rather different tone as when the Swartz case began to unfold and he said "MIT has a duty to get down on its knees and beg that this prosecution be dropped."[49]

Software freedom

Richard Stallman giving a speech on "Free Software and your freedom" at the biennale du design of Saint Etienne (2008)

Stallman has written many essays on software freedom and since the early 1990s has been an outspoken political campaigner for the free software movement. He advocates trading convenience for freedom. He often compares software source code to the text of a traditional library book that should be directly available to the reader or software user for further modification and sharing. Stallman is not afraid to respond with a polarizing and possibly divisive stance in order to be consistent with his ethics.[50] Linus Torvalds has criticized Stallman for what he considers "black-and-white thinking" with regards to Tivoization and the updates made with GPLv3.[51] Stallman encourages that software is written in a clear fashion for easy maintenance and believes that user documentation should also be free.[5]

Stallman argues that software users should have the freedom to share with their neighbor and to be able to study and make changes to the software that they use. He maintains that attempts by proprietary software vendors to prohibit these acts are antisocial and unethical.[52] The phrase "software wants to be free" is often incorrectly attributed to him, and Stallman argues that this is a misstatement of his philosophy.[53] He argues that freedom is vital for the sake of users and society as a moral value, and not merely for pragmatic reasons such as possibly developing technically superior software. Stallman opposes proprietary software, that is, software which denies those freedoms through activation keys, dongles, copy restriction, Tivoization and other such hardware restrictions, proprietary formats and binary executables without source code and thus forces its users into a role of dependence and even addiction on its supplier. He objects to the use of binary blobs in open source projects such Linux Foundation Linux kernel and advocates Linux-libre as an alternative.

Stallman allows that software-based components that cannot be changed (e.g. firmware in non-replaceable ROMs) do not count as software and he uses the term "circuitry".[citation needed] He insists on freedom of a device owner with respect to software in it that can be changed or replaced as a part of normal functioning of the device: "if it has an "update firmware" button, … it is a computer."[54] Thus he opposes non-free JavaScript software automatically downloaded and executed by the web browser.[55]

Stallman's staunch advocacy for free software inspired the Virtual Richard M. Stallman (vrms), software that analyzes the packages currently installed on a Debian GNU/Linux system, and report those that are from the non-free tree.[56] Stallman would disagree with parts of Debian's definition of free software.[57]

File:051118-WSIS.2005-Richard.Stallman.ogg
Richard Stallman giving a speech at WSIS-2005

Protesting against proprietary software in April 2006, Stallman held a "Don't buy from ATI, enemy of your freedom" placard at a speech by an ATI representative in the building where Stallman works, resulting in the police being called.[58] ATI has since merged with AMD Corporation and has taken steps to make their hardware documentation available for use by the free software community.[59]

Stallman has summarized Steve Jobs as having a "malign influence" on computing because of Job's leadership in guiding Apple to produce a closed platform.[60][61]

Richard Stallman using his Lemote machine at Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai before his lecture on 'Free Software, Freedom and Education' organized by Free Software Foundation, Tamil Nadu (FSFTN).

For a period of time, Stallman used a notebook from the One Laptop per Child program. Stallman's only computer is a Lemote Yeeloong netbook (using the same company's Loongson processor) which he chose because it can run with 100% free software even at the BIOS level, stating "freedom is my priority. I've campaigned for freedom since 1983, and I am not going to surrender that freedom for the sake of a more convenient computer."[62] Lemote is a joint venture of the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, an institution of the State Council of China. Stallman's Lemote was stolen from him in 2012.[63]

Stallman is a world traveler and has visited at least 65 countries, mostly to speak about free software and the GNU project.[5] Stallman claims that the free software movement has much in common with that of Mahatma Gandhi.[43] In Venezuela, Stallman has delivered public speeches and promoted the adoption of free software in the state's oil company (PDVSA), in municipal government, and in the nation's military. In meetings with Hugo Chávez and in public speeches, Stallman criticised some policies on television broadcasting, free speech rights, and privacy.[64][65] Stallman was on the Advisory Council of Latin American television station teleSUR from its launch[66] but resigned in February 2011, criticizing pro-Gaddafi propaganda during the Arab Spring.[67] In August 2006 at his meetings with the government of the Indian State of Kerala, he persuaded officials to discard proprietary software, such as Microsoft's, at state-run schools. This has resulted in a landmark decision to switch all school computers in 12,500 high schools from Windows to a free software operating system.[68] After personal meetings, Stallman has obtained positive statements about the free software movement from the then-president of India, Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam,[69] French 2007 presidential candidate Ségolène Royal,[70] and the president of Ecuador Rafael Correa.[71] On November 30, 2012, Stallman gave the opening lecture at the Goiano Free Software Forum in Brazil, talking about successful cases of switching to free software in government, business and at universities. [72]

