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| membership = 106,000<ref>{{cita news|url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/15_maggio_17/berlusconi-tormenti-partito-nuovo-leader-forza-italia-c63f0202-fc63-11e4-9e3e-6f5f0dae9d63.shtml|title=Forza Italia, i tormenti di un partito|publisher=il Corriere della Sera|author=Paola Di Caro|date=May 17, 2015}}</ref>
| membership = 106,000<ref>{{cita news|url=http://www.corriere.it/politica/15_maggio_17/berlusconi-tormenti-partito-nuovo-leader-forza-italia-c63f0202-fc63-11e4-9e3e-6f5f0dae9d63.shtml|title=Forza Italia, i tormenti di un partito|publisher=il Corriere della Sera|author=Paola Di Caro|date=May 17, 2015}}</ref>
| membership_year = 2015
| membership_year = 2015
| ideology = [[Liberal conservatism]]<ref name=Parties-and-Elections/><br>[[Christian democracy]]<ref name=Parties-and-Elections/><br>[[Populism]]<ref name="Woods284144">{{Cite book |first=Dwayne |last=Woods |title=The Many Faces of Populism in Italy: The Northern League and Berlusconism |work=The Many Faces of Populism: Current Perspectives |publisher=Emerald Group |year=2014 |pages=28, 41–44}}</ref>
| ideology = [[Liberal conservatism]]<ref name=Parties-and-Elections>{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/italy.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|author=Wolfram Nordsieck|publisher=|accessdate=9 June 2015}}</ref><br>[[Christian democracy]]<ref name=Parties-and-Elections/><br>[[Populism]]<ref name="Woods284144">{{Cite book |first=Dwayne |last=Woods |title=The Many Faces of Populism in Italy: The Northern League and Berlusconism |work=The Many Faces of Populism: Current Perspectives |publisher=Emerald Group |year=2014 |pages=28, 41–44}}</ref>
| position = [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]<ref name="Conti2015">{{cite book|author=Nicolò Conti|chapter=No Longer Pro-European? Politicisation and contestation of Europe and Italy|editor1=Andrea Mammone|editor2=Ercole Giap Parini|editor3=Giuseppe Veltri|title=The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Italy: History, Politics, Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ9hCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-48755-5|page=139}}</ref>
| position = [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]<ref name="Conti2015">{{cite book|author=Nicolò Conti|chapter=No Longer Pro-European? Politicisation and contestation of Europe and Italy|editor1=Andrea Mammone|editor2=Ercole Giap Parini|editor3=Giuseppe Veltri|title=The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Italy: History, Politics, Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ9hCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-48755-5|page=139}}</ref>
| european = [[European People's Party]]
| european = [[European People's Party]]
Line 41: Line 41:
| country = Italy
| country = Italy
}}
}}
'''Forza Italia''' (translating to "Forward Italy"<ref name=Parties-and-Elections>{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/italy.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|author=Wolfram Nordsieck|publisher=|accessdate=9 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="ChapmanNuttall2011">{{cite book|author1=Jane L. Chapman|author2=Nick Nuttall|title=Journalism Today: A Themed History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9kZaPyd5LEsC&pg=PT113|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-9536-5|page=113}}</ref><ref name="Pezzotti2012">{{cite book|author=Barbara Pezzotti|title=The Importance of Place in Contemporary Italian Crime Fiction: A Bloody Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHH_gh6rJR0C&pg=PA36|year=2012|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson|isbn=978-1-61147-553-1|page=36}}</ref><ref name="JansenHecke2011">{{cite book|author1=Thomas Jansen|author2=Steven Van Hecke|title=At Europe's Service: The Origins and Evolution of the European People's Party|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXEA8XGdEb8C&pg=PA63|year=2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-19414-6|page=63}}</ref> or "Let's Go Italy",<ref name="GundleParker2002">{{cite book|author1=Stephen Gundle|author2=Simon Parker|title=The New Italian Republic: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to Berlusconi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IXiJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=1 November 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-80791-8|pages=135–}}</ref><ref name="Koff2013">{{cite book|author=Stephen P. Koff|title=Italy: From the 1st to the 2nd Republic|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jdqFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|date=7 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-64369-1|pages=44–}}</ref> known also by its acronym '''FI''') is a [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] [[list of political parties in Italy|political party]] in [[Italy]], led by [[Silvio Berlusconi]], four-time [[Prime Minister of Italy]] and long-time leader of the Italian centre-right.
'''Forza Italia''' (translating to "Let's Go Italy",<ref name="GundleParker2002">{{cite book|author1=Stephen Gundle|author2=Simon Parker|title=The New Italian Republic: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to Berlusconi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IXiJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=1 November 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-80791-8|pages=135–}}</ref><ref name="Koff2013">{{cite book|author=Stephen P. Koff|title=Italy: From the 1st to the 2nd Republic|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jdqFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|date=7 March 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-64369-1|pages=44–}}</ref> known also by its acronym '''FI''') is a [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] [[list of political parties in Italy|political party]] in [[Italy]], led by [[Silvio Berlusconi]], four-time [[Prime Minister of Italy]] and long-time leader of the Italian centre-right.


