Brexit

Brexit is the popular term for the United Kingdom's prospective^[1] withdrawal from the European Union (EU).^[2]

In a referendum on 23 June 2016, 51.9% voted to leave the EU. On 29 March 2017, the British government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on the European Union; although revoking this might be legally possible,^[3] the UK is thus on course to leave the EU in March 2019.^[4]

Prime Minister Theresa May announced that the UK would not seek permanent membership of the single market or the customs union after leaving the EU^[5]^[6] and promised to repeal the European Communities Act of 1972 and incorporate existing European Union law into UK domestic law.^[7] Negotiations with the EU officially started in June 2017.

The UK joined the European Communities on 1 January 1973,^[8]^[9] with membership later confirmed by the holding of the first ever national referendum in June 1975. In the 1970s and 1980s, withdrawal from the EC was advocated mainly by Labour Party and trade union figures. From the 1990s, the main advocates of withdrawal were the newly founded UK Independence Party (UKIP) and an increasing number of Eurosceptic Conservatives.

Term "Brexit"

Brexit (like its early variant, Brixit)^[10] is a portmanteau of "British" and "exit". It was derived by analogy from Grexit, referring to a hypothetical withdrawal of Greece from the eurozone (and possibly also the EU).^[11]^[12] The term Brexit may have first been used in reference to a possible UK withdrawal from the EU by Peter Wilding, in a Euractiv blog post on 15 May 2012 (given as the first attestation in the Oxford English Dictionary).^[13]^[14]^[12]

The terms "hard Brexit" and "soft Brexit" are much used unofficially,^[15] and are understood to describe the prospective relationship between the UK and the EU after withdrawal, ranging from hard, that could involve the UK trading with the EU like any other non-EU-member country under World Trade Organization rules but with no obligation to accept free movement of people, to soft, that might involve retaining membership of the EU single market for goods and services and at least some free movement of people, according to European Economic Area rules.^[16]

Historical background

In 1951, the "Inner Six" European countries signed the Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), followed shortly by the 1957 Treaties of Rome establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). In 1967, these became known as the European Communities (EC). The UK applied to join in 1963 and 1967, but was vetoed by the French President, Charles de Gaulle.^[17] After de Gaulle relinquished the French presidency the UK successfully applied for membership and the Conservative prime minister Edward Heath signed the Treaty of Accession in 1972,^[18] Parliament passed the European Communities Act later in the year^[19] and the UK became a member of the EC on 1 January 1973 with Denmark and Ireland.^[20]

The opposition Labour Party contested the October 1974 general election with a commitment to renegotiate Britain's terms of membership of the EC and then hold a referendum on whether to remain in the EC on the new terms.^[21] After Labour won the election the United Kingdom held its first ever national referendum on whether the UK should remain in the European Communities in 1975. Despite significant division within the ruling Labour Party^[22] all major political parties and the mainstream press supported continuing membership of the EC. On 5 June 1975, 67.2% of the electorate and all but two^[23] UK counties and regions voted to stay in^[24] and support for the UK to leave the EC in 1975 appears unrelated to the support for Leave in the 2016 referendum.^[25]

The Labour Party campaigned in the 1983 general election on a commitment to withdraw from the EC without a referendum^[26] although after a heavy defeat Labour changed its policy.^[26] In 1985 the Thatcher government ratified the Single European Act—the first major revision to the Treaty of Rome- without a referendum.

In October 1990, under pressure from senior ministers and despite Margaret Thatcher's deep reservations, the United Kingdom joined the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), with the pound sterling pegged to the deutschmark. Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister the following month, amid Conservative Party divisions arising partly from her increasingly Eurosceptic views. The United Kingdom and Italy were forced to withdraw from the ERM in September 1992, after the pound sterling and the lira came under pressure ("Black Wednesday").^[27]

Under the Maastricht Treaty, the European Communities became the European Union on 1 November 1993,^[28] reflecting the evolution of the organisation from an economic union into a political union.^[29]

Referendum Party and UKIP

In 1994 Sir James Goldsmith formed the Referendum Party to contest the 1997 general election on a platform of providing a referendum on whether the EU should be a "superstate" or "association of nations".^[30] It fielded candidates in 547 constituencies at that election, and won 810,860 votes or 2.6% of the total votes cast,^[31] although it failed to win a single parliamentary seat due to its vote being spread across the country. The Referendum Party disbanded after Goldsmith's death in 1997.

The UK Independence Party (UKIP), a Eurosceptic political party, was also formed, in 1993. It achieved third place in the UK during the 2004 European elections, second place in the 2009 European elections and first place in the 2014 European elections, with 27.5% of the total vote. This was the first time since the 1910 general election that any party other than the Labour or Conservative parties had taken the largest share of the vote in a nationwide election.^[32] UKIP's electoral success in the 2014 European election has been documented as the strongest correlate of the support for the leave campaign in the 2016 referendum.^[33]

In 2014, UKIP won two by-elections, triggered by defecting Conservative MPs, and in the 2015 general election took 12.6% of the total vote and held one of the two seats won in 2014.^[34]

Opinion Polls 1977–2015

Since 1977, both pro- and anti-European views have had majority support at different times.^[35] In the United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum of 1975, two-thirds of British voters favoured continued EC membership.

In a statistical analysis published in April 2016, Professor John Curtice of Strathclyde University defined Euroscepticism as the wish to sever or reduce the powers of the EU, and conversely Europhilia as the desire to preserve or increase the powers of the EU. According to this definition, the British Social Attitudes (BSA) surveys show an increase in euroscepticism from 38% (1993) to 65% (2015). Euroscepticism should however not be confused with the wish to leave the EU: the BSA survey for the period July–November 2015 shows that 60% backed the option "continue as an EU member", and only 30% backed the option to "withdraw".^[36]

Referendum of 2016

Negotiations for EU reform

In 2012, Prime Minister David Cameron rejected calls for a referendum on the UK's EU membership, but suggested the possibility of a future referendum to gauge public support.^[37]^[38] According to the BBC, "The prime minister acknowledged the need to ensure the UK's position within the European Union had 'the full-hearted support of the British people' but they needed to show 'tactical and strategic patience'."^[39]

Under pressure from many of his MPs and from the rise of UKIP, in January 2013, Cameron announced that a Conservative government would hold an in–out referendum on EU membership before the end of 2017, on a renegotiated package, if elected in 2015.^[40]

The Conservative Party unexpectedly won the 2015 general election with a majority. Soon afterwards the European Union Referendum Act 2015 was introduced into Parliament to enable the referendum. Cameron favoured remaining in a reformed European Union, and sought to renegotiate on four key points: protection of the single market for non-eurozone countries, reduction of "red tape", exempting Britain from "ever-closer union", and restricting EU immigration.^[41]

In December 2015, opinion polls showed a clear majority in favour of remaining in the EU, although support would drop if David Cameron did not negotiate adequate safeguards around safeguards for non-Eurozone member states and restriction on benefits for EU citizens.^[42]

The outcome of the renegotiations was announced in February 2016. Some limits to in-work benefits for new EU immigrants were agreed, but before they could be applied, a country such as the UK would have to get permission from the European Commission and then from the European Council.^[43]