Stallman has given a 2-hour talk entitled "Copyright vs. Community" many times where he reviews the state of DRM and named many of the products and corporations which he boycotts. He approach to DRM is best summed up by the FSF Defective by Design campaign. In the talks, he makes proposals for a "reduced copyright" and suggests a 10-year limit on copyright. He suggests that, instead of restrictions on sharing, authors are supported using a tax, with revenues distributed among them based on cubic roots of their popularity to ensure that "fairly successful non-stars" receive a greater share of than they do now (compare with private copying levy which is associated with proponents of strong copyright), or a convenient anonymous micropayment system for people to support authors directly. He indicates that no form of noncommercial sharing of copies should be considered a copyright violation.[73][74] He has advocated civil disobedience in a comment on Ley Sinde.[75][74]


Stallman has also helped and supported the International Music Score Library Project in getting back on-line, after it had been taken down on October 19, 2007 following a cease and desist letter from Universal Edition.[76]

Stallman mentions the dangers some e-books bring compared to paper books, with the example of the Amazon Kindle e-book reading device which prevents the copying of e-books and allows Amazon to order automatic deletion of a book. He says that such e-books present a big step back with respect to paper books by being less easy to use, copy, lend to others or sell, also mentioning that Amazon e-books cannot be bought anonymously. His short story "The Right to Read" provides a picture of a dystopian future if the right to share books is impeded. He objects to many of the terms within typical end-user license agreements that accompany E-books.[77][74]

Stallman discourages the use of several storage technologies such as DVD or Blu-ray video discs because the content of such media is encrypted. He characterizes these innovations by the manufactures as a conspiracy.

He bemoans the fact that sometimes corporations commit acts with computer products that are felonies but only individuals who commits similar acts are prosecuted. He characterized the Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal as Sony having committed crimes. Stallman supports a general boycott of Sony for its legal actions against George Hotz.[78]

He is critical of Spotify for streaming music in an encrypted format. Stallman asserts that if a user is able to download music to their computer, then the user should always be able to save the music data in a plain format to the local storage for use as the user sees fit.

Siva Vaidhyanathan, while contrasting Stallman with Jack Valenti on the matter, writes that Stallman "has not made space in his model of creativity or his critique of copyright for less altruistic models of creation and distribution", comparing him with Diogenes of Sinope.[79]

Privacy advocacy

Stallman has many concerns about privacy. He opposes many uses of of RFID, credit cards and other cases where he finds that consumers implicitly provide their identities to corporations or otherwise allow themselves to be tracked. He has announced in public speeches that people not post photos of himself to Facebook and that any other digital photos of himself have their geolocation data removed.[80][81]

Stallman recommends not owning a mobile phone,[82] as he believes the tracking of cell phones creates harmful privacy issues.[40] Stallman minimizes his use of a key card to enter the building where his office is because such a system would track doors entered and times.[5] He generally does not actively browse the web from his computer; rather, he sends e-mail to a program that downloads them, and reads the fetched pages from his e-mail mailbox, claiming to limit direct access via browsers to a few sites such as his own or those related to his work with GNU and the FSF.[relevant?][83][54]

Stallman objects to software as a service, and generally opposes the use of websites and services where data is stored or processed by third parties (he considers the phrase "cloud computing" too vague to be meaningful, unlike "cloud storage"),[84][85] citing privacy concerns and lack of control, for example: Facebook (see also privacy-related criticism of Facebook);[86][87], ordinary e-commerce systems like PayPal; Google Translate, Google Docs; Skype[88].[89] He does use Google Search (from others' computers) but not Google+, particularly because of the latter's real name policy.[54] He notes that the problem is not about whether the remote software is under a free license,[54] (although the GNU AGPL license may help a SaaS user to switch from SaaS to running his own instance)[90] and the lack-of-control criticism does not apply to simple web hosting.[44] He criticises Amazon.com,[91] and Apple Inc.[92] for the use of DRM, censorship, privacy issues, tax avoidance and many other reasons.[93]

