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Elon Musk
Elon Musk in Mission Control at SpaceX
Born (1971-06-28) 28 June 1971 (age 53)
Pretoria, South Africa[1]
Citizenship United States[2]
EducationQueen's University,
The Wharton School (BEc.),
University of Pennsylvania, (BSc.)[3]
Occupation(s)Inventor, Entrepreneur
Known forCo-founder of Zip2, Founder of PayPal, SpaceX, Tesla Motors
TitleCEO and CTO of SpaceX,
CEO and Product Architect of Tesla Motors,
Chairman of SolarCity
Political partyIndependent
Spouses
​
​
(m. 2000; div. 2008)​
​
​
(m. 2010; div. 2012)​
ChildrenFive Children
Websitetwitter.com/elonmusk/ elonmusk.com
Signature
Elon Musk

Elon Musk (born 28 June 1971) is a South African American entrepreneur.[2] He is best known for founding SpaceX and for co-founding Tesla Motors and PayPal (originally X.com). At SpaceX he is the CEO and Chief Designer and at Tesla Motors he is Chairman, CEO and Product Architect. Musk is also Chairman of SolarCity.

He holds a bachelor's degree in Economics from the The Wharton School,[3] and a second bachelor's degree in Physics from University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences.[3]

Early life

Musk was born in Pretoria, South Africa to a Canadian mother, Maye (née Haldeman), and a South African father, Errol Musk.[6][7] His mother's heritage includes Pennsylvania Dutch.[8] His father is of South African Dutch and English descent.

Elon was given his first computer by his father as a child—an IBM XT, an early desktop personal computer—and he taught himself how to program.[9] By the age of 12 he sold his first commercial software for about $500, a space game called Blastar.[9]

After spending 2 years (Grades 8 and 9) at Bryanston High School, Elon matriculated at Pretoria Boys High School. He left home in 1988 at the age of 17, with financial support and encouragement from his father, to tour Canada and the USA on his own. Raised by their father, Elon and brother Kimbal, together with sister Tosca, had traveled widely abroad as children, this in spite of severe restrictions on flights out of South Africa and on South African passport-holders. By age 18, Elon had seen Africa, much of Europe, including the UK and Ireland, the Middle East, the Far East, including China, Canada, and the USA, touring by car through some 18 states in the USA. Elon did not leave South Africa to avoid military service in the South African military but serving in defence of Apartheid was a concern: "I don't have an issue with serving in the military per se, but serving in the South African army suppressing black people just didn't seem like a really good way to spend time".[9] He wanted to move to the US, saying: "It is where great things are possible".[10]

In 1992, after spending two years at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Elon left Canada, pursuing business and physics at the University of Pennsylvania. Choosing to major at the The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania,[3] he received an undergraduate degree in Business, and from University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences,[3] he received a second bachelor's degree in Physics.[11] He then moved to the Silicon Valley area of California to undertake a PhD in Applied Physics and Materials Science at Stanford. He did not finish that degree. His undergraduate degrees behind him, and drawing inspiration from innovators such as Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla, Bill Gates, Steve Wozniak and many others,[12] Musk then considered three areas he wanted to get into that were "important problems that would most affect the future of humanity", as he said later, "One was the Internet, one was clean energy, and one was space".[9]

Career

Musk went on to a graduate program in both applied physics and materials science at Stanford in 1995. He stayed two days before dropping out to start Zip2, which provided online content publishing software for news organisations, with his brother Kimbal Musk.[13] In 1999, Compaq's AltaVista division acquired Zip2 for US$307 million in cash and US$34 million in stock options.[14]

PayPal

Main article: PayPal

Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company, in March 1999. One year later, in a 50/50 merger,[15] X.com acquired Confinity,[16] which operated an auction payment system similar in size to X.com, namely PayPal. Musk was instrumental in organizing the purchase due to his belief in emerging online transfer or "P2P" technology.[16] Musk believed that the Confinity sub-brand would become the necessary vehicle to incorporate and develop a person-to-person payment platform within X.com.[16] The combined company at first adopted X.com as the corporate name, but in February 2001, X.com changed its legal name to PayPal Inc. Musk was instrumental in the new PayPal’s focus on a global payment system and departure from the core financial offerings of X.com.[17]