In a speech to the House of Commons on 22 February 2016, Cameron announced a referendum date of 23 June 2016, and commented on the renegotiation settlement.^[44] He spoke of an intention to trigger the Article 50 process immediately following a leave vote, and of the "two-year time period to negotiate the arrangements for exit."^[45]

Campaign groups

The official campaign group for leaving the EU was Vote Leave^[46] after a contest for the designation with Leave.EU.^[47]^[48]

The official campaign to stay in the EU, chaired by Stuart Rose, was known as Britain Stronger in Europe, or informally as Remain. Other campaigns supporting remaining in the EU included Conservatives In,^[49] Labour in for Britain,^[50] #INtogether (Liberal Democrats),^[51] Greens for a Better Europe,^[52] Scientists for EU,^[53] Environmentalists For Europe,^[54] Universities for Europe^[55] and Another Europe is Possible.^[56]

Referendum result

The result was announced on the morning of 24 June: 51.9% voted in favour of leaving the European Union, and 48.1% voted in favour of remaining a member of the European Union.^[57]^[58] Comprehensive results are available from the UK Electoral Commission Referendum Results site. A petition calling for a second referendum attracted more than four million signatures,^[59]^[60] but was rejected by the government on 9 July.^[61]

2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
Choice	Votes	%
Leave the European Union	17,410,742	51.89
Remain a member of the European Union	16,141,241	48.11
Valid votes	33,551,983	99.92
Invalid or blank votes	25,359	0.08
Total votes	33,577,342	100.00
Registered voters/turnout	46,500,001	72.21
Source: Electoral Commission^[62]

National referendum results (excluding invalid votes)
Leave 17,410,742 (51.9%)	Remain 16,141,241 (48.1%)
▲ 50%

Results by UK voting region (left) and by council district/unitary authority (GB) & UK Parliament constituency (NI) (right)

Leave

Remain

Region		Electorate	Voter turnout, of eligible	Votes		Proportion of votes		Invalid votes
Region		Electorate	Voter turnout, of eligible	Remain	Leave	Remain	Leave	Invalid votes
	East Midlands	3,384,299	74.2%	1,033,036	1,475,479	41.18%	58.82%	1,981
	East of England	4,398,796	75.7%	1,448,616	1,880,367	43.52%	56.48%	2,329
	Greater London	5,424,768	69.7%	2,263,519	1,513,232	59.93%	40.07%	4,453
	North East England	1,934,341	69.3%	562,595	778,103	41.96%	58.04%	689
	North West England	5,241,568	70.0%	1,699,020	1,966,925	46.35%	53.65%	2,682
	Northern Ireland	1,260,955	62.7%	440,707	349,442	55.78%	44.22%	374
	Scotland	3,987,112	67.2%	1,661,191	1,018,322	62.00%	38.00%	1,666
	South East England	6,465,404	76.8%	2,391,718	2,567,965	48.22%	51.78%	3,427
	South West England (inc Gibraltar)	4,138,134	76.7%	1,503,019	1,669,711	47.37%	52.63%	2,179
	Wales	2,270,272	71.7%	772,347	854,572	47.47%	52.53%	1,135
	West Midlands	4,116,572	72.0%	1,207,175	1,755,687	40.74%	59.26%	2,507
	Yorkshire and the Humber	3,877,780	70.7%	1,158,298	1,580,937	42.29%	57.71%	1,937

Template:UKEU2016ResultsBar

Results by region (left) and by local council district (GB) & UK Parliament constituency (NI) (right)

Leave

Remain

Political effects

After the result was declared, Cameron announced that he would resign by October.^[63] He stood down on 13 July 2016, with Theresa May becoming Prime Minister after a leadership contest. George Osborne was replaced as Chancellor of the Exchequer by Philip Hammond, former Mayor of London Boris Johnson was appointed Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, and David Davis became Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union. Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn lost a vote of confidence among his parliamentary party, and an unsuccessful leadership challenge was launched. On 4 July, Nigel Farage announced his resignation as leader of UKIP.^[64]

Outside the UK, many Eurosceptic leaders celebrated the result, and expected others to follow the UK example. The right-wing Dutch populist Geert Wilders said that the Netherlands should follow Britain's example and hold a referendum on whether the Netherlands should stay in the European Union.^[65] However, opinion polls in the fortnight following the British referendum show that the immediate reaction in the Netherlands and other European countries was a decline in support for Eurosceptic movements.^[66]

Procedure for leaving the EU

Withdrawal from the European Union is governed by Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. Under the Article 50 invocation procedure, a member notifies the European Council and there is a negotiation period of up to two years, after which the treaties cease to apply. Thus, the UK is set to leave by April 2019.^[67] Although terms of leaving may be agreed,^[68] aspects such as trade may be difficult to negotiate until the UK has left the EU.^[69]

Although the 2015 Referendum Act did not expressly require Article 50 to be invoked,^[70] the UK government stated that it would expect a leave vote to be followed by withdrawal^[71]^[72] despite government refusal to make contingency plans.^[73] Following the referendum result, Cameron resigned and said that it would be for the incoming Prime Minister to invoke Article 50.^[74]^[75]

The Supreme Court ruled in the Miller case in January 2017 that the government needed parliamentary approval to trigger Article 50.^[76]^[77] After the House of Commons overwhelmingly voted, on 1 February 2017, for the government's bill authorising the prime minister to invoke Article 50,^[78] the bill passed into law as the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017. Theresa May signed the letter invoking Article 50 on 28 March 2017, which was delivered on 29 March by Tim Barrow, the UK's ambassador to the EU, to Donald Tusk.^[79]^[80]^[81]

Constitutional validity/sufficiency of the notification

A view has been expressed by some legal thinkers, political actors and journalists that the triggering of Article 50 was on a legal basis technically flawed, with legislation failing to explicitly seek a decision of the UK Parliament.^[82]^[83] However, on 1st February 2017 four hundred and ninety eight MP's, (the vast majority) voted in favour to give the British Prime Minister the power to trigger Article 50.^[84]^[85]

Reversibility

The issue of whether the UK's invocation of Article 50 can be revoked is unclear. The EU Commission^[86] and the European Parliament Brexit committee^[87] have said that reversal has to be agreed by the other EU countries while its author Lord Kerr has asserted that the Article 50 notification is reversible unilaterally.^[88]

Negotiations

Timing

The British and EU negotiators agreed that initial negotiations, relating especially to residency rights, would commence in June 2017 (immediately after the French presidential and parliamentary elections), and full negotiations, relating especially to trading agreements, could commence in October 2017 (immediately after the German federal election, 2017).^[89]^[90]^[91] The first day of talks took place on 19 June.^[92]

History

On 28 June 2016, five days after the referendum, Chancellor Angela Merkel announced to the German parliament the forthcoming EU negotiation position: the UK could only remain in the European Single Market (ESM) if the UK accepted EU migrants. There would be no cherrypicking (Rosinenpicken – raisin picking) of the ESM's four conditions (free movement of goods, capital, services and labour). While she expected the UK to remain an important NATO partner, the EU's priority was unity and self-preservation. She warned the UK not to delude itself.^[93] The next day, European Council president Donald Tusk confirmed that the UK would not be allowed access to the European Single Market unless they accepted its four freedoms of movement for goods, capital, services, and people.^[94]