Stallman has suggested that the United States government may encourage the use of software as a service because this would allow them to access users' data without needing a search warrant.[89][84][94][95] Stallman suggests that many companies that make proprietary software implement features that amount to unauthorized surveillance.[citation needed]

On September 15, 2012, Stallman appeared as the featured speaker at Bitcoin Conference 2012, commenting on Bitcoin as an unrestricted and anonymous payment method.[96]

Terminology

Richard Stallman gets into his St. iGNUcius avatar at Techniche, IIT Guwahati, India

Stallman places great importance on the words and labels people use to talk about the world, including the relationship between software and freedom. He always asks people to say, "free software" and "GNU/Linux" (see below about "open source" and "Linux"), and to avoid the term "intellectual property", and the use of the words "piracy" and "theft" in relation to copyright, as well as "protected by copyright" to mean "copyrighted". His requests that people use certain terms, and his ongoing efforts to convince people of the importance of terminology, are a source of regular misunderstanding and friction with parts of the free software and open source communities. One of his criteria for giving an interview to a journalist is that the journalist agree to use his terminology[clarification needed] throughout the article.[97] He has been known to turn down speaking requests from events that referred to GNU/Linux as "Linux".[98]

Stallman in his public speaking refers to some things by his own neologisms. He consistently refers to DRM as "digital restrictions management" rather than "digital rights management" (more recently, he started calling it "digital handcuffs"). He uses terms like "malicious features" and "surveillance" (see anti-feature and phoning home).[85][5][99]

Stallman rejects a common alternative term for free software, "open source software", because it does not call to mind what Stallman sees as the value of the software: freedom.[100] Thus it will not inform people of the freedom issues, and will not lead to people valuing and defending their freedom.[101] Two alternatives which Stallman does accept are "software libre" and "unfettered software",[26][citation needed] but "free software" is the term he asks people to use in English. For similar reasons, he argues for the term "proprietary software" rather than "closed source software", when referring to software that is not free software. He also takes care to elaborate on what the phrase "selling free software" means.[102]

Stallman repeatedly asks that the term GNU/Linux, which he pronounces "GNU slash Linux", be used to refer to the operating system created by combining the GNU system and the Linux kernel. Stallman refers to this operating system as "a variant of GNU, and the GNU Project is its principal developer."[98] He claims that the connection between the GNU project's philosophy and its software is broken when people refer to the combination as merely, Linux.[103] Starting around 2003, he began also using the term GNU+Linux, which he pronounces "GNU plus Linux", to prevent others from pronouncing the phrase "GNU/Linux" as "GNU Linux", which would erroneously imply that the Linux kernel is maintained by the GNU project. (See: GNU/Linux naming controversy)

Stallman argues that the term intellectual property is designed to confuse people, and is used to prevent intelligent discussion on the specifics of copyright, patent, trademark, and other laws by lumping together areas of law that are more dissimilar, than similar.[104] He also argues that by referring to these laws as property laws, the term biases the discussion when thinking about how to treat these issues.

These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues. Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the details of a work of authorship or art. Patent law was intended to encourage publication of ideas, at the price of finite monopolies over these ideas — a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others. Trademark law was not intended to promote any business activity, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.

— [105]

An example of cautioning others to avoid other terminology while also offering suggestions for possible alternatives, is this sentence of an e-mail by Stallman to a public mailing list:

I think it is ok for authors (please let's not call them creators, they are not gods) to ask for money for copies of their works (please let's not devalue these works by calling them content) in order to gain income (the term compensation falsely implies it is a matter of making up for some kind of damages).