The party, consisting of the former [[The People of Freedom|People of Freedom]] (PdL) party, is a revival of the defunct [[Forza Italia]] (FI), active from 1994 to 2009, when it was merged with [[National Alliance (Italy)|National Alliance]] (AN) and several minor parties to form the PdL. Forza Italia's leading members include [[Giovanni Toti]], [[Mariarosaria Rossi]], [[Antonio Tajani]], [[Renato Brunetta]], [[Paolo Romani]], [[Elisabetta Gardini]], [[Maurizio Gasparri]], [[Mariastella Gelmini]], [[Antonio Martino]], [[Giancarlo Galan]], [[Daniela Santanchè]] and [[Stefano Caldoro]].
The party, consisting of the former [[The People of Freedom|People of Freedom]] (PdL) party, is a revival of the defunct [[Forza Italia]] (FI), active from 1994 to 2009, when it was merged with [[National Alliance (Italy)|National Alliance]] (AN) and several minor parties to form the PdL. Forza Italia's leading members include [[Giovanni Toti]], [[Mariarosaria Rossi]], [[Antonio Tajani]], [[Renato Brunetta]], [[Paolo Romani]], [[Elisabetta Gardini]], [[Maurizio Gasparri]], [[Mariastella Gelmini]], [[Antonio Martino]], [[Giancarlo Galan]], [[Daniela Santanchè]] and [[Stefano Caldoro]].

Revision as of 13:29, 20 May 2016

For the defunct political party active between 1994 and 2009, see Forza Italia.
Forza Italia
PresidentSilvio Berlusconi
Political CounselorGiovanni Toti
Chief of StaffMariarosaria Rossi
SpokespersonDeborah Bergamini
Founded18 September 2013
(launched)
16 November 2013
(founded)
Preceded byThe People of Freedom
HeadquartersPiazza San Lorenzo in Lucina 4, Rome
Youth wingForza Italia Giovani
Women's wingDonne Azzurre[1]
Membership (2015)106,000[2]
IdeologyLiberal conservatism[3]
Christian democracy[3]
Populism[4]
Political positionCentre-right[5]
European affiliationEuropean People's Party
European Parliament groupEuropean People's Party
International affiliationnone
Colors  Azure
Chamber of Deputies
53 / 630
Senate[6]
42 / 315
European Parliament
12 / 73
Regional Government
1 / 20
Website
www.forzaitalia.it

Forza Italia (translating to "Let's Go Italy",[7][8] known also by its acronym FI) is a centre-right political party in Italy, led by Silvio Berlusconi, four-time Prime Minister of Italy and long-time leader of the Italian centre-right.

The party, consisting of the former People of Freedom (PdL) party, is a revival of the defunct Forza Italia (FI), active from 1994 to 2009, when it was merged with National Alliance (AN) and several minor parties to form the PdL. Forza Italia's leading members include Giovanni Toti, Mariarosaria Rossi, Antonio Tajani, Renato Brunetta, Paolo Romani, Elisabetta Gardini, Maurizio Gasparri, Mariastella Gelmini, Antonio Martino, Giancarlo Galan, Daniela Santanchè and Stefano Caldoro.

