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Republic of Montenegro
Република Црна Гора
Republika Crna Gora
Anthem: Oj, svijetla majska zoro
"Oh, Bright Dawn of May"
Location of Montenegro (orange) in Europe (white)  –  [Legend]
Location of Montenegro (orange)

in Europe (white)  –  [Legend]

Capital
and largest city
Podgorica
Official languagesSerbian (Ijekavian dialect)1
Demonym(s)Montenegrin
GovernmentRepublic
• President
Filip Vujanović
Željko Šturanović
Independence 
due to the dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro
• Declared
June 3, 2006
June 8, 2006
• Water (%)
1.5
Population
• July 2007 estimate
684,736[1] (160th)
• 2003 census
620,145
GDP (PPP)2005 estimate
• Total
$11,458 billion (99)
• Per capita
$3,800 (150)
HDI (2004)0.788[2]
Error: Invalid HDI value (72nd)
CurrencyEuro2 (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Calling code382
ISO 3166 codeME
Internet TLD.yu (.me)3
1 The current DPS-SDP regime calls it Montenegrin language, introducing the term to official usage since last year. Albanian is co-official in the municipality of Ulcinj.
2 Adopted unilaterally; Montenegro is not a formal member of the Eurozone.
3 .me should come into use in 2007, while .yu is a holdover from Serbia and Montenegro which is still in use for Montenegrin subdomains [1].

Montenegro (Serbian: Црна Гора or Crna Gora, pronounced /'t͡sr̩na: 'ɡɔra/, listenⓘ), officially the Republic of Montenegro (Република Црна Гора or Republika Crna Gora), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south, and borders Croatia on the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina on the northwest, Serbia on the northeast and Albania on the southeast. Its de facto capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as Prijestonica, the old royal capital or seat of the throne.

De facto independent since the late Middle Ages, and an internationally recognised country from 1878 until 1918, Montenegro was later a part of various incarnations of Yugoslavia and the state union of Serbia and Montenegro. Based on the results of the referendum held on May 21 2006, Montenegro declared independence on June 3, 2006. On June 28, 2006, it became the 192nd member state[3] of the United Nations, and on May 11, 2007, the 47th member state of the Council of Europe.[4]

Name

Montenegro's native name, Crna Gora, is first mentioned in 11th century in Vatican documents and translates literally to "black mountain" or "black forest", a reference to the dark forests that once covered the slopes of the Dinaric Alps as seen from the Adriatic coast.[5] The country's name in most Western European languages, including English, reflects an adoption of the Venetian term monte negro, also meaning "black mountain", which probably dates back to the era of Venetian hegemony over the area in the Middle Ages. Other languages, particularly nearby ones, use their own direct translation of the term "black mountain" (e.g. Albanian: Mali i Zi, Slovak: Čierna hora, Bulgarian: Черна гора, Cherna gora, Polish: Czarnogóra, Romanian: Muntenegru, Italian: Montene(g)ro, Greek: Μαυροβούνιο, Mavrovoúnio, Turkish: Karadağ and Czech: [Černá Hora] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language code: cz (help)). Names from further afield include Russian: Черногория, Chernogoriya and Chinese: 黑山 (pinyin: "hēishān"[6])

The ISO Alpha-2 code for Montenegro is ME and the Alpha-3 Code is MNE.[7]

History

Part of a series on the
History of Montenegro
Coat of arms of Montenegro
Prehistory
Middle Ages and early modern
Modern and contemporary
Topics
Main article: History of Montenegro

The first settlers of Montenegro were the Illyrians. Romans conquered these southern Illyrians in AD 9, annexing them to the Roman province of Illyricum. The historian Theodore Mommsen wrote (in his The Provinces of the Roman Empire) that all Illyricum was fully Romanised and Latin speaking by the fourth century.