— [106]
See also: Language and thought and Intellectual property § The term itself

Personal life

Stallman has devoted the bulk of his life to political and software activism.[107] Professing to care little for material wealth, he explains that "I've always lived cheaply ... like a student, basically. And I like that, because it means that money is not telling me what to do."[108] Until around 1998, his office at MIT's AI Lab was also his residence. He was registered to vote from there. Nowadays he has a separate residence in Cambridge not far from MIT. He does not own real estate or a car. He does accept stipends and honoraria from his speaking engagements. Stallman received about $300,000 from the Takeda award.[109][110][5]

Stallman is a fan of science fiction, including works by the author Greg Egan. He occasionally goes to science fiction conventions[14] and wrote the Free Software Song while awaiting his turn to sing at a convention. He has written two science fiction stories, "The Right to Read" and "Jinnetic Engineering".[111]

Stallman often carries around and plays the recorder.[40] Stallman enjoys a wide range of musical styles from the works of Conlon Nancarrow to folk;[17] the Free Software Song takes the form of alternative words for the Bulgarian folk dance Sadi Moma. More recently he wrote a send-up of the Cuban folk song Guantanamera, about a prisoner in the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, and recorded it in Cuba with Cuban musicians.[112] He also enjoys music by Béla Fleck and the Flecktones and Weird Al Yankovic.[113] Stallman is an avid folk dancer.

In a footnote to an article he wrote in 1999, he says "As an atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I sometimes find I admire something one of them has said."[52] Stallman often wears a button that reads "Impeach God".[16][114]

Honors and awards

File:Richard Stallman Honoris Causa Universidad Nacional de Córdoba 2011-09-12 03.ogv
Stallman receiving an Honorary doctorate from National University of Córdoba, Argentina

Stallman has received the following recognition for his work:

Selected publications

Stallman has written and been the subject of several books, including:[134][135][136]

Papers in technical and academic journals
  • Stallman, Richard M (1975). Heuristic Techniques in Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis. Vol. CAS-22 (11). IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Stallman, Richard M (1977). Forward Reasoning and Dependency-Directed Backtracking In a System for Computer-Aided Circuit analysis. Artificial Intelligence 9. pp. 135–196. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Richard Stallman, Reevaluating Copyright: The Public Must Prevail, Oregon Law Review 75(1) 1996.
  • Stallman, Richard M (2009). Viewpoint: Why "open source" misses the point of free software. Communications of the ACM 52(6). pp. 31–33. doi:10.1145/1516046.1516058.
  • Stallman, Richard M (2010). Is digital inclusion a good thing? How can we make sure it is?. Vol. 48. Communications Magazine, IEEE. pp. 112–118. doi:10.1109/MCOM.2010.5402673.
Manuals
Selected essays
Biography
Fiction