On 11 September 2014 FI was admitted into the European People's Party (EPP), inheriting the PdL's membership.[9]

FI is a much smaller party if compared with the original FI and the early PdL, due to the successive splits of Future and Freedom (2010), the Brothers of Italy (2012), the New Centre-Right (2013), the Conservative and Reformists (2015) and the Liberal Popular Alliance (2015),[10] and decreasing opinion poll numbers, which are putting the party steadily in fourth place, after the Democratic Party, the Five Star Movement and FI's long-time coalition partner Lega Nord.

History

Background and foundation

The new FI, announced in June 2013,[11][12] was launched on 18 September[13][14][15][16] and the PdL was formally dissolved into the party on 16 November.[17] The day before a group of dissidents (mainly Christian democrats), led by Berlusconi's former protégé Angelino Alfano, had broken by announcing the foundation of the alternative New Centre-Right (NCD) party.[18] Another group of PdL members, led by former mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno, had left the party earlier in order to form Italy First (they would later join the Brothers of Italy, FdI).[19] According to Berlusconi, the PdL would become a coalition of centre-right parties, including the new FI, Lega Nord (LN), NCD, a new conservative outfit to be formed around FdI, etc.[20]

Among the strongest supporters of the return to FI, the so-called "hawks"[21] and self-proclaimed "loyalists",[22] a leading role was played by Raffaele Fitto, who, despite the common Christian-democratic background, was a long-time rival of Alfano. Other supporters included Antonio Martino, Renato Brunetta, Denis Verdini, Mariastella Gelmini, Mara Carfagna, Giancarlo Galan, Sandro Bondi, Daniela Santanchè, Niccolò Ghedini and Daniele Capezzone, while Maurizio Gasparri, Altero Matteoli and Paolo Romani, tried to mediate between Alfano and Fitto, but finally chose to join the new FI.[23][24]

The symbol of FI made its return in the 2013 provincial elections in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, although in a regional fashion: "Forza Trentino"[25] and "Forza Alto Adige" (in list with Lega Nord Alto Adige/Südtirol).[26]

On 27 November the Senate approved Berlusconi's relinquishment,[27] following the leader's conviction for tax evasion in August, when Berlusconi was sentenced to four years of imprisonment, the last three being automatically pardoned.[28] The day before FI had joined the opposition to Enrico Letta's government,[29] which was still supported by Alfano's NCD instead. The NCD voted against Berlusconi's relinquishment,[30][31] but since then completely parted ways from FI.

Internal struggles and Toti's rise

As of the end of December 2013, Berlusconi was set to appoint two vice-presidents: Antonio Tajani (European Commissioner and vice-president of the European People's Party) and Giovanni Toti (former editor of Studio Aperto and TG4,[32] two news programs of Berlusconi's Mediaset).[33] As a result of the resentement by the party's old guard, notably including Fitto, on the alleged appointment of Toti also as coordinator-at-large, Berlusconi appointed him merely "political counselor" to the party.[34][35]

In the 2014 European Parliament election FI obtained 16.8% of the vote and 13 MEPs elected, including Toti in the North-West, Tajani (who had first been elected to the European Parliament in 1994) in the Centre and, most notably, Fitto (who garnered more than 180,000 votes in his native Apulia alone) in the South.[36]

Fitto, the strongest backer of Berlusconi's leadership in late 2013, became his main internal challenger by mid 2014. After months of bickering with Berlusconi over the so-called "Nazareno pact" with Matteo Renzi, leader of the Democratic Party and Prime Minister, in February 2015 Fitto launched his own faction, named "Rebuilders".[37] Fitto's supporters included Capezzone, Maurizio Bianconi, Rocco Palese, Saverio Romano, Cinzia Bonfrisco, Augusto Minzolini and most Apulian MPs.[38]