PayPal’s early growth was due in large part to a successful viral growth campaign created by Musk.[18] In October 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for US$1.5 billion in stock.[19] Before its sale, Musk, the company's largest shareholder, owned 11.7% of PayPal's shares.[20]

SpaceX

Main article: SpaceX
Musk with President Barack Obama at the Falcon 9 launch site in 2010

Musk founded his third company, Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX), in June 2002[21] and is the CEO and CTO. SpaceX develops and manufactures space launch vehicles with a focus on advancing the state of rocket technology. The company's first two launch vehicles are the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 rockets and its first spacecraft is Dragon.[22]

SpaceX was awarded a $1.6 billion NASA contract on 23 December 2008, for 12 flights of their Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after it retired in 2011. Initially, Falcon 9/Dragon will replace the cargo transport function of the Shuttle and astronaut transport will be handled by the Soyuz. However, SpaceX has designed Falcon 9/Dragon with astronaut transport in mind and the Augustine commission has recommended that astronaut transport be handled by commercial companies like SpaceX.[23]

Musk views space exploration as an important step in expanding—if not preserving—the consciousness of human life.[24] Musk has said that multiplanetary life may serve as a hedge against threats to the survival of the human species. "An asteroid or a super volcano could destroy us, and we face risks the dinosaurs never saw: An engineered virus, inadvertent creation of a micro black hole, catastrophic global warming or some as-yet-unknown technology could spell the end of us. Humankind evolved over millions of years, but in the last sixty years atomic weaponry created the potential to extinguish ourselves. Sooner or later, we must expand life beyond this green and blue ball—or go extinct." Musk's goal is to reduce the cost of human spaceflight by a factor of 10.[25] He founded SpaceX with $100 million of his early fortune. He remains chief executive officer and chief technology officer of the Hawthorne, Calif.-based company.[26]

In seven years, SpaceX designed the family of Falcon launch vehicles and the Dragon multi-purpose spacecraft from the ground-up. In September 2009, SpaceX's Falcon 1 rocket became the first privately funded liquid-fuelled vehicle to put a satellite into Earth orbit. NASA selected SpaceX to be part of the first program that entrusts private companies to deliver cargo to the International Space Station. This contract, which has a minimum value of $1.6 billion and a maximum value of $3.1 billion, has become a cornerstone of the Space Station's continued access to cargo delivery and return. In addition to these services, SpaceX's goals include simultaneously lowering the price of orbital spaceflight and improving reliability, both by an order of magnitude, while creating the first fully reusable orbital launch vehicle. In the coming years, Musk will focus on delivering astronauts to the International Space Station, but has stated his personal goal of eventually enabling human exploration and settlement of Mars. In a 2011 interview, he said he hopes to send humans to Mars' surface within 10–20 years.[27] On 25 May 2012, the SpaceX Dragon vehicle docked with the ISS, making history as the first commercial company to launch and dock a vehicle to the International Space Station.

Tesla Motors

Main article: Tesla Motors
Musk observing an assembly demo at the reopening of the NUMMI plant, now Tesla Motors (Fremont, CA) in 2010

Musk is a co-founder and currently head of product design at Tesla Motors. He oversaw development of the Tesla Roadster. Musk's interest in electric vehicles extends long before the creation of Tesla.

Musk began by hiring Martin Eberhard as CEO and a management team and provided almost all of the capital for Tesla's first two funding rounds, giving him a controlling interest from the start. As a result of the financial crisis in 2008 and a forced layoff at Tesla,[28] Musk was forced to assume the additional responsibility of CEO.