Additionally, Stallman has four topics that he has spoken on often:[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b James Hartnett (2007-09-21). "The Richard Stallman: Innovative Genius or Tinfoil-Hat-Wearing Nutcase?". Linux Link.
  2. ^ Andrew Leonard (1998-07-30). "The saint of free software: In the rush to make free software business-friendly, is Richard Stallman being written out of history?". salon.com.
  3. ^ "Intellectual Property and Software" by Aaron Swartz, The Journal of Software Technology Aug 2008, partial online copy
  4. ^ a b c Stallman, Richard (N.D.). "Humorous Bio". Richard Stallman's 1983 biography. First edition of "The Hacker's Dictionary". 'Richard Stallman' is just my mundane name; you can call me 'rms' {{cite web}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "The Shaggy God". Bostonmagazine.com. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  6. ^ Richard Stallman Fights Latest Linux Threat by Paul Rubens, serverwatch.com, 2009-07-07
  7. ^ Stallman, Richard (1983-09-27). "Initial GNU announcement". Retrieved 20 November 2008.
  8. ^ "GCC Contributors".
  9. ^ "Richard Stallman lecture at the Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden (1986-10-30)". Retrieved 2006-09-21.
  10. ^ AUTHORS file, GNU coreutils
  11. ^ Bernard S. Greenberg. "Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation".; "GNU Emacs FAQ".; Jamie Zawinski. "Emacs Timeline".
  12. ^ Stallman, Richard (March 7, 2011). "The Free Software Foundation Management". Free Software Foundation. Richard M. Stallman, President. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  13. ^ Wheeler, David A. (2002-05-06/2008-10-03). "Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else". Retrieved 20 November 2008. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ a b c d Williams, Sam (2010). Free as in Freedom (2.0): Richard Stallman and the Free Software Revolution (PDF). Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 978-0-9831592-1-6. Chapter 3
  15. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "RMS Berättar". Retrieved September 22, 2009.
  16. ^ a b Williams, Chapter 4
  17. ^ a b c d "Richard Stallman's Personal Page". Stallman.org. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  18. ^ Stallman, Richard M (1977). "Forward Reasoning and Dependency-Directed Backtracking In a System for Computer-Aided Circuit analysis" (PDF). Artificial Intelligence 9. pp. 135–196. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ a b Russell, Stuart (2003). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. p. 157. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ a b Levy, S: Hackers. Penguin USA, 1984
  21. ^ Robert X. Cringely's interview with Brewster Kahle, around the 46th minute
  22. ^ Williams, Chapter 6
  23. ^ Williams, Chapter 1
  24. ^ http://www.csail.mit.edu/user/888
  25. ^ "new UNIX implementation". Groups.google.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  26. ^ a b Stallman, Richard (1998). "The GNU Project". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  27. ^ DuBois, Steven (October 15, 2010). "Free Software Foundation". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  28. ^ "POSIX 1003.1 FAQ Version 1.12". 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2006-07-16.
  29. ^ "Richard Stallman: GNU/Linux and a free society" article by Takver Sunday October 10, 2004 on Melbourne Indymedia site. Hosted on the Wayback machine.
  30. ^ "St IGNUcius web page at www.stallman.org". Stallman.org. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  31. ^ "The Lemacs/FSFmacs Schism". Archived from the original on 2009-12-12. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
  32. ^ Leonard, Andrew. "Code free or die". Salon.com. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
  33. ^ "Protest in Brussels against software patents".
  34. ^ "Protest outside and inside MPAA meeting on DRM". Mccullagh.org. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  35. ^ "Protest in France against DRM". Stopdrm.info. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  36. ^ "Transcript of Richard Stallman on the Free Software movement, Zagreb; 2006-03-09". FSFE. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
  37. ^ "IFSO: Richard Stallman: The Dangers of Software Patents; 2004-05-24 (transcript)". Retrieved 2008-01-17.
  38. ^ "GPLv3 - GNU General Public License, version 3". FSFE. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
  39. ^ a b c d Jones, K.C. (2005-11-22). "A Rare Glimpse into Richard Stallman's World". InformationWeek. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  40. ^ Richard Stallman. "The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource". Retrieved 2006-10-15.
  41. ^ Richard Stallman. "The Free Encyclopedia Project". Retrieved 2011-10-15.
  42. ^ a b "FSF India: A Q & A session with Richard M. Stallman". Free Software Foundation of India. Archived from the original on 2006-10-15. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
  43. ^ a b Judge, Peter (March 25, 2011). "Stallman: Only Victims Of Tyranny Should Use Facebook". TechWeekEurope UK.