The division of the Roman Empire between Roman and Byzantine rule – and subsequently between the Latin and Greek churches – was marked by a line that ran northward from Skadar through modern Montenegro, symbolizing the status of this region as a perpetual marginal zone between the economic, cultural, and political worlds of the Mediterranean peoples and the Slavs. As Roman power declined in the fifth century, this part of the Adriatic coast suffered from intermittent ravages by various semi-nomadic invaders, especially the Goths in the late fifth century and the Avars during the sixth century. These soon were supplanted by the Slavs, who became widely established in the Balkans by the middle of the seventh century.

The Romanized Illyrians escaped to the mountains and survived mainly as shepherds, and were named morlachs (dark "vlachs"), and eventually losing their original Romance language by being assimilated with the Slavs. This extinct neo-Latin language can be found in the toponimy of many places of Montenegro, like the name of the mount Durmitor, that means "place where to sleep" in the language of those Vlachs.The last morlachs, called Vlasi Ridani, moved from Durmitor area in the 15th century, escaping the Ottoman conquest, and found refuge in Dalmatia and Istria.

Slav tribes, mixed with the descendants of the romanized Illyrians, formed the semi-independent dukedom of Duklja by the tenth century. In 1077, Pope Gregory VII recognized Duklja as an independent state, acknowledging its King Mihailo (Michael) (of the Vojislavljević dynasty founded by nobleman Stefan Vojislav) as rex Docleae (King of Duklja).[8][9] The kingdom, however, paid tribute to the Byzantine Empire and later to the Bulgarian Empire; it gave birth to the medieval kingdom of the Serbian Grand Prince ([župan] Error: {{Lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) Stefan Nemanja, who was born in Ribnica, a settlement near Doclea.

The Principality of Zeta asserted its independence in the 1360s.[10][11]The House of Balšić (1360s–1421) and the House of Crnojević (1421–1499) ruled Zeta. Although the Ottoman Empire controlled the lands to the south and east from the 15th century, it never fully conquered Zeta.

Most of the coast of Montenegro was controlled by the Republic of Venice from the 13th century to the Napoleon times(1420-1797) although Bar and Ulcinj were conquered by the Ottomans in the 1570s. The area was called Albania Veneta.

During those centuries the Venetian language, from which the word "Montenegro" comes, was the lingua franca of the Adriatic coast of Montenegro. In the area of Bay of Kotor there were Venetian speaking populations until the first half of the 20th century. For example, in the Austrian census of 1880, Kotor had 930 ethnic Italians in a total population of 2910 people.

File:Budvamore.jpg
Budva

In 1516, the secular prince Đurađ Crnojević abdicated in favour of Archbishop Vavil, who then made Montenegro into a theocratic state[12] under the rule of the prince-bishop (known as владика, vladika) of Cetinje, a position held from 1697 by the Petrović-Njegoš family of the Riđani clan. Petar Petrović Njegoš, perhaps the most influential vladika, reigned in the first half of the 19th century. In 1851, Danilo II Petrović Njegoš became vladika, but in 1852 he married, left the priesthood, assumed the title of knjaz (Prince), and transformed his land into a secular principality. Montenegro officially confirmed its independence and became a principality in 1878. Later, it was transformed into a kingdom in 1910, under the rule of King Nicholas I. [13][14]

In 1910, Prince Nicholas I became King of Montenegro. Two years later, in October 1912, King Nicholas declared war on the Ottoman Empire, preceding the two Balkan Wars. The Montenegrin army attacked the Ottoman fortress city of Shkodër, and forced the empire to gather a large army in neighbouring Macedonia. This Ottoman army was then attacked by the forces of Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria which entered the war by pre-arrangement. The result was a military disaster for the Ottomans, who were thrown back to the area north of Constantinople.

Montenegro emerged from the Balkan Wars doubled in size, receiving half of the former Ottoman territory known as Sandžak, but without the city of Shkodër, the country's major goal in the war. The London Conference awarded Shkodër to an independent country of Albania.