Musk with California Senator Dianne Feinstein next to a Tesla Model S (2010)

Tesla Motors first built an electric sports car, the Tesla Roadster, which has shipped over 2,300 vehicles to 31 countries. Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model S sedan on 22 June 2012 and unveiled its third product the Model X, aimed at the SUV/minivan market, on 9 February 2012. Model X is scheduled to begin production in 2014.[29] In addition to its own cars, Tesla sells electric powertrain systems to Daimler for the Smart EV and Mercedes A Class, and to Toyota for the upcoming electric RAV4. Musk was also able to bring in both companies as long term investors in Tesla.

Musk is principally responsible for an overarching business strategy that aims to deliver affordable electric vehicles to mass-market consumers. His vision was to create the Tesla Roadster as a means to that end—a car aimed specifically at affluent early adopters, whose purchase of the sports car would subsidise the research and development costs of lower priced models of electric vehicles. From the start of Tesla, Musk has been a champion of the Model S, a four-door family sedan with an anticipated base price of half that of the Roadster. Musk has also favoured building a sub-$30,000 subcompact and building and selling electric vehicle powertrain components so that other automakers can produce electric vehicles at affordable prices without having to develop the products in house.[30] Several mainstream publications have compared him with Henry Ford for his revolutionary work on advanced vehicle powertrains.[31]

He is reported to have a 32% stake in Tesla, which is currently valued above $1 billion, as of March 2012.[32][33]

SolarCity

Main article: SolarCity

Musk provided the initial concept for SolarCity, where he remains the largest shareholder and chairman of the board. SolarCity is the largest provider of solar power systems in the United States. His cousin Lyndon Rive is the CEO and co-founder.[34][35] The underlying motivation for funding both SolarCity and Tesla is to help combat global warming.[36] In 2012, Musk announced that SolarCity and Tesla Motors are collaborating to use electric vehicle batteries to smooth the impact of rooftop solar on the power grid.[37]

Philanthropy

Musk is chairman of the Musk Foundation, which focuses its philanthropic efforts on science education, pediatric health and clean energy. He is a trustee of the X Prize Foundation, promoting renewable energy technologies. He sits on the boards of The Space Foundation, The National Academies Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, The Planetary Society, and Stanford Engineering Advisory Board. Musk is also a member of the board of trustees of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).

He began a multi-million dollar program through his foundation in 2010 to donate solar power systems for critical needs in disaster areas. The first such solar power installation occurred on a hurricane response center in Alabama that had been neglected by state and federal aid. To make it clear that this was not serving Musk's commercial interests, SolarCity noted that it had no present or planned business activity in Alabama.[38]

Musk had plans for a "Mars Oasis" project in 2001, which would land a miniature experimental greenhouse on Mars, containing food crops growing on Martian regolith.[39][40] He put this project on hold when he came to the conclusion that the fundamental problem preventing humanity from becoming a true spacefaring civilization was the lack of advancement in rocket technology. He has sought to address this by founding SpaceX to create revolutionary new interplanetary rockets.

His long term goal is to help humanity through SpaceX by creating a true spacefaring civilization.[41] Musk's philosophy and description of what is needed to solve the problem are provided in the IEEE podcast "Elon Musk: a founder of Paypal, Tesla Motors, and SpaceX"[42] and article "Risky Business."[40]

Musk joined The Giving Pledge in April 2012, offering a moral commitment to donate the majority of his fortune to philanthropy.[43] Musk became a member of the campaign first popularised by Warren Buffett and Bill Gates with a class of 12 of America’s wealthiest families and individuals, which included Arthur Blank and Michael Moritz.[43]

Car blog Jalopnik reported on 16 August 2012 that Musk was supporting an effort by Matthew Inman of The Oatmeal to preserve the site of Nikola Tesla's lab and turn it into a museum, the Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe.[44]