In contrast, at her October 2016 party conference, Prime Minister Theresa May emphasised that ending the jurisdiction of EU law and free movement from Europe were priorities. She wished "to give British companies the maximum freedom to trade with and operate in the Single Market – and let European businesses do the same here", but not at the expense of losing sovereignty.^[95]^[96]

In November 2016, Prime Minister Theresa May proposed that Britain and the other EU countries mutually guarantee the residency rights of the 3.3 million EU immigrants in Britain and those of the 1.2 million British citizens living on the Continent, in order to exclude their fates being bargained during Brexit negotiations.^[97] Despite initial approval from a majority of EU states, May's proposal was blocked by European Council President Tusk and German Chancellor Merkel.^[98]

In January 2017, the Prime Minister presented 12 negotiating objectives and confirmed that the UK government would not seek permanent single market membership.^[99] The European Parliament's lead negotiator Guy Verhofstadt responded that there could be no "cherry-picking" by the UK in the talks.^[100]

The statutory period for negotiation began on 29 March 2017, when the letter notifying withdrawal, signed by the United Kingdom's prime minister at 10 Downing Street, Westminster, was handed to the president of the European Council in Brussels. The letter calls for a "deep and special relationship" between the UK and the EU, and warns that failure to reach an agreement would result in EU-UK trade under World Trade Organisation terms, and a weakening of the UK's cooperation in the fight against crime and terrorism. The letter suggests prioritising an early deal on the rights of EU citizens in the UK and vice-versa. In the letter, the Prime Minister reasons that as the EU leaders do not wish "cherry picking" of the European Single Market (ESM), the UK does not seek to remain within the ESM. Instead, the UK seeks a free trade agreement with the EU.^[101] In response, German Chancellor Angela Merkel insisted that the EU would not discuss future cooperation without first settling the divorce, the European Parliament lead negotiator Guy Verhofstadt referred to the letter as "blackmail" with regard to the point on security and terrorism, and EU Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker said the UK’s decision to quit the block was a "choice they will regret one day".^[102]

On 29 April 2017, immediately after the first round of French presidential elections, the EU27 heads of state accepted, without discussion,^[103] negotiating guidelines prepared by the President of the European Council.^[104] The guidelines take the view that Article 50 permits a two-phased negotiation, whereby the UK first needs to agree to a financial commitment and to lifelong benefits for EU citizens in Britain, before the EU27 will entertain negotiations on a future relationship.^[105] In the requested first phase of the withdrawal negotiation, the EU27 negotiators demand the UK pay a "divorce bill", initially estimated as amounting up to £52bn and then, after additional financial demands from Germany, France, and Poland, amounting to £92bn.^[106] Nevertheless, a report of the European Union Committee of the House of Lords published on 4 March 2017 states that if there is no post-Brexit deal at the end of the two-year negotiating period, the UK could withdraw without payment.^[107] Similarly, the Prime Minister insisted to EU Commission President Juncker that talks about the future UK-EU relationship should start early and that Britain did not owe any money to the EU under the current treaties.^[108]

On the EU27 side, unflattering details of a four-way meeting between Prime Minister Theresa May, Brexit Minister David Davis, EU Commission President Juncker and his chief-of-staff Martin Selmayr were leaked to the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung, presumably by Martin Selmayr.^[109] According to the leaked description, Juncker claimed that Theresa May was "living in another galaxy" when suggesting that British and EU migrant rights could be rapidly negotiated and agreed in the course of June 2017. German Chancellor Angela Merkel concurred the next day by stating that there were "illusions" on the British side.^[108] A few days later, Juncker disclaimed responsibility and called the leak a mistake, Der Spiegel magazine reported that Angela Merkel was annoyed with Juncker for the leak, while European Council President Tusk admonished participants to use discretion during the negotiations.^[110] The background for German nervousness allegedly is the possibility that Britain may veto EU budget increases, which for example in the immediate term amount to 4 billion euros. A continued British veto would have far-reaching consequences and "will hurt us" according to German MEP Jens Geier.^[111]

On 22 May 2017, the European Council authorised its negotiators to start the Brexit talks and it adopted its negotiating directives.^[112] The first day of talks took place on 19 June, where Davis and Barnier agreed to prioritise the question of residency rights, while Davis conceded that a discussion of the Northern Irish border would have to await future trade agreements.^[113]

On 22 June 2017 Prime Minister May guaranteed, at a European Council meeting in Brussels, that no EU citizen living legally in the UK would be forced to leave, and she offered that any EU citizen living in the UK for more than 5 years until an unspecified deadline between March 2017 and March 2019 would enjoy the same rights as a UK citizen, conditional on the EU providing the same offer to British expatriates living in the EU. The EU leaders did not immediately reciprocate the offer, with Council President Tusk objecting that the European Council is not a forum for the Brexit negotiations, and Commission president Juncker stating "I’m not negotiating here."^[114]

The Prime Minister detailed her residency proposals in the House of Commons on 26 June 2017, but drew no concessions from EU negotiators,^[115] who had declined to expedite agreement on expatriates by the end of June 2017,^[109] and who are hoping for European courts to continue to have jurisdiction in the UK with regards to EU citizens, according to their negotiation aims published in May 2017.^[116]^[117]

The second round of negotiations began in Brussels in mid-July 2017. It is considered the beginning of substantial negotiations, with 98 UK negotiators and 45 EU27 negotiators.^[118] Progress is being made on the Northern Irish border question, whereas UK negotiators have requested a detailed breakdown of the "divorce bill" demand estimated at 65 billion euros, while the EU negotiators criticise the UK's citizenship rights offer.^[119] At the concluding press conference, David Davis did not commit to a net payment by the UK to the EU with regards to the requested divorce bill, while Michel Barnier explained that he would not compromise on his demand for the European Court of Justice to have continuing jurisdiction over the rights of EU citizens living in the UK after Brexit,^[120] rejecting the compromise proposal of a new international body made up of British and EU judges.^[121]

On August 16, 2017, the British government disclosed the first of several papers detailing British ambitions following Brexit, discussing trade and customs arrangements.^[122] On August 23, 2017, Prime Minister Theresa May announced that Britain will leave the EU Court of Justice's direct jurisdiction when the Brexit transition period that is planned after March 2019 ends, but that both the British courts and the EU Court of Justice will also keep "half an eye" on each other's rulings afterwards as well.^[123]

Post-Article 50 Legislation

European Union (Withdrawal) bill

In October 2016, Theresa May promised a "Great Repeal Bill", which would repeal the European Communities Act 1972 and restate in UK law all enactments previously in force under EU law. Subsequently renamed the European Union (Withdrawal) bill, it was introduced to the House of Commons on 13 July 2017.^[124] The bill will not come into force until the date of exit, and aims to smooth the transition by ensuring that all laws remain in force until specifically repealed.^[125] The bill has raised constitutional issues regarding the devolution settlements with the UK nations, particularly in Scotland.^[126]

Additional government bills

A report published in March 2017 by the Institute for Government commented that, in addition to the European Union (Withdrawal) bill, primary and secondary legislation will be needed to cover the gaps in policy areas such as customs, immigration and agriculture.^[127] The report also commented that the role of the devolved legislatures was unclear, and could cause problems, and as many as fifteen new additional Brexit Bills may be required, which would involve strict prioritisation and limiting Parliamentary time for in-depth examination of new legislation.^[128]