King Nikola of Montenegro

During World War I, Montenegro was part of the allies. In the Battle of Mojkovac. Montenegro's army bravely defended the fallback for Serbian troops withdrawing across Albania. In the course of the war, Montenegro was occupied by Austro-Hungarian troops. Feldmarschalleutnant Viktor Weber von Webenau became Military Governor of Montenegro on February 26 1916.

In 1918, the Podgorica Assembly, whose legality is questioned up to the present, voted for uniting Montenegro with the Kingdom of Serbia. [15][16] However, pro-independence Montenegrins revolted on Christmas Day 1919 (January 7, 1919, Christmas Day by the then-prevailing Orthodox calendar) against Serbia.[17] The revolt was finally suppressed in 1924, although guerrilla resistance remained in the Highlands for many years after.

During WWII Italy occupied Montenegro in 1941 and annexed the area of Kotor, where there was a small Roman population (also, the Queen of Italy, Elena of Montenegro, was daughter of the former king of Montenegro), to the Kingdom of Italy. The Independent State of Montenegro was created under fascist control when Krsto Zrnov Popović returned from exile in Rome in 1941 to attempt to lead the Zelenaši ("Green" party), who supported the reinstatement of the independent Montenegrin monarchy. These forces were called the Lovćen Brigade. Montenegro was ravaged by a terrible guerrilla war, mainly after Nazi Germany replaced the defeated Italians in September 1943.

After World War II, from 1945 to 1992, Montenegro became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in its own right. It was during this time that the present capital Podgorica was renamed Titograd, after Josip Broz Tito, communist ruler of Yugoslavia. Over the next half century, Montenegro remained one of six constituent republics of Yugoslavia.

Union with Serbia (1992–2006)

After the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992, Montenegro agreed on a federation with Serbia, first as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, then as a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro that broke up as soon as a deadline for holding an independence referendum expired.

Map of Serbia and Montenegro

In the referendum on remaining in Yugoslavia in 1992, 95.96% of the votes were cast for remaining in the federation with Serbia, although the turnout was at 66% because of a boycott by the Muslim, Albanian and Catholic minorities as well as of pro-independence Montenegrins. The opposition claimed that poll was organised under undemocratic conditions, during war time in the former Yugoslavia, with widespread propaganda from the state-controlled media in favour of a pro-federation vote. There is no impartial report on the fairness of the referendum, as the 1992 referendum was totally unmonitored, unlike the 2006 vote, which has been closely monitored by the European Union.

In 1996, Milo Đukanović's government de facto severed ties between Montenegro and Serbia, which was then still under Milošević. Montenegro formed its own economic policy and adopted Deutsche Mark as its currency. It has since adopted the euro, though it is not formally part of the Eurozone. Subsequent governments of Montenegro carried out pro-independence policies, originally restored by the Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, and political tensions with Serbia simmered despite the political changes in Belgrade. Despite its pro-independence leanings, targets in Montenegro were repeatedly bombed by NATO forces during Operation Allied Force in 1999.[18]

In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to a new agreement regarding continued cooperation. The Public International Law & Policy Group (PILPG) provided legal counsel to Montenegro during its negotiations with Serbia over the future status of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In 2003, the Yugoslav federation was replaced in favor of a looser state union named Serbia and Montenegro and a possible referendum on Montenegrin independence was postponed for a minimum of three years.

21st century independence

Wikinews has related news:

The status of the union between Montenegro and Serbia was decided by the referendum on Montenegrin independence on May 21, 2006. A total of 419,240 votes were cast, representing 86.5% of the total electorate. 230,661 votes or 55.5% were for independence and 185,002 votes or 44.5% were against.[19] The 45,659 difference narrowly surpassed the 55% threshold needed to validate the referendum under the rules set by the European Union. According to the electoral commission, the 55% threshold was passed by only 2,300 votes. Serbia, the member-states of the European Union, and the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have all recognized Montenegro's independence; by doing so they removed all remaining obstacles from Montenegro's path towards becoming the world's newest sovereign state.

Front page of Pobjeda following the successful independence referendum.