Awards and recognition

  • Listed as one of Time Magazine's 100 people who most affected the world in 2010. Jon Favreau, director of the Iron Man movies, describes in his article how Musk was the inspiration for Favreau's film depiction of genius billionaire Tony Stark.[45]
  • The world governing body for aerospace records, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, presented Musk in 2010 with the highest award in air & space, the FAI Gold Space Medal, for designing the first privately developed rocket to reach orbit. Prior recipients include Neil Armstrong, Burt Rutan of Scaled Composites and John Glenn.
  • Named as one of the 75 most influential people of the 21st century by Esquire magazine.[24]
  • In June 2011, Musk was awarded the $500,000 Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization[46]
  • In February 2011, Forbes listed Musk as one of "America's 20 Most Powerful CEOs 40 And Under".[47]
  • Recognized as a Living Legend in Aviation in 2010 by the Kitty Hawk Foundation for creating the successor to the Space Shuttle (Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft). Other recipients include Buzz Aldrin and Richard Branson.[48]
  • American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low award for the most outstanding contribution in the field of space transportation in 2007/2008. Musk was recognized for his design of the Falcon 1, the first privately developed liquid fuel rocket to reach orbit.[49]
  • National Space Society's Von Braun Trophy in 2008/2009, given for leadership of the most significant achievement in space. Prior recipients include Burt Rutan and Steve Squyres.[50]
  • National Wildlife Federation 2008 National Conservation Achievement award for Tesla Motors and SolarCity. Other 2008 recipients include journalist Thomas Friedman, U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy and Florida Governor Charlie Crist.[51]
  • The Aviation Week 2008 Laureate for the most significant achievement worldwide in the space industry.[52]
  • R&D Magazine Innovator of the Year for 2007 for SpaceX, Tesla and SolarCity.[53]
  • Automotive Executive of the Year (worldwide) in 2010 for demonstrating technology leadership and innovation via Tesla Motors. Prior awardees include Bill Ford Jr, Bob Lutz, Dieter Zetsche and Lee Iacocca. Musk is the youngest ever recipient of this award.[54]
  • Inc Magazine Entrepreneur of the Year award for 2007 for his work on Tesla and SpaceX.[55]
  • 2007 Index Design award for his design of the Tesla Roadster.[56] Global Green 2006 product design award for his design of the Tesla Roadster, presented by Mikhail Gorbachev.[57]
  • In 2010, Musk was elected to the board of trustees of the California Institute of Technology.[58]
  • In 2011, Musk was honored as a Legendary Leader at the Churchill Club Awards.[59]
  • In 2012, Musk was awarded with the Royal Aeronautical’s Society’s highest award – a Gold Medal.[60]

Musk is a Director of the Planetary Society, a Trustee of The X-Prize Foundation and a member of the Stanford University Engineering Advisory Board. He has previously served as a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board.[61] In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, Musk was ranked as the No. 10 (tied with rocketry pioneer and scientist Wernher von Braun) most popular space hero.[62]

Honorary Doctorates

Interests

Musk has described himself as a workaholic who routinely invests 100 hours per week running Tesla Motors and SpaceX, often flying in a fuel-efficient corporate jet.[65]

The SpaceX factory was used as a filming location for Iron Man 2 and Musk has a cameo in the movie.[66]

Musk previously owned and later sold a McLaren F1 sports car and a Czech made jet trainer aircraft Aero L-39.[67] The 1994 model Dassault Falcon 900 aircraft used in the 2005 film Thank You for Smoking is registered to Musk (N900SX)[68] and Musk had a cameo as the pilot of his plane, opening the door for Robert Duvall and escorting Aaron Eckhart aboard.[69] Musk is an attendee of the Burning Man festival, and says that he first thought up the idea for SolarCity at the 2004 festival.[37] Recently, he proposed a solar-powered jet tunnel system known as the Hyperloop that would enable individuals to make trips from San Francisco to Los Angeles in less than 30 minutes.[70]

Family

Musk lives in Bel Air, California. Musk met his first wife, the Canadian-born author Justine Musk, while they were both students at Queen's University. They were married in 2000 and together had six sons, the first of whom died in infancy, then twins followed by triplets.[71] They announced their separation in September 2008. Musk announced in January 2012 that he had recently ended a four-year relationship with his second wife, British actress Talulah Riley.[72]