The House of Lords continued to publish a series of reports on Brexit related subjects including:

Voting on the final outcome

Replying to questions at a parliamentary committee about Parliament's involvement in voting on the outcome of the negotiations with the EU, the Prime Minister said that "delivering on the vote of the British people to leave the European Union" was her priority. The shadow Brexit secretary, Keir Starmer, commented that the government did not want a vote at the beginning of the process, to trigger Article 50, nor a vote at the end.^[129]

Consequences of withdrawal for the United Kingdom

Immigration

Immigration was cited as the second-most important reason for those voting to Leave. However, forecasts indicate that immigration ﬂows to the UK will remain relatively high after Brexit.^[130] Several thousand British citizens resident in other EU countries have after the referendum applied for citizenship where they live, since they fear losing the right to work there.^[131]

Economic effects

During the referendum, the economic arguments were a major area of debate. Most economists, including the UK Treasury, argued that being in the EU has a strong positive effect on trade and as a result the UK's trade would be worse off if it left the EU.^[132]^[133] Others argued for the benefits of being free of EU "red tape" regulations and from going the full route of complete free trade. Additionally, not contributing to the EU budget would improve the budget and allowing tax cuts or higher government spending.^[134]

After the referendum, the Institute for Fiscal Studies published a report funded by the Economic and Social Research Council which warned that Britain would lose up to £70 billion in reduced economic growth if it didn't retain Single Market membership, with new trade deals unable to make up the difference.^[135] One of these areas is financial services, which are helped by EU-wide "passporting" for financial products, which the Financial Times estimates indirectly accounts for up to 71,000 jobs and 10 billion pounds of tax annually,^[136] and many banks have announced plans to relocate outside the UK.^[137]

On 5 January 2017, Andy Haldane, the Chief Economist and the Executive Director of Monetary Analysis and Statistics at the Bank of England, admitted that forecasts predicting an economic downturn due to the referendum were inaccurate and noted strong market performance after the referendum,^[138]^[139]^[140] although some have pointed to prices rising faster than wages.^[141]

Brexit requires relocating the offices and staff of the European Medicines Agency and European Banking Authority, currently based in London.^[142] The EU is also investigating the feasibility of restricting the clearing of euro-denominated trades to Eurozone jurisdictions, attempting to end London's dominance in this sector.^[143]

Effect on academic research

The UK received more from the EU for research than it contributed^[144] with universities getting just over 10% of their research income from the EU.^[145] All funding for net beneficiaries from the EU, including universities, was guaranteed by the government in August 2016.^[146] Before the funding announcement, a newspaper investigation reported that some research projects were reluctant to include British researchers due to uncertainties over funding.^[147]

Currently the UK is part of the European Research Area and the UK is likely to wish to remain an associated member.^[148]

Scotland

As predicted before the referendum,^[149] the Scottish Government announced that officials were planning a second independence referendum on the day after the UK voted to leave and Scotland voted to stay.^[150] In March 2017, the SNP leader and First Minister Nicola Sturgeon requested a second Scottish independence referendum for 2018 to 2019 (before Brexit is expected to take effect).^[151] The Prime Minister immediately rejected the requested timing (although not the referendum itself).^[152] The referendum was approved by the Scottish Parliament on 28 March 2017. Sturgeon is calling for a "phased return" of an independent Scotland back to the EU.^[153]

After the referendum, Nicola Sturgeon also stated that Scotland might refuse consent for legislation required to leave the EU,^[154] though some lawyers argue that Scotland cannot block Brexit.^[155]

International agreements

The Financial Times approximates there to be 759 international agreements, spanning 168 non-EU countries, that the UK would no longer be a party to upon leaving the EU.^[156] This figure does not include World Trade Organisation or United Nations opt-in accords, and excludes "narrow agreements", which may have to be renegotiated as well.^[156]

Options for continuing relationship with the EU

The UK's post-Brexit relationship with the remaining EU members could take several forms. A research paper presented to the UK Parliament in July 2013 proposed a number of alternatives to membership which would continue to allow access to the EU internal market. These include remaining in the European Economic Area,^[157] negotiating deep bilateral agreements on the Swiss model,^[157] or exit from the EU without EEA membership or a trade agreement under the WTO Option. There may be an interim deal between the time the UK leaves the EU and when the final relationship comes in force.

Relations with the Republic of Ireland

The Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom as a whole share, since the 1920s, a Common Travel Area without border controls. According to statements by Theresa May and Enda Kenny, it is intended to maintain this arrangement.^[158] After Brexit, in order to prevent illegal migration across the open Northern Irish land border into the United Kingdom, the Irish and British governments suggested in October 2016 a plan whereby British border controls would be applied to Irish ports and airports. This would prevent a "hard border" arising between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.^[159] However, this agreement was never official and was met by opposition from political parties in the Republic of Ireland,^[160] and there is still great uncertainty in relation to a 'hard border' between the Republic and Northern Ireland.^[161]

On 23 March 2017, it was confirmed that British immigration officials would not be allowed to use Irish ports and airports in order to combat immigration concerns following Brexit.^[162] A referendum for the reunification of Ireland was suggested by Sinn Féin leader Martin McGuinness immediately after the UK EU referendum results were announced.^[163] Creating a border control system between Ireland and Northern Ireland could jeopardise the Good Friday Agreement established in 1998.^[164] In April 2017 the European Council agreed that, in the event of Irish reunification, Northern Ireland would rejoin the EU.^[165]

Border with France

The President of the Regional Council of Hauts-de-France, Xavier Bertrand, stated in February 2016 that "If Britain leaves Europe, right away the border will leave Calais and go to Dover. We will not continue to guard the border for Britain if it's no longer in the European Union," indicating that the juxtaposed controls would end with a leave vote. French Finance Minister Emmanuel Macron also suggested the agreement would be "threatened" by a leave vote.^[166] These claims have been disputed, as the Le Touquet 2003 treaty enabling juxtaposed controls was not an EU treaty, and would not be legally void upon leaving.^[167]

After the Brexit vote, Xavier Bertrand asked François Hollande to renegotiate the Touquet agreement,^[168] which can be terminated by either party with two years' notice.^[169] Hollande rejected the suggestion, and said: "Calling into question the Touquet deal on the pretext that Britain has voted for Brexit and will have to start negotiations to leave the Union doesn't make sense." Bernard Cazeneuve, the French Interior Minister, confirmed there would be "no changes to the accord". He said: "The border at Calais is closed and will remain so."^[170]

Gibraltar and Spain

During the campaign leading up to the referendum^[171] the Chief Minister of Gibraltar warned that Brexit posed a threat to Gibraltar's safety.^[172] Gibraltar overwhelmingly voted to remain in the EU. After the result Spain's Foreign Minister renewed calls for joint Spanish–British control of the peninsula.^[173] These calls were strongly rebuffed by Gibraltar's Chief Minister^[174] and questions were raised over the future of free-flowing traffic at the Gibraltar–Spain border.^[175] The British government states it will only negotiate on the sovereignty of Gibraltar with the consent of its people.^[176]

Consequences of withdrawal for the EU

Structure and budget

Shortly after the referendum, the German parliament published an analysis on the consequences of a Brexit on the EU and specifically on the economic and political situation of Germany.^[177] According to this, Britain is, after the United States and France, the third-most important export market for German products. In total Germany exports goods and services to Britain worth about €120 billion annually, which is about 8% of German exports, with Germany achieving a trade surplus with Britain worth €36.3 billion (2014). Should there be a "hard Brexit", exports would be subject to WTO customs and tariffs. The trade weighted average tariff is 2.4%, but the tariff on automobiles, for instance, is 9.7%, so trade in automobiles would be particularly affected; this would also affect German automobile manufacturers with production plants in the United Kingdom. In total, 750,000 jobs in Germany depend upon export to Britain, while on the British side about three million jobs depend on export to the EU. The study emphasises however that the predictions on the economic effects of a Brexit are subject to significant uncertainty.