The 2006 referendum was monitored by five international observer missions, headed by an OSCE/ODIHR monitoring team, and around 3,000 observers in total (including domestic observers from CEMI, CEDEM and other organizations). The OSCE/ODIHR ROM joined efforts with the observers of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly (OSCE PA), the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe (CLRAE) and the European Parliament (EP) to form an International Referendum Observation Mission (IROM). The IROM—in its preliminary report—"assessed compliance of the referendum process with OSCE commitments, Council of Europe commitments, other international standards for democratic electoral processes, and domestic legislation." Furthermore, the report assessed that the competitive pre-referendum environment was marked by an active and generally peaceful campaign and that "there were no reports of restrictions on fundamental civil and political rights."

On June 3 2006, the Parliament of Montenegro declared the independence of Montenegro[20], formally confirming the result of the referendum on independence. Serbia did not obstruct the ruling, confirming its own independence and declaring the Union of Serbia and Montenegro ended shortly thereafter.

International recognition of Montenegro

Main article: Foreign relations of Montenegro

The first state to recognize Montenegro was Iceland[21], on June 8, 2006, followed by Switzerland[22] and Estonia[23] on June 9, and Russia on June 11[24]. Recognition by Croatia[25], Bosnia and Herzegovina[26] and Slovenia[27] soon followed. The European Union[28] and the United States recognized Montenegro on June 12, as did various member states of the EU and other European countries. The United Kingdom formally extended recognition on June 13[29], as did the People's Republic of China[30] and France[31] on June 14, meaning that all five permanent United Nations Security Council members then recognized the independence of Montenegro. Serbia, the other former constituent member of the State Union, recognized Montenegro on June 15[32], signaling the formal dissolution of the Union. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe decided to accept Montenegro as the 56th member of the organization on June 21 and the country took its seat at the Permanent Council on June 22[33]. The United Nations, in a vote of the Security Council, extended full membership in the organization to Montenegro on June 22, 2006.[34] Montenegro was confirmed as a member on June 28.[35] In January 2007, Montenegro received full membership in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group. It was admitted to the Council of Europe on May 11 the same year. [36]

Geography

Map of Montenegro
Morača River Canyon.
Main article: Geography of Montenegro

Montenegro borders Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Albania.

Some of the cities and towns in Montenegro are:

See also: List of cities in Montenegro

Montenegro ranges from high peaks along its borders with Serbia and Albania, a segment of the Karst of the western Balkan Peninsula, to a narrow coastal plain that is only one to four miles wide. The plain stops abruptly in the north, where Mount Lovćen and Mount Orjen plunge abruptly into the inlet of the Bay of Kotor.

Montenegro's large Karst region lies generally at elevations of 1,000 metres (3,281 ft) above sea level; some parts, however, rise to 2,000 metres (6,560 ft), such as Mount Orjen (1,894 m / 6,214 ft), the highest massif among the coastal limestone ranges. The Zeta River valley, at an elevation of 500 meters (1,640 ft), is the lowest segment.

The mountains of Montenegro include some of the most rugged terrain in Europe. They average more than 2,000 metres (6,560 ft) in elevation. One of the country's notable peaks is Bobotov Kuk in the Durmitor mountains, which reaches a height of 2,522 metres (8,274 ft). The Montenegrin mountain ranges were among the most ice-eroded parts of the Balkan Peninsula during the last glacial period.

Military

Main article: Military of Montenegro

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Montenegro
File:GrbRep.jpg
Coat of Arms of the Republic of Montenegro from 1993
Flag of the Republic of Montenegro from 1993

By its current constitution, Montenegro is defined as a "democratic, welfare, and ecological state".

Government

The current Government of the Republic of Montenegro (Vlada Republike Crne Gore) is comprised of the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers as well as ministers. Željko Šturanović is the Prime Minister of Montenegro and head of the Government. The ruling party in Montenegro is the center-left Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPS) (Demokratska Partija Socijalista Crna Gore), in coalition with the much smaller Social Democratic Party of Montenegro (SDP) (Socijaldemokratska Partija Crne Gore).