Tosca Musk, Elon's sister, is the founder of Musk Entertainment and has produced various movies.[73][74] Elon himself was the executive producer of her first movie, called Puzzled.[75] [verification needed] His brother Kimbal is the CEO of a social search company OneRiot and owner of The Kitchen restaurant with locations in Boulder, Colorado and Denver, Colorado.[76]

Quotes

  • "We have planes, trains, automobiles and boats," ... "What if there was a fifth mode?," on the Hyperloop.[70]
  • "In terms of the Internet, it's like humanity acquiring a collective nervous system. Whereas previously we were more like a... collection of cells that communicated by diffusion. With the advent of the Internet, it was suddenly like we got a nervous system. It's a hugely impactful thing."[77]
  • "Sooner or later, we must expand life beyond our little blue mud ball--or go extinct"[78]
  • "I would like to die on Mars; just not on impact."[79]
  • "We need to figure out how to have the things we love, and not destroy the world."[80]
  • "Since our primary competitors are national governments, the enforceability of patents is questionable." [81]

References

  1. ^ "Elon Musk (American entrepreneur)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  2. ^ a b Forbes: "The World's Billionaires - Elon Musk" March 2013
  3. ^ a b c d e "Elon Musk – Official Bio". SpaceX. Retrieved 23 December 2012. Cite error: The named reference "i" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ "Elon Musk". Forbes. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  5. ^ Bloomberg: "Tesla Surges After Posting Profit; Value Exceeds Fiat’s" May 2013
  6. ^ "The New Yorker, Volume 85, Issues 23–30". New Yorker Magazine. 85 (23–30). 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  7. ^ Seth Masia (May 2011). "A Family Leads to the Installer Universe". Solar Today. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  8. ^ Elliott, Hannah. "At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire". Forbes. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d Belfiore, Michael (2007). "Chapter 7: "Orbit on a Shoestring"". Rocketeers. HarperCollins. pp. 166–195. ISBN 978-0-06-114902-3.
  10. ^ Halvorson, Todd (29 January 2005). "Elon Musk Unveiled". Florida Today. Retrieved 20 December 2008.
  11. ^ Friedman, Josh (22 April 2003), Entrepreneur Tries His Midas Touch in Space, Los Angeles Times
  12. ^ Inspirations with Elon Musk. "OnInnovation". Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  13. ^ Friedman, Josh (22 April 2003). "Entrepreneur Tries His Midas Touch in Space;". GlobalSecurity.org.
  14. ^ Junnarkar, Sandeep (16 February 1999). "Compaq buys Zip2". CNet News.com.com.
  15. ^ Lee Hower's answer to What did Reid Hoffman do at PayPal? – Quora
  16. ^ a b c "Elon Musk Biography". Advameg, Inc. 23 August 2005.
  17. ^ Ptacek, Megan (11 October 2000). "X.com Scraps Bank Strategy To Focus on PayPal System". American Banker.
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  19. ^ "SEC 10-K" (PDF). EBay. 31 December 2002.
  20. ^ "SEC 10-K". Paypal. 31 December 2001.
  21. ^ Wayne, Leslie (5 February 2006). "A Bold Plan to Go Where Men Have Gone Before". New York Times. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
  22. ^ url=http://www.spacex.com>
  23. ^ Hinton, Christopher (13 August 2009). "NASA committee seeks more private industry involvement". Marketwatch.
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  29. ^ "Model X". Tesla Motors. 29 October 2012.
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  31. ^ Hamilton, Tyler (12 October 2009). "Tesla CEO following in Henry Ford's tracks". Toronto Star.
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  33. ^ Melby, Caleb. "How Elon Musk Became A Billionaire Twice Over – Forbes". Forbes.
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  37. ^ a b van Diggelen, Alison. "Tesla and SolarCity Collaborate on Clean Energy Storage". KQED. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  38. ^ "Elon Musk and SolarCity Donate Solar Power Project to Coastal Response Center in Alabama". Enhanced Online News. Business Wire.