2015 regional elections and splits

In the run-up of the 2015 regional elections the party was riven in internal disputes and was divided mainly in three groups: Berlusconi's loyalists, Fitto's "Rebuilders" and nostalgics of the "Nazareno pact".[39][40] The latter were led by Verdini and some of them, notably including Bondi, were openly pro-Renzi.[41][42] Bondi, a former Berlusconi's adulator, and his partner Manuela Repetti left the party in March,[43][44] while others disgruntled Verdiniani propped up the government from time to time. Berlusconi chose Toti as candidate for President in Liguria, confirmed incumbent Stefano Caldoro as the party's standard-bearer in Campania and renewed the support to LN's Luca Zaia in Veneto.[45] However, Berlusconi and Fitto did not find an agreement on the composition of the slates in Apulia, where the two wings of the party fielded two opposing candidates for president,[46][47][48] and similar problems arose in Tuscany,[49] Verdini's (and Renzi's) homeregion and stronghold.

Two weeks before the regional election, Fitto left the European People's Party Group in the European Parliament in order to join the European Conservatives and Reformists.[50] He also left FI altogether and launched his own party, named Conservatives and Reformists (CR) too.[51] By mid July, when CR was formally established as a party, nine deputies, ten senators and another MEP had left FI in order to follow Fitto.[52][53][54][55][56][56]

In the elections the party lost many votes, mainly to the LN, and gained more than 10% only in three regions out seven (including Apulia, where the party's candidate did worse than Fitto's one, while, in Veneto, a former stronghold, FI barely reached 6%), but, thanks to the LN's strong showing, Toti was elected President of Liguria.

Another split occurred in late July, when Verdini led his group out of the party and launched the Liberal Popular Alliance (ALA).[57]

Ideology and factions

FI's ideology is similar to that of its predecessor, the PdL, a big tent centre-right party including Christian democrats, liberals, conservatives and social democrats. However, the split occurred between FI and NCD left the former with a more liberal base.

According to an article from Corriere della Sera, on the so-called "ethical issues" (abortion, LGBT rights, etc.), the party, which aims at returning to its 1994's original values (including "liberalism, the socialist roots, even the radical component"), respects its MPs' "freedom of conscience" and is open to civil unions (some members go further and even propose same-sex marriage), while NCD's positions are "closer to those of the European traditionalist right".[58] In October 2014 Berlusconi endorsed Matteo Renzi's proposals on civil unions for gays and a quicker path to citizenship to Italian-born children of immigrants.[59]

Generally speaking, with the long-prepared return to FI, Berlusconi aimed at returning to the party's "liberal roots": in doing that, he reinforced his ties with those liberals, like Antonio Martino, who had been marginalised in the PdL,[60] while losing many of its Christian democrats and conservatives to the NCD.

The party is seen as more Eurosceptic than its precursors. Its members have frequently criticised Germany's role in the European Union and the Euro.[61][62][63]

FI is a very diverse party, including several factions and ideological trends. A list of FI's organised factions and associate parties is available in the following template:

The party's leading faction is, however, not an organised one. Called by journalists "magic circle" (a reference to a defunct faction within Lega Nord), it is composed of Berlusconi's closest allies, notably including Giovanni Toti, Mariarosaria Rossi, Deborah Bergamini and Francesca Pascale (Berlusconi's partner);[64]

Electoral results

European Parliament

Election year # of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/– Leader
2014 4,614,364 (#3) 16.81
13 / 73
–
Silvio Berlusconi

Regional Councils

Region Latest election # of
overall votes 		% of
overall vote 		# of
overall seats won
Abruzzo 2014 112,215 (#3) 16.7
4 / 31
Apulia 2015 181,896 (#3) 10.8
6 / 51
Calabria 2014 95,979 (#3) 12.2
5 / 30
Campania 2015 405,550 (#2) 17.8
7 / 51
Emilia-Romagna 2014 100,478 (#4) 8.4
2 / 50
Liguria 2015 68,283 (#4) 12.7
6 / 31
Marche 2015 49,884 (#4) 9.4
2 / 31
Piedmont 2014 302,743 (#3) 15.6
7 / 50
Sardinia 2014 126,327 (#2) 18.5
10 / 60
Trentino 2013 10,493 (#7) 4.4
0 / 35
Tuscany 2015 112,658 (#4) 8.5
2 / 41
Umbria 2015 30,017 (#4) 8.5
2 / 20
Veneto 2015 110,573 (#5) 6.0
3 / 51