President

President Filip Vujanović.

The President of Montenegro is elected for a period of five years through direct elections. According to the constitution, the President will represent the republic in the country and abroad, promulgate laws by ordinance, call elections for the Parliament, propose candidates for the Prime Minister, president and justices of the Constitutional Court to the Parliament, propose to the Parliament calling of a referendum, grant amnesty for criminal offences prescribed by the national law, confer decoration and awards, and perform all other duties in accordance with the Constitution. The President shall also be a member of the Supreme Defence Council.

Parliament

The Montenegrin Parliament (Skupština Republike Crne Gore) passes all laws in Montenegro, ratifies international treaties, appoints the Prime Minister, ministers, and justices of all courts, adopts the budget and performs other duties as established by the Constitution. The Parliament can pass a vote of no-confidence on the Government by a majority of the members. One representative is elected per 6,000 voters, which in turn results in a reduction of total number of representatives in the Parliament of Montenegro. The current president of the Parliament is Ranko Krivokapić.

The present Parliament convening 81 seats instead of previous number of 75 (parliamentary elections were on 10 September 2006 and were the first after the proclamation of independence. The constituent Parliament session took place on 2 October 2006).

Symbols

A new official flag of Montenegro was adopted on July 12 2004, by the Montenegrin legislature. The new flag is based on the royal standard of King Nikola I of Montenegro. This flag was all red with a gold border, a gold coat of arms, and the initials НІ in Cyrillic script (corresponding to NI in Latin script) representing King Nikola I. These initials are omitted from the modern flag and replaced wih a golden lion. The Independent State of Montenegro that had existed between 1941 and 1943 used a flag almost identical to the current flag of Montenegro, according to the Encyclopaedia Britannica. The only difference is that the double-headed eagle was silver in colour and not golden.

The national day of 13 July marks the date in 1878 when the Congress of Berlin recognised Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world[citation needed] and the start of one of the first popular uprisings in Europe against the Axis Powers on 13 July 1941 in Montenegro.

In 2004, the Montenegrin legislature selected a popular Montenegrin traditional song, Oh, the Bright Dawn of May, as the national anthem. Montenegro's official anthem during the reign of King Nikola was Ubavoj nam Crnoj Gori (To our beautiful Montenegro). The music was composed by the King's son Knjaz Mirko. The Montenegrin popular anthem has unofficially been Onamo, 'namo! since King Nikola I wrote it in the 1860s.

Administrative divisions

Municipalities of Montenegro.
Main article: Subdivisions of Montenegro

Montenegro is divided into twenty-one municipalities (opština), and two urban municipalities, subdivisions of Podgorica municipality:

Economy

Main article: Economy of Montenegro

During the era of communism Montenegro experienced a rapid period of urbanization and industrialization. An industrial sector based on electricity generation, steel, aluminum, coal mining, forestry and wood processing, textiles and tobacco manufacture was built up, with trade, overseas shipping, and particularly tourism, increasingly important by the late 1980s.

The loss of previously guaranteed markets and suppliers after the breakup of Yugoslavia left the Montenegrin industrial sector reeling as production was suspended and the privatization program, begun in 1989, was interrupted. The disintegration of the Yugoslav market, and the imposition of the UN sanctions in May 1992 were the causes of the greatest economic and financial crisis since World War II. During 1993, two thirds of the Montenegrin population lived below the poverty line, while frequent interruptions in relief supplies caused the health and environmental protection to drop below the minimum of international standards. The financial losses under the adverse effects of the UN sanctions on the overall economy of Montenegro are estimated to be approximately $6.39 billion. This period also experienced the second highest hyperinflation in history (3 million percent in January 1994) (The highest hyperinflation happened in Hungary after the end of World War II, when inflation there hit 4.19 x 1016 percent).