  39. ^ McKnight, John Carter (25 September 2001). "Elon Musk, Life to Mars Foundation". Mars Now, a weekly column. Space Frontier Foundation.
  40. ^ a b Musk, Elon (June 2009). "Risky Business". IEEE Spectrum.
  41. ^ Elon Musk (8 September 2006). "SpaceX wins NASA competition to replace Space Shuttle". SpaceX.
  42. ^ Perry, Tesla. "Elon Musk: a founder of Paypal, Tesla Motors, and SpaceX" (Podcast). IEEE Spectrum.
  43. ^ a b Kroll, Luisa (19 April 2012). "The Giving Pledge Signs on 12 More Wealthy Americans Including Tesla's Elon Musk And Home Depot's Arthur Blank". Forbes.
  44. ^ Hardigree, Matt (16 August 2012). "Elon Musk Pledges To Support Nikola Tesla Museum Project". Jalopnik. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
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  46. ^ Dula, Art (16 June 2011). "Heinlein Prize Honors Elon Musk of SpaceX". The Heinlein Prize.
  47. ^ Smith, Jacquelyn (14 February 2011). "America's 20 Most Powerful CEOs 40 And Under". Forbes. Retrieved 18 February 2011. To make this list, you had to be the chief executive of one of the 20 biggest publicly traded companies in the U.S. (as of Feb. 11, by market capitalization) with a CEO aged 40 or under.
  48. ^ "Living Legend in Aviation Awards". Kittie Hawk Air Academy. 2010.
  49. ^ "SPACEX SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES FALCON 1 TO ORBIT". Space Exploration Technologies Corp. 2008.
  50. ^ "Space Community Gathers at National Space Society's ISDC 2009" (Press release). National Space Society. 17 June 2009.
  51. ^ "Connie Awards". National Wildlife Federation. 2008.
  52. ^ Michels, Jennifer (4 March 2009). "Aviation Week Reveals Laureate Award Winners". Aviation Week.
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  54. ^ "Automotive Executive of the Year". DNV Certification. 2010.
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  58. ^ "Caltech Elects Two Innovators to Board of Trustees".
  59. ^ "2011 Churchill Club Awards".
  60. ^ "2012 RAeS Gold Medal".
  61. ^ Priorities in Space Science Enabled by Nuclear Power And Propulsion. The National Academies Press. 2006.
  62. ^ "Space Foundation Survey Reveals Broad Range of Space Heroes".
  63. ^ Graduation show, Art Center College of Design, USA – 18 December 2010
  64. ^ Surrey celebrates its honrary graduates, Surrey Graduate, Surrey Alumni Society, Autumn/Winter 2009.
  65. ^ Robinson, Aaron (9 September 2009). "Ampere Man" (PDF). Wheels Magazine. pp. 68–73.
  66. ^ "Elon Musk in Iron Man 2". 2 April 2012.
  67. ^ Wayne, Leslie (5 February 2006). "A Bold Plan to Go Where Men Have Gone Before". The New York Times.
  68. ^ FlightAware. "Aircraft Registration N900SK". `. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  69. ^ IMDB. "Thank You for Smoking: Full Cast and Crew". Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  70. ^ a b Garber, Megan (13 July 2012). "The Real iPod: Elon Musk's Wild Idea for a 'Jetson Tunnel' from S.F. to L.A." The Atlantic. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  71. ^ Musk, Justine (10 September 2010). ""I Was a Starter Wife": Inside America's Messiest Divorce". Marie Claire. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  72. ^ "Millionaire PayPal founder Elon Musk divorces actress wife Talulah Riley...and announces split via Twitter". Daily Mail. London. 20 January 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
  73. ^ "Tosca Musk". Musk entertainment.
  74. ^ Tosca Musk at IMDb
  75. ^ Elon Musk at IMDb[verification needed] for
  76. ^ Kimbal Musk ‹ The Kitchen Community
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  78. ^ "Elon Musk". Esquire. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
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  81. ^ "Elon Musk: The mind behind Tesla, SpaceX, SolarCity ..." 19 March 2013.
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