According to the Lisbon Treaty (2009), Council of the EU decisions made by qualified majority voting can only be blocked if at least four members of the Council form a blocking minority. This rule was originally developed to prevent the three most populous members (Germany, France, Britain) from dominating the Council of the EU.^[178] However, after a Brexit of the economically liberal British, the Germans and like-minded northern European countries (the Irish, Dutch, Scandinavians and Baltic states) would lose an ally and therefore also their blocking minority.^[179] Without this blocking minority, other EU states could overrule Germany and its allies in questions of EU budget discipline or the recruitment of German banks to guarantee deposits in troubled southern European banks.^[180]

With Brexit, the EU would lose its second-largest economy, the country with the third-largest population.^[181] Furthermore, the EU would lose its second-largest net contributor to the EU budget (2015: Germany €14.3 billion, United Kingdom €11.5 billion, France €5.5 billion).^[182]

Thus, the departure of Britain would result in an additional financial burden for the remaining net contributors, unless the budget is reduced accordingly: Germany, for example, would have to pay an additional €4.5 billion for 2019 and again for 2020; in addition, the UK would no longer be a shareholder in the European Investment Bank, in which only EU members can participate. Britain's share amounts to 16%, €39.2 billion (2013), which Britain would withdraw unless there is an EU treaty change.^[183]

Council of the European Union

The departure of the UK is expected to have a major effect on the EU. In many policy votes Britain had allied with the relatively more economically liberal Germany who together with other northern EU allies had a blocking minority of 35% in the Council of the European Union. The exit of the UK from the European Union means that this blocking minority can no longer be assembled leading to speculation that it could enable the other EU countries to enforce specific proposals such as relaxing EU budget discipline or providing EU-wide deposit guarantees within the banking union.^[184]^[180]

European Parliament

UK MEPs are expected to retain full rights to participate in the European Parliament up to the Article 50 deadline. However, there have been discussions about excluding UK MEPs from key committee positions.^[185]

The EU will need to decide on the revised apportionment of seats in the European Parliament in time for the next European Parliament election, expected to be held in June 2019, when the United Kingdom's 73 MEPs will have vacated their seats. In April 2017, a group of European lawmakers discussed what should be done about the vacated seats. One plan, supported by Gianni Pittella and Emmanuel Macron, is to replace the 73 seats with a pan-European constituency list; other options which were considered include dropping the British seats without replacement, and reassigning some or all of the existing seats from other countries to reduce inequality of representation.^[186]^[187]

Fishing

The combined EU fishing fleets land about 6 million tonnes of fish per year,^[188] of which about 3 million tonnes are from UK waters.^[189] The UK’s share of the overall EU fishing catch is only 750,000 tonnes.^[190] This proportion is determined by the London Fisheries Convention of 1964 and by the EU's Common Fisheries Policy. The British government announced in July 2017 that it would end the 1964 convention in 2019. Loss of access to UK waters will particularly affect the Irish fishing industry which obtains a third of its catch there.^[191]

Public opinion and comment

Public comment up to February 2017 UK white paper

Various EU leaders have said that they will not start any negotiation before the UK formally invokes Article 50. Jean-Claude Juncker ordered all members of the EU Commission not to engage in any kind of contact with UK parties regarding Brexit.^[192] In October 2016, he stated that he was agitated that the British had not developed a sense of community with Europeans during 40 years of membership; Juncker denied that Brexit was a warning for the EU, envisaged developing an EU defence policy without the British after Brexit, and rejected a suggestion that the EU should negotiate in such a way that Britain would be able to hold a second referendum.^[193] On 5 November 2016, Juncker reacted to reports of some European businesses seeking to make agreements with the British government, and warned: "I am telling them [companies] that they should not interfere in the debate, as they will find that I will block their path."^[194] Juncker stated in February 2017 that the UK would be expected to pay outstanding commitments to EU projects and pensions as part of the withdrawal process, suggesting such bills would be "very hefty."^[195]

German foreign secretary Frank-Walter Steinmeier met Britain's foreign secretary Boris Johnson on 4 November 2016; Johnson stressed the importance of British-German relationships, whereas Steinmeier responded that the German view was that the UK should have voted to stay in the EU and that the German priority now was to preserve the remaining union of 27 members. There could be no negotiations before the UK formally gives notice. A long delay before beginning negotiations would be detrimental. Britain could not keep the advantages of the single market but at the same time cancel the "less pleasant rules".^[196]

Newly appointed prime minister Theresa May made clear that negotiations with the EU required a "UK-wide approach". On 15 July 2016, she said: "I have already said that I won't be triggering article 50 until I think that we have a UK approach and objectives for negotiations – I think it is important that we establish that before we trigger article 50."^[197]

According to The Daily Telegraph, the Department for Exiting the European Union spent over £250,000 on legal advice from top Government lawyers in two months, and has plans to recruit more people. Nick Clegg said the figures showed the Civil Service was unprepared for the very complex negotiations ahead.^[198]

In the wake of the United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union, the Department for International Trade (DIT) for striking and extending trade agreements between the UK and non-EU states was created by Prime Minister Theresa May, shortly after she took office on 13 July 2016.^[199] It employs about 200 trade negotiators^[200] and is overseen by the Secretary of State for International Trade, currently Liam Fox.

On 17 January 2017, Prime Minister Theresa May, announced a series of 12 negotiating objectives in a speech at Lancaster House. These consist of an end to European Court of Justice jurisdiction, withdrawal from the single market with a "comprehensive free-trade agreement" replacing this, a new customs agreement excluding the common external tariff and common commercial policy, an end to free movement of people, co-operation in crime and terrorism, collaboration in areas of science and technology, engagement with devolved administrations, maintaining the Common Travel Area with Ireland, and preserving existing workers' rights.^[201]

The Government has stated its intention to "secure the specific interests of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, as well as those of all parts of England". Through the Joint Ministerial Committee on EU Negotiations (JMC(EN)), the Government intends to involve the views of the Scottish Parliament, the Welsh Assembly and the Northern Ireland Assembly in the process of negotiating the UK's exit from the EU. For instance, at the January 2017 meeting of the JMC(EN), the Scottish Government's proposal to remain in the European Economic Area was considered.^[202]

Public comment pre- and post-Article 50 notification

EU negotiator Guy Verhofstadt, the European parliament's chief negotiator has said that: "All British citizens today have also EU citizenship. That means a number of things: the possibility to participate in the European elections, the freedom of travel without problem inside the union. We need to have an arrangement in which this arrangement can continue for those citizens who on an individual basis are requesting it." The suggestion being an “associate citizenship”.^[203]