In 1997, Milo Đukanović took control over the ruling Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPS) and began severing ties with Milosevic' Serbia. He blamed the policies of Slobodan Milošević for the overall decline of the Montenegrin economy, as well as Milošević's systematic persecution of non-Serbs. Montenegro introduced the German mark as response to again-growing inflation, and insisted on taking more control over its economic fate. This eventually resulted in creation of Serbia and Montenegro, a loose union in which Montenegro mostly took responsibility for its economic policies.

This was followed by implementation of faster and more efficient privatization, passing of reform laws, introduction of VAT and usage of euro as Montenegro's legal tender.

Demographics

Ethnic map of Montenegro according to the 1981 census.
Ethnic map of Montenegro according to the 2003 census.
Main articles: Demographics of Montenegro and Demographic history of Montenegro

According to 2003 census, Montenegro has 620,145 citizens. If the methodology used up to 1991 was used in the 2003 census, Montenegro would officially have 673,094 citizens. Most recent estimates stake somewhere around 650,000 citizens.

Ethnic composition according to the 2003 census:[38]

Most inhabitants speak the official Serbian language, of the ijekavian dialect:

Actually there it is a growing political movement toward calling Montenegrin language the official language of the country and toward using the Latin alphabet as the dominant one.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Montenegro
File:Man savina.jpg
Savina Monastery

The culture of Montenegro has been shaped by a variety of influences throughout history. The influence of Orthodox South Slavic, Central European, and seafaring Adriatic cultures (notably parts of Italy, like the Republic of Venice) have been the most important in recent centuries.

Montenegro has many significant cultural and historical sites, including heritage sites from the pre-Romanesque, Gothic and Baroque periods. The Montenegrin coastal region is especially well known for its religious monuments, including the Cathedral of Saint Tryphon in Kotor (Cattaro under the Venetians), the basilica of St. Luke (over 800 years), Our Lady of the Rocks (Škrpjela), the Savina Monastery and others. Montenegro's medieval monasteries contain thousands of square metres of frescos on their walls.

The traditional folk dance of the Montenegrins is the Oro, a circle dance that involves dancers standing on each other's shoulders in a circle while one or two dancers are dancing in the middle.

The first literary works written in the region are ten centuries old, and the first Montenegrin book was printed five hundred years ago. The first state-owned printing press was located in Cetinje in 1494, where the first South Slavic book, Oktoih, was printed the same year. Ancient manuscripts, dating from the thirteenth century, are kept in the Montenegrin monasteries. [39]

Montenegro's capital Podgorica and the former royal capital of Cetinje are the two most important centers of culture and the arts in the country.

Education

Main article: Education in Montenegro

Education in Montenegro is regulated by the Montenegrin Ministry of Education and Science.

Education starts in either pre-schools or elementary schools. Children enroll in elementary schools (Serbian: Osnovna škola) at the age of 6; it lasts 9 years. The students may continue their secondary education, which lasts 4 years (3 years for trade schools) and ends with graduation (Matura). Higher education lasts with a certain first degree after 3 to 6 years.

Sports

Serbia and Montenegro were represented by a single football team in the 2006 FIFA World Cup tournament, despite having formally split just weeks prior to its start. Following this event, this team has been inherited by Serbia, while a new one was organized to represent Montenegro in international competitions.[40] On March 24, 2007, the Montenegrin national team came from behind to win its first ever fixture, 2-1, in a friendly game against Hungary at the Podgorica Stadium. [41]

Miscellaneous

The first official international representation of Montenegro as an independent state was in the Miss World 2006 celebrated on September 30, 2006 in Warsaw, Poland. Ivana Knežević from the city of Bar was the first Miss Montenegro at any international beauty pageant. Both Montenegro and Serbia competed separately in this pageant for the first time after the state union came to an end on June 3, 2006.

Part of the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale is set in Montenegro, although the filming was done in Italy and the Czech Republic.

Nero Wolfe, the eccentric fictional detective created by American writer Rex Stout, is Montenegrin by birth. One Nero Wolfe novel, The Black Mountain, takes place in Tito-era Montenegro.