Leadership

Symbols

  • Official logo
    Official logo
  • Electoral logo
    Electoral logo

References

  1. ^ Voglia di Forza Italia: ecco la vera storia del simbolo che fa sognare tutti i moderati, il Giornale, July 7, 2013
  2. ^ Paola Di Caro (May 17, 2015). "Forza Italia, i tormenti di un partito". il Corriere della Sera.
  3. ^ a b Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  4. ^ Woods, Dwayne (2014). The Many Faces of Populism in Italy: The Northern League and Berlusconism. Emerald Group. pp. 28, 41–44. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ Nicolò Conti (2015). "No Longer Pro-European? Politicisation and contestation of Europe and Italy". In Andrea Mammone; Ercole Giap Parini; Giuseppe Veltri (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Italy: History, Politics, Society. Routledge. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-317-48755-5.
  6. ^ Two senators of FI sit in the Great Autonomies and Freedom Group.
  7. ^ Stephen Gundle; Simon Parker (1 November 2002). The New Italian Republic: From the Fall of the Berlin Wall to Berlusconi. Routledge. pp. 135–. ISBN 978-1-134-80791-8.
  8. ^ Stephen P. Koff (7 March 2013). Italy: From the 1st to the 2nd Republic. Routledge. pp. 44–. ISBN 978-1-134-64369-1.
  9. ^ "Forza Italia membro d'ufficio Ppe come erede del Pdl". Ansa.it (in Italian). September 19, 2014.
  10. ^ http://www.economist.com/news/europe/21661042-silvio-berlusconis-once-dominant-forza-italia-party-disintegrating-not-so-forza-any-more
  11. ^ "Berlusconi al Tg1: torna Forza Italia e sarò io a guidarla" (in Italian). Il Sole 24 Ore. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  12. ^ "Berlusconi annuncia ritorno di Forza Italia. "Temo che sarò ancora il numero uno"" (in Italian). la Repubblica. 28 June 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  13. ^ "Berlusconi Revives Forza Italia in Plea for Help Against Trials". Bloomberg News. 18 September 2013.
  14. ^ "Silvio Berlusconi Relaunches Forza Italia on Senate Ousting Vote". International Business Times. 18 September 2013.
  15. ^ "Berlusconi Vows to Stay in Politics if Ousted From Senate". The Wall Street Journal. 18 September 2013.
  16. ^ "Berlusconi Stakes a Claim for Relevance, but Avoids Threats". The New York Times. 18 September 2013.
  17. ^ "Berlusconi breaks away from Italian government after party splits". Reuters. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  18. ^ "È rottura tra Berlusconi e Alfano Il vicepremier annuncia i nuovi gruppi" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 16 November 2013.
  19. ^ "Alemanno lancia "Prima l'Italia": "La priorità è portare il Paese fuori dalla crisi"" (in Italian). Il Messaggero. 13 October 2013.
  20. ^ "L'addio al Pdl (in frantumi), rinasce Forza Italia" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 16 November 2013.
  21. ^ "Nel Pdl colombe pronte alla battaglia E il partito ora rischia la scissione". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  22. ^ "Fitto: noi lealisti non vogliamo posti Azzerare tutto e poi congresso". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  23. ^ "Pdl, tanti no all?ipotesi del congresso". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  24. ^ "Il Pdl e la sfida sugli incarichi Si affacciano i mediatori". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  25. ^ "Nasce Forza Trentino: ultimo pressing su Mosna" (in Italian). Trentino. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  26. ^ "Biancofiore candida l'Artioli capolista" (in Italian). Alto Adige. 14 September 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
  27. ^ "Alle 17.42 l'annuncio dopo il voto palese L'ira di Forza Italia sui Cinquestelle" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 28 November 2013.
  28. ^ "Confermata la condanna Berlusconi sconterà 1 anno". Archiviostorico.corriere.it. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
  29. ^ "Forza Italia esce dalla maggioranza Alfano: "Un errore sabotare Letta"" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 26 November 2013.
  30. ^ http://www.ilmessaggero.it/primo_piano/politica/grasso_decadenza_berlusconi_voto_bondi-217790.html
  31. ^ http://www.avvenire.it/Politica/Pagine/conferenza-ncd-decadenza-berlusconi.aspx