An EU meeting to discuss Brexit has been called for 29 April, Donald Tusk stating that the "priority would be giving "clarity" to EU residents, business and member states about the talks ahead". Michel Barnier, European Chief Negotiator for Brexit, has called for talks to be completed by October 2018 to give time for any agreement to be ratified before the UK leaves in March 2019.^[204]

Sinn Féin has called for a referendum to create a united Ireland, following the Northern Ireland majority decision (56% to 44%) to vote no to Brexit and the 2 March election to the Northern Ireland Assembly wherein Sinn Féin increased its number of seats.^[205]

In early May, Jean-Claude Juncker said that the UK leaving the EU was a "tragedy" and that it is partly the responsibility of the EU. "The EU, in many respects has done too much, especially the Commission", including "too much regulation and too many interferences in the lives of our fellow citizens". The European Commission has, following the "Better regulation" initiative, in place since before Brexit, reduced the number of legislative proposals from 130 to 23 per year.^[206]^[207]

Post-referendum opinion polling

Following the EU referendum, there have been several opinion polls on the question of whether the UK was "right" or "wrong" to vote to leave the EU. The results of these polls are shown in the table below.

Date(s) conducted	Right	Wrong	Undecided	Lead	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type
4–5 Aug 2020	39%	49%	12%	10%	1,606	YouGov	Online
30–31 Jul 2020	41%	47%	13%	6%	1,623	YouGov	Online
22–23 Jul 2020	42%	47%	11%	5%	1,648	YouGov	Online
11–12 Jun 2020	40%	47%	13%	7%	1,693	YouGov	Online
29–30 May 2020	42%	45%	13%	3%	1,650	YouGov	Online
18–19 May 2020	43%	45%	13%	2%	1,718	YouGov	Online
16–17 Apr 2020	43%	44%	13%	1%	2,015	YouGov	Online
24–26 Mar 2020	48%	40%	12%	8%	1,010	Number Cruncher Politics	Online
9–10 Feb 2020	43%	44%	13%	1%	1,694	YouGov	Online
31 Jan – 2 Feb 2020	43%	46%	12%	3%	1,575	YouGov	Online
31 Jan 2020	The UK leaves the EU and begins the Brexit transition period.
30–31 Jan 2020	43%	46%	11%	3%	1,015	Survation	Online
24–26 Jan 2020	40%	47%	13%	7%	1,628	YouGov	Online
12 Dec 2019	2019 United Kingdom general election
8–10 Dec 2019	44%	46%	10%	2%	1,009	Number Cruncher Politics	Online
11–12 Nov 2019	41%	47%	11%	6%	1,619	YouGov	Online
5–6 Nov 2019	40%	49%	11%	9%	1,667	YouGov	Online
22–23 Oct 2019	41%	47%	12%	6%	1,640	YouGov	Online
20–21 Oct 2019	41%	47%	11%	6%	1,689	YouGov	Online
17–18 Oct 2019	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,609	YouGov	Online
17 Oct 2019	EU and UK negotiators agree a new withdrawal agreement.^[208]
14–15 Oct 2019	42%	47%	11%	5%	1,625	YouGov	Online
8–9 Oct 2019	42%	48%	10%	6%	1,616	YouGov	Online
30 Sep – 1 Oct 2019	40%	49%	11%	9%	1,623	YouGov	Online
2–3 Sep 2019	41%	48%	11%	7%	1,639	YouGov	Online
28–29 Aug 2019	40%	50%	10%	10%	1,867	YouGov	Online
27–28 Aug 2019	41%	47%	13%	6%	2,006	YouGov	Online
22–23 Aug 2019	41%	48%	11%	7%	2,019	YouGov	Online
13–14 Aug 2019	42%	46%	11%	4%	1,625	YouGov	Online
5–6 Aug 2019	41%	47%	13%	6%	1,628	YouGov	Online
29–30 Jul 2019	41%	49%	11%	8%	2,066	YouGov	Online
24 July 2019	Boris Johnson replaces Theresa May as Prime Minister
16–17 Jul 2019	40%	47%	12%	7%	1,749	YouGov	Online
2–3 Jul 2019	41%	48%	11%	7%	1,605	YouGov	Online
9–10 Jun 2019	41%	47%	12%	6%	1,702	YouGov	Online
5–6 Jun 2019	42%	47%	11%	5%	1,670	YouGov	Online
28–29 May 2019	41%	46%	13%	5%	1,763	YouGov	Online
23 May 2019	2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom
10–11 Apr 2019	41%	48%	11%	7%	1,843	YouGov	Online
2–3 Apr 2019	42%	47%	11%	5%	1,771	YouGov	Online
31 Mar – 1 Apr 2019	42%	47%	11%	5%	2,098	YouGov	Online
29 Mar 2019	The House of Commons votes to reject the Government's proposed withdrawal agreement for the third time.
24–25 Mar 2019	41%	48%	12%	7%	2,110	YouGov	Online
14–15 Mar 2019	41%	49%	10%	8%	1,823	YouGov	Online
12 Mar 2019	The House of Commons votes to reject the Government's proposed withdrawal agreement for the second time.
7–8 Mar 2019	40%	48%	12%	8%	1,787	YouGov	Online
6–7 Mar 2019	40%	49%	11%	9%	1,800	YouGov	Online
22–23 Feb 2019	40%	48%	13%	8%	1,672	YouGov	Online
3–4 Feb 2019	39%	48%	13%	9%	1,851	YouGov	Online
30–31 Jan 2019	41%	48%	11%	7%	1,650	YouGov	Online
18 Jan 2019	41%	43%	16%	2%	1,021	Sky Data	Online
16 Jan 2019	40%	50%	10%	10%	1,070	YouGov	Online
15 Jan 2019	The House of Commons votes to reject the Government's proposed withdrawal agreement for the first time.^[209]
13–14 Jan 2019	40%	48%	12%	8%	1,701	YouGov	Online
7–8 Jan 2019	41%	47%	12%	6%	1,754	YouGov	Online
6–7 Jan 2019	39%	48%	12%	9%	1,656	YouGov	Online
21 Dec 2018 – 4 Jan 2019	40%	48%	12%	8%	25,537	YouGov	Online
18–19 Dec 2018	40%	47%	13%	7%	1,675	YouGov	Online
12–14 Dec 2018	41%	47%	12%	6%	5,043	YouGov	Online
3–4 Dec 2018	38%	49%	13%	11%	1,624	YouGov	Online
9–30 Nov 2018	Ministers including Brexit Secretary Dominic Raab and Work and Pensions Secretary Esther McVey resign in protest to the government's proposed withdrawal agreement (or to plans preceding it).^[210]
26–27 Nov 2018	42%	48%	11%	6%	1,737	YouGov	Online
19–20 Nov 2018	41%	47%	12%	6%	1,647	YouGov	Online
15 Nov 2018	40%	47%	12%	7%	1,311	YouGov	Online
14 Nov 2018	The UK Cabinet approves a new draft withdrawal agreement.^[211]
4–5 Nov 2018	41%	45%	14%	4%	1,637	YouGov	Online
22–23 Oct 2018	41%	47%	12%	6%	1,802	YouGov	Online
18–19 Oct 2018	41%	47%	12%	6%	2,158	YouGov	Online
14–15 Oct 2018	42%	45%	13%	3%	1,649	YouGov	Online
10–11 Oct 2018	41%	46%	13%	5%	1,800	YouGov	Online
8–9 Oct 2018	40%	47%	13%	7%	1,647	YouGov	Online
3–4 Oct 2018	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,746	YouGov	Online
30 Sep-1 Oct 2018	42%	47%	11%	5%	1,607	YouGov	Online
21–22 Sep 2018	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,643	YouGov	Online
18–19 Sep 2018	40%	47%	12%	7%	2,509	YouGov	Online
12–13 Sep 2018	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,620	YouGov	Online
4–5 Sep 2018	43%	46%	11%	3%	1,628	YouGov	Online