Great Gatsby, the main character of the F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel named after him, has supposedly fought in Montenegro in World War I, and has been given a medal of honour by the Montenegrin King Nicholas I.

Montenegrin Holidays

Holidays
Date Name Notes
1 January New Year's Day (non-working holiday)
7 January Orthodox Christmas (non-working)
7 April Orthodox Good Friday Date for 2007 only
8 April Orthodox Easter Date for 2007 only
9 April Orthodox Easter Monday Date for 2007 only
1 May Labour Day (non-working)
9 May Victory Day
21 May Independence Day (non-working)
13 July Statehood Day (non-working)

See also

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References

  1. ^ CIA World Factbook: Montenegro
  2. ^ HDI 2004, source: Government of Montenegro
  3. ^ List of members to the United Nations by joining date
  4. ^ Directorate of Communication - The Republic of Montenegro becomes 47th Council of Europe member state
  5. ^ Geography
  6. ^ this literal translation is used in Mainland China and Hong Kong; Taiwanese Mandarin uses 蒙特內哥羅 "méngtènèigēluó", a phonetic transcription of "Montenegro"
  7. ^ ISO 3166-1 Newsletter No. V-12, Date: 2006-09-26
  8. ^ Montenegro.org: Duklja, the first Montenegrin state
  9. ^ Montenet - History of Montenegro: Duklja (Doclea), the first Montenegrin state - Vojislavljevic' rule
  10. ^ Montenet - History of Montenegro: Balsics' Rule (1356-1427)
  11. ^ Montenegro.org: Zeta (Duklja) under the second Montenegrin dynasty, the Balsic (1356-1427)
  12. ^ Montenet - History of Montenegro: Prince Bishops Rule (Vladikat)
  13. ^ Montenet - History of Montenegro: Nicholas I Petrovic (1860-1918)
  14. ^ Montenegro.org: King Nikola I of Montenegro
  15. ^ Montenet - History of Montenegro: Podgorica's Assembly 1918
  16. ^ Montenegro.org: How the Montenegrin State and Kingdom Was Abolished in 1918
  17. ^ Montenegro.org: Christmas Uprising, 1919
  18. ^ "Russia pushes peace plan". BBC. 1999-04-29.
  19. ^ BBC News: Montenegro vote result confirmed
  20. ^ BBC News: Montenegro declares independence
  21. ^ Government of Montenegro: Iceland recognises Montenegrin independence
  22. ^ Government of Montenegro: Switzerland recognises Montenegrin independence
  23. ^ Estonia recognized the independence of Montenegro
  24. ^ Government of Montenegro: Russia recognises Montenegrin independence
  25. ^ Government of Montenegro: Croatia recognises Montenegrin independence
  26. ^ JamaicaObserver.com: Bosnia recognises Montenegro as independent state
  27. ^ Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Vzpostavitev diplomatskih odnosov s Črno goro
  28. ^ Governement of Montenegro: European Union recognises Montenegrin independence
  29. ^ Government of Montenegro: United Kingdom recognises Montenegrin independence
  30. ^ People's Daily Online: China recognizes independence of Montenegro
  31. ^ Government of Montenegro: France recognises Montenegrin independence
  32. ^ BBC News: Montenegro gets Serb recognition
  33. ^ DTT-NET.COM: Montenegro set to become member of OSCE
  34. ^ smh.com.au: Montenegro recommended as UN membership
  35. ^ UN News Centre: Annan, General Assembly welcome Montenegro as 192nd UN Member State
  36. ^ Directorate of Communication - The Republic of Montenegro becomes 47th Council of Europe member state
  37. ^ Planinarsko smučarsko društvo "Komovi"
  38. ^ Official results of the 2003 Montenegrin census
  39. ^ Montenet - History of Montenegro: Crnojevic Rule
  40. ^ UEFA: Montenegro set for big adventure
  41. ^ Montenegro take a bow at victory

Further reading

  • Montenegro: The Divided Land by Thomas Fleming (2002) ISBN 0-9619364-9-5
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montenegro.
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ru-sib:Чорногорря

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