  44. ^ "WGIG nominees — Richard Stallman". Retrieved 2006-11-26.
  45. ^ "Re: How to open Gnome Malaysia Usergroup". Mail.gnome.org. 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  46. ^ Cite error: The named reference nailhim was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  47. ^ MAVERICK RICHARD STALLMAN KEEPS THE FAITH - AND GIVES BILL GATES THE FINGER by ANDREW LEONARD, salon.com, 1998-08-01
  48. ^ Rogue Downloader's Arrest Could Mark Crossroads for Open-Access Movement By David Glenn, chronicle.com, 2011-07-31
  49. ^ Stallman: If you want freedom don't follow Linus Torvalds by Peter Moon, Computerworld, 2007-09-12
  50. ^ "Black and white". Linus' blog. 2008-11-02. Retrieved 2011-10-09.
  51. ^ a b Various (1999). "Stallman chapter". Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 1-56592-582-3. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ "The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin- by Peter H. Salus". Groklaw.net. 2005-05-13. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  53. ^ a b c d "How I do my computing". Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  54. ^ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/javascript-trap.en.html
  55. ^ "The Virtual Richard M. Stallman package". Debian. Retrieved 2008-01-17.
  56. ^ "Debian Bug report logs - #221807: "vrms and RMS disagree sometimes..."
  57. ^ "Protest against ATI nearly led to the arrest of RMS". Free Software Foundation page.
  58. ^ "AMD will deliver open graphics drivers". Itknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com. 2007-05-09. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  59. ^ Clarke, Gavin (2011-10-10). "Stallman: Jobs exerted 'malign influence' on computing". Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  60. ^ Stallman, Richard. "06 October 2011 (Steve Jobs)". Political notes from 2011: July-October. Stallman.org. Retrieved 2012-02-16.
  61. ^ "the setup is a bunch of nerdy interviews: What do people use to get the job done?". Richard.stallman.usesthis.com. 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  62. ^ Jun 9, 2012 (2012-06-09). "Richard Stallman has his bag stolen in Argentina | Guillermo Rauch's Devthought". Devthought.com. Retrieved 2012-07-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  63. ^ Stallman, Richard. "Encounter with President Chavez (2004-12-01 to 2004-12-06)". Richard Stallman Travel and Free Software Activities Journal.
  64. ^ "Chavez threatens dignitaries". Stallman.org.
  65. ^ Daniels, Alfonso (2005-07-26). "Chavez TV beams into South America". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
  66. ^ Stallman, Richard. "26 February 2011 (Telesur Propaganda)". Political notes from 2010: November–February. Stallman.org. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  67. ^ "Kerala logs Microsoft out". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  68. ^ "Kalam, Stallman discuss open source software". 2004-02-01.
  69. ^ "Meeting between Ségolène Royal and Richard Stallman". Fsf.org. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  70. ^ "Success for free software in Latin America!". rudd-o.com. 2006-12-13. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  71. ^ 9º FÓRUM GOIANO DE SOFTWARE LIVRE | RICHARD STALLMAN, diolinux.com.br, 2012-11-30
  72. ^ Richard Stallman (2012-04-17). "Technology should help us share, not constrain us". The Guardian / Guardian News and Media Limited.
  73. ^ a b c Miguel Mora (8 Jun 2011). ""La 'ley Sinde' es tan injusta que debería ser desobedecida"". El País (in Spanish). Ediciones El País, S.L. Retrieved 1 Apr 2013.
  74. ^ Richard Stallman Opts to Disobey Anti-Piracy Law 2011-06-10
  75. ^ "Temporary main page of the IMSLP". Imslp.wikidot.com. 2011-12-06. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  76. ^ Richard Stallman. "The Danger of E-Books". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 27 Mar 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |datepublished= ignored (help)
  77. ^ Boycott Sony | Defective by Design
  78. ^ Vaidhyanathan, Siva (2004). The Anarchist in the Library: How the Clash Between Freedom and Control Is Hacking the Real World and Crashing the System. Basic Books. pp. 91–93. ISBN 978-0465089857. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) Google Books link to page 91
  79. ^ Free Software Advocate Attracts U.N. Security After Blocking RFID Tags by K.C. Jones, InformationWeek, 2005-11-22
  80. ^ Stallman: Facebook IS Mass Surveillance LossOfPrivacy.com, 2011-12-06
  81. ^ "Transcript of Richard Stallman at the 3rd international GPLv3 conference; 22nd June 2006".
  82. ^ Stallman, Richard (2007-12-15). "Real men don't attack straw men". OpenBSD 'misc' Mailing List. Retrieved 2009-03-24. For personal reasons, I do not browse the web from my computer
  83. ^ a b Cloud computing is a trap, warns GNU founder Richard StallmanBobbie Johnson, The Guardian, 2008-09-29 Cite error: The named reference "cloud" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  84. ^ a b Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing GNU Project