3–4 Sep 2018	42%	48%	11%	6%	1,883	YouGov	Online
28–29 Aug 2018	42%	47%	11%	5%	1,664	YouGov	Online
20–21 Aug 2018	41%	47%	12%	6%	1,697	YouGov	Online
13–14 Aug 2018	43%	45%	12%	2%	1,660	YouGov	Online
9–13 Aug 2018	43%	47%	10%	4%	1,036	Number Cruncher Politics	Online
8–9 Aug 2018	42%	45%	13%	3%	1,675	YouGov	Online
22–23 Jul 2018	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,650	YouGov	Online
16–17 Jul 2018	42%	47%	12%	5%	1,657	YouGov	Online
10–11 Jul 2018	41%	46%	12%	5%	1,732	YouGov	Online
8–9 Jul 2018	Brexit Secretary David Davis and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson resign.^[212]
8–9 Jul 2018	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,669	YouGov	Online
6 Jul 2018	The UK Cabinet agrees the Chequers statement, setting out a proposal on the future UK–EU relationship.^[213]
3–4 Jul 2018	41%	46%	13%	5%	1,641	YouGov	Online
25–26 Jun 2018	43%	46%	11%	3%	1,645	YouGov	Online
19–20 Jun 2018	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,663	YouGov	Online
18–19 Jun 2018	43%	44%	13%	1%	1,606	YouGov	Online
11–12 Jun 2018	43%	46%	12%	3%	1,638	YouGov	Online
4–5 Jun 2018	44%	44%	13%	0%	1,619	YouGov	Online
28–29 May 2018	40%	47%	13%	7%	1,670	YouGov	Online
20–21 May 2018	43%	44%	13%	1%	1,660	YouGov	Online
13–14 May 2018	44%	45%	12%	1%	1,634	YouGov	Online
8–9 May 2018	43%	45%	12%	2%	1,648	YouGov	Online
30 Apr-1 May 2018	42%	47%	11%	5%	1,585	YouGov	Online
24–25 Apr 2018	42%	45%	13%	3%	1,668	YouGov	Online
16–17 Apr 2018	42%	45%	13%	3%	1,631	YouGov	Online
9–10 Apr 2018	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,639	YouGov	Online
26–27 Mar 2018	42%	45%	13%	3%	1,659	YouGov	Online
16–23 Mar 2018	44%	48%	7%	4%	1,616	Sky Data	Online
5–6 Mar 2018	43%	45%	12%	2%	1,641	YouGov	Online
2 Mar 2018	Theresa May makes Mansion House speech, outlining the UK Government's policy on the future UK–EU relationship.^[214]
26–27 Feb 2018	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,622	YouGov	Online
19–20 Feb 2018	42%	45%	12%	3%	1,650	YouGov	Online
12–13 Feb 2018	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,639	YouGov	Online
5–6 Feb 2018	43%	44%	13%	1%	2,000	YouGov	Online
28–29 Jan 2018	40%	46%	14%	6%	1,669	YouGov	Online
16–17 Jan 2018	45%	44%	12%	1%	1,672	YouGov	Online
7–8 Jan 2018	42%	46%	12%	4%	1,663	YouGov	Online
19–20 Dec 2017	42%	45%	12%	3%	1,610	YouGov	Online
15 Dec 2017	The European Council decides to proceed to the second phase of the Brexit negotiations.^[215]
10–11 Dec 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,680	YouGov	Online
4–5 Dec 2017	42%	45%	13%	3%	1,638	YouGov	Online
26–28 Nov 2017	42%	44%	14%	2%	3,282	YouGov	Online
7–8 Nov 2017	42%	46%	12%	4%	2,012	YouGov	Online
23–24 Oct 2017	43%	45%	12%	2%	1,637	YouGov	Online
19–20 Oct 2017	42%	44%	14%	2%	1,603	YouGov	Online
18–19 Oct 2017	42%	45%	14%	3%	1,648	YouGov	Online
10–11 Oct 2017	42%	47%	11%	5%	1,680	YouGov	Online
22–24 Sep 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,716	YouGov	Online
22 Sep 2017	Theresa May makes Florence speech, in an attempt to 'unblock' the Brexit negotiations.^[216]
30–31 Aug 2017	44%	44%	12%	0%	1,658	YouGov	Online
21–22 Aug 2017	43%	45%	11%	2%	1,664	YouGov	Online
31 Jul-1 Aug 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	1,665	YouGov	Online
18–19 Jul 2017	43%	43%	14%	0%	1,593	YouGov	Online
10–11 Jul 2017	45%	43%	12%	2%	1,700	YouGov	Online
21–22 Jun 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,670	YouGov	Online
19 Jun 2017	Brexit negotiations begin.^[217]
12–13 Jun 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,651	YouGov	Online
8 Jun 2017	2017 United Kingdom general election
5–7 Jun 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	2,130	YouGov	Online
30–31 May 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,875	YouGov	Online
24–25 May 2017	46%	43%	11%	3%	2,052	YouGov	Online
16–17 May 2017	46%	43%	11%	3%	1,861	YouGov	Online
3–14 May 2017	45%	41%	14%	4%	1,952	GfK	Online
9–10 May 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,651	YouGov	Online
2–3 May 2017	46%	43%	11%	3%	2,066	YouGov	Online
25–26 Apr 2017	43%	45%	12%	2%	1,590	YouGov	Online
20–21 Apr 2017	44%	44%	12%	0%	1,590	YouGov	Online
18–19 Apr 2017	46%	43%	11%	3%	1,727	YouGov	Online
12–13 Apr 2017	45%	43%	12%	2%	2,069	YouGov	Online
5–6 Apr 2017	46%	42%	11%	4%	1,651	YouGov	Online
29 Mar 2017	The United Kingdom invokes Article 50.^[218]
26–27 Mar 2017	44%	43%	13%	1%	1,957	YouGov	Online
20–21 Mar 2017	44%	44%	12%	0%	1,627	YouGov	Online
1–15 Mar 2017	46%	41%	13%	5%	1,938	GfK	Online
13–14 Mar 2017	44%	42%	15%	2%	1,631	YouGov	Online
10–14 Mar 2017	49%	41%	10%	8%	2,003	Opinium	Online
27–28 Feb 2017	45%	44%	11%	1%	1,666	YouGov	Online
21–22 Feb 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	2,060	YouGov	Online
12–13 Feb 2017	46%	42%	12%	4%	2,052	YouGov	Online
30–31 Jan 2017	45%	42%	12%	3%	1,705	YouGov	Online
17–18 Jan 2017	46%	42%	12%	4%	1,654	YouGov	Online
17 Jan 2017	Theresa May makes Lancaster House speech, setting out the UK Government's negotiating priorities.^[219]
9–12 Jan 2017	52%	39%	9%	13%	2,005	Opinium	Online
9–10 Jan 2017	46%	42%	12%	4%	1,660	YouGov	Online
3–4 Jan 2017	45%	44%	11%	1%	1,740	YouGov	Online
18–19 Dec 2016	44%	44%	12%	0%	1,595	YouGov	Online
4–5 Dec 2016	44%	42%	14%	2%	1,667	YouGov	Online
28–29 Nov 2016	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,624	YouGov	Online
14–15 Nov 2016	46%	43%	11%	3%	1,717	YouGov	Online
19–20 Oct 2016	45%	44%	11%	1%	1,608	YouGov	Online
11–12 Oct 2016	45%	44%	11%	1%	1,669	YouGov	Online
2 Oct 2016	Theresa May makes Conservative Party Conference speech, announcing her intention to invoke Article 50 by 31 March 2017.^[220]
13–14 Sep 2016	46%	44%	10%	2%	1,732	YouGov	Online
30–31 Aug 2016	47%	44%	9%	3%	1,687	YouGov	Online
22–23 Aug 2016	45%	43%	12%	2%	1,660	YouGov	Online
16–17 Aug 2016	46%	43%	11%	3%	1,677	YouGov	Online
8–9 Aug 2016	45%	44%	12%	1%	1,692	YouGov	Online
1–2 Aug 2016	46%	42%	12%	4%	1,722	YouGov	Online
13 Jul 2016	Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.^[221]
v t e