  32. ^ "Mediaset, cambio ai vertici Al posto di Giovanni Toti arrivano Giordano e Broggiato" (in Italian). il Giornale. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
  33. ^ ""Forza Italia via dai palazzi romani" Si riparte da Milano (e dalla Brianza)" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 29 November 2013.
  34. ^ "Forza Italia - Responsabili Uffici e Dipartimenti nazionali". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  35. ^ "Berlusconi taps newsman as party advisor". Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 24 January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  36. ^ "::: Ministero dell'Interno ::: Archivio Storico delle Elezioni - Europee del 25 Maggio 2014". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  37. ^ "Fi, Fitto lancia i "ricostruttori" "Stiamo e saremo nel partito"". Corriere della Sera. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  38. ^ "Dall?ex tesoriere ai pugliesi: chi sta con Fitto E Verdini prova ad assottigliare la pattuglia". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  39. ^ "Lotte intestine e mosse del governo Berlusconi ora si sente sotto assedio". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  40. ^ "Forza Italia, la mappa del partito: nomi e cognomi, ecco tutte le correnti e i loro obiettivi". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  41. ^ http://iltirreno.gelocal.it/italia-mondo/2015/05/04/news/italicum-oggi-voto-finale-letta-mattarella-non-firmi-1.11354544
  42. ^ "il manifesto". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  43. ^ "Bondi e Repetti, ora l?addio è definitivo Nel partito è guerra generazionale". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  44. ^ "Berlusconi a tutto campo. Lite con Bondi E in Puglia il candidato va con Fitto". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  45. ^ "Chiuso l?accordo Lega-Forza Italia con Zaia in Veneto e Toti in Liguria". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  46. ^ "Berlusconi-Alfano, intesa in Campania È rottura con Fitto". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  47. ^ "In Puglia Berlusconi lancia Poli Bortone: è caos". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  48. ^ ""Poli Bortone dice sì". Toti: ora Fitto si allinei". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  49. ^ "Berlusconi fa le liste. E c?è il caso Toscana". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  50. ^ archiviostorico.corriere.it/2015/maggio/18/addio_Fitto_Pronto_gruppo_Senato_co_0_20150518_53b05284-fd1e-11e4-b125-7cf77d869e07.shtml[full citation needed]
  51. ^ "Fitto, nasce associazione Conservatori e Riformisti". ANSA.it. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  52. ^ http://conservatorieriformisti.it/inparlamento/[full citation needed]
  53. ^ http://www.adnkronos.com/fatti/politica/2015/07/08/gruppo-camera-conti-ipotesi-scissione-fitto-vale-milione-euro_KimbXZnpqXn0toS3FPqz8M.html?refresh_ce[full citation needed]
  54. ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2015/maggio/27/Fitto_prende_senatori_Presto_gruppo_co_0_20150527_f3d45ea2-0432-11e5-ba59-df59057958a4.shtml[full citation needed]
  55. ^ http://www.affaritaliani.it/politica/fitto-dodici-senatori-368571.html[full citation needed]
  56. ^ a b http://ecrgroup.eu/news/remo-sernagiotto-mep-joins-the-ecr-group/[full citation needed]
  57. ^ http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2015/luglio/30/debutto_dei_verdiniani_Ala_per_co_0_20150730_21791b56-367c-11e5-8bc5-e14460b66c32.shtml[full citation needed]
  58. ^ "Pd-azzurri: asse sui diritti (senza Ncd)" (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. 4 January 2014.
  59. ^ ""Dico sì a unioni gay e ius soli" Un altro asse Berlusconi-premier". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  60. ^ "Berlusconi seeks return to liberal roots". Financial Times. 22 July 2012.
  61. ^ "Quegli economisti euroscettici (proprio come Berlusconi)" (in Italian). Il Foglio. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
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  64. ^ Serenus Zeitblom (April 11, 2015). "Berlusconi e il cerchio magico... scelto da lui". Panorama.
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