  85. ^ Stallman: Only Victims Of Tyranny Should Use Facebook 2011-03-25
  86. ^ http://www.stallman.org/facebook.html
  87. ^ http://www.stallman.org/skype.html
  88. ^ a b Arthur, Charles (2010-12-14). "Google's ChromeOS means losing control of data, warns GNU founder Richard Stallman | Technology | guardian.co.uk". Guardian. Retrieved 2012-02-16.
  89. ^ "Why the Affero GPL".
  90. ^ http://www.stallman.org/amazon.html
  91. ^ Richard Stallman: ‘Apple has tightest digital handcuffs in history’ 2012-12-05
  92. ^ http://www.stallman.org/apple.html
  93. ^ Adhikari, Richard. "Why Richard Stallman Takes No Shine to Chrome" LinuxInsider, 15 December 2010.
  94. ^ Stallman, Richard (2011/09/20 08:15:47). "Who does that server really serve?". GNU, Boston Review. Retrieved 15 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  95. ^ Speakers - Bitcoin Conference London 15-16 September 2012
  96. ^ "Leader of the Free World, ''Wired'' Magazine, Issue 11.11, November 2003". Wired.com. 1991-09-17. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  97. ^ a b "Linux, GNU, Freedom by Richard M. Stallman". Gnu.org. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  98. ^ gnu.org has an extensive archive of Stallman speeches in audio/video format in full length under its "Philosophy" section
  99. ^ "Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source"". Gnu.org. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  100. ^ Richard Stallman (April 24, 1992). "Why Software Should Be Free". gnu.org.
  101. ^ Selling Free Software GNU Project
  102. ^ "What's in a name? by Richard Stallman". Gnu.org. 2000-09-20. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  103. ^ "Transcript of Richard Stallman speaking on GPLv3 in Torino". 18 March 2006. Everyone who uses the term intellectual property is either confused himself or trying to confuse you.
  104. ^ "Did You Say "Intellectual Property"? It's a Seductive Mirage by Richard M. Stallman". Gnu.org. Retrieved 2012-07-22.
  105. ^ "Email "IP Justice Comment on Top Policy Issues for Athens"". Mail.fsfeurope.org. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  106. ^ Stallman, Richard. "My Personal Ad". Retrieved 2006-11-26. My 23-year-old child, the Free Software Movement, occupies most of my life, leaving no room for more children, but I still have room to love a sweetheart.
  107. ^ Stallman, Richard (2001-05-29). "Transcript of Richard M. Stallman's speech". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
  108. ^ "LifeStyle". Stallman.org. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  109. ^ "Stallman shares Takeda award of nearly $1M". MIT. 2001-10-17. Retrieved 2006-11-26.
  110. ^ Richard Stallman, "Jinnetic Engineering", 2001.
  111. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "Guantanamero". Retrieved 2007-05-04.
  112. ^ "Richard Stallman Playlist".
  113. ^ By François @ Edito.qc.ca François Proulx+ Add Contact. "Richard Stallman". Flickr. Retrieved 2011-09-02.
  114. ^ "Event details: Talk by Richard rms Stallman". Chalmers University of Technology. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  115. ^ MacArthur Fellows - August 1990 John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
  116. ^ "Grace Murry Hopper award citation".
  117. ^ Hedersdoktorer 1944-2009 Royal Institute of Technology
  118. ^ Torvalds, Stallman, Simons Win 1998 Pioneer Awards Electronic Frontier Foundation
  119. ^ Richard Stallman Wins Microsoft's Money
  120. ^ The Takeda Foundation announces winners of the Takeda Award 2001 to honor achievements in engineering The Takeda Foundation
  121. ^ University announces honorary degrees to celebrate 550th anniversary University of Glasgow
  122. ^ Members Directory - Dr. Richard M. Stallman National Academy of Engineering
  123. ^ Honorary Doctorates Vrije Universiteit Brussel
  124. ^ "RESOLUCIÓN CS N° 204/04". Bo.unsa.edu.ar. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  125. ^ "Richard Matthew Stallman ofrecerá conferencia orientada al uso del software libre". Nota de Prensa. Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería del Perú. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  126. ^ "Universidad Garcilaso realizó Conferencia Magistral a cargo del Dr. Richard Stallman". Noticias Garcilasinas. Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  127. ^ 20 Minutos, El padre del software libre, Premio Internacional Extremadura, 1 February 2007.
  128. ^ University of Pavia. "Laurea in Ingegneria Informatica a Richard Stallman".
  129. ^ Stallman lists his honorary doctorates on his personal website
  130. ^ "YouTube — RMS Given Honorary Degree at Lakehead".
  131. ^ "Agora Online — Honorary Degree Recipients".
  132. ^ National University of Córdoba (16 August 2011). "Honoris Causa para Richard Stallman, el gurú del software libre" (in Spanish). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  133. ^ Richard Stallman at DBLP Bibliography Server Edit this at Wikidata
  134. ^ Richard Stallman publications indexed by Microsoft Academic
  135. ^ Stallman articles via Google Scholar
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