There have also been opinion polls on the question of how people would vote in a second referendum on the same question. The results of these polls are shown in the table below.

Date(s) conducted	Remain	Leave	Neither	Lead	Sample	Conducted by	Polling type	Notes
18–21 Oct 2019	55%	45%	—	10%	2,017	Deltapoll	Online	"Neither" removed
17 Oct 2019	EU and UK negotiators agree a new withdrawal agreement.^[222]
2–14 Oct 2019	32%	54%	14%	22%	26,000	ComRes		^{[note 1]}^{[note 2]}
9–11 Oct 2019	51%	45%	3%	6%	1,622	Panelbase	Online	Likely voters
25 Sep 2019	51%	45%	4%	6%	821	Survation	Online	Likely voters
5–9 Sep 2019	37%	34%	29%	3%	1,144	Kantar	Online
5–7 Sep 2019	46%	40%	14%	6%	2,049	Deltapoll	Online
5–6 Sep 2019	52%	45%	3%	7%	864	Panelbase	Online	Likely voters
5–6 Sep 2019	50%	44%	6%	6%	809	Survation	Online	Likely voters
3–4 Sep 2019	46%	43%	12%	3%	1,533	YouGov	Online
29–31 Aug 2019	46%	41%	13%	5%	2,028	Deltapoll	Online
29–30 Aug 2019	51%	46%	3%	6%	861	Survation	Online	Likely voters
15–19 Aug 2019	36%	35%	29%	1%	1,133	Kantar	Online
14–15 Aug 2019	45%	40%	15%	5%	1,696	YouGov	Online
6–11 Aug 2019	52%	43%	5%	9%	1,658	Survation	Online	Likely voters
28–29 Jul 2019	46%	41%	13%	5%	1,652	YouGov	Online
25–27 Jul 2019	45%	41%	13%	4%	2,001	Deltapoll	Online
24 Jul 2019	Boris Johnson replaces Theresa May as Prime Minister
19–20 Jun 2019	51%	44%	5%	7%	1,658	Survation	Online	Likely voters
4–7 Jun 2019	48%	44%	8%	4%	1,345	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
23 May 2019	2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom
22 May 2019	47%	48%	5%	1%	1,596	Survation	Online	Likely voters
14–21 May 2019	52%	45%	3%	7%	1,619	Panelbase	Online	Likely voters
17 May 2019	49%	47%	4%	2%	797	Survation	Online	Likely voters
12–13 May 2019	44%	42%	14%	2%	2,131	YouGov	Online
9–13 May 2019	42%	33%	24%	9%	1,152	Kantar	Online
7–10 May 2019	52%	41%	7%	11%	1,393	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
30 Apr – 1 May 2019	44%	40%	15%	4%	1,867	YouGov	Online
18–24 Apr 2019	51%	45%	4%	5%	1,620	Panelbase	Online	Likely voters
16 Apr 2019	52%	38%	10%	14%	1,061	ComRes	Online
4–8 Apr 2019	41%	35%	24%	5%	1,172	Kantar	Online
2–5 Apr 2019	51%	42%	8%	9%	1,338	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
28–30 Mar 2019	54%	46%	—	8%	1,010	Deltapoll	Online	"Neither" removed
29 Mar 2019	The House of Commons votes to reject the Government's proposed withdrawal agreement for the third time.
19 Mar 2019	46%	41%	14%	5%	2,084	YouGov	Online
15–17 Mar 2019	45%	39%	16%	6%	2,033	ComRes	Online
15 Mar 2019	51%	45%	5%	6%	831	Survation	Online	Likely voters
12 Mar 2019	The House of Commons votes to reject the Government's proposed withdrawal agreement for the second time.
7–11 Mar 2019	40%	32%	28%	7%	1,152	Kantar	Online
4–8 Mar 2019	49%	42%	9%	7%	1,330	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
4–5 Mar 2019	46%	39%	15%	8%	2,042	ComRes	Online
21–23 Feb 2019	45%	41%	13%	4%	1,027	Deltapoll	Online
18 Feb 2019	47%	44%	8%	3%	849	Survation	Online	Likely voters
17–18 Feb 2019	48%	38%	14%	10%	1,832	YouGov	Online
8–11 Feb 2019	43%	43%	13%	0%	2,004	Deltapoll	Online
7–11 Feb 2019	43%	35%	22%	8%	1,145	Kantar	Online
4–8 Feb 2019	50%	40%	9%	10%	1,363	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
30 Jan 2019	52%	43%	6%	9%	847	Survation	Online	Likely voters
22–23 Jan 2019	45%	38%	16%	7%	1,699	YouGov	Online
16–17 Jan 2019	48%	42%	11%	6%	2,083	ORB	Online
16–17 Jan 2019	47%	39%	14%	7%	2,031	ComRes	Online
16 Jan 2019	48%	38%	14%	10%	1,070	YouGov	Online
15 Jan 2019	The House of Commons votes to reject the Government's proposed withdrawal agreement for the first time.^[223]
14–15 Jan 2019	44%	40%	16%	4%	2,010	ComRes	Online
10–14 Jan 2019	44%	35%	21%	8%	1,106	Kantar	Online
10–11 Jan 2019	47%	45%	8%	2%	808	Survation	Online	Likely voters
8-11 Jan 2019	49%	41%	10%	8%	1,344	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
21 Dec 2018 – 4 Jan 2019	46%	39%	15%	7%	25,537	YouGov	Online
16–17 Dec 2018	45%	41%	14%	4%	1,660	YouGov	Online	^{[note 1]}
14–15 Dec 2018	46%	37%	17%	9%	1,660	YouGov	Online
13–14 Dec 2018	44%	43%	12%	1%	2,022	Deltapoll	Online
4–7 Dec 2018	52%	40%	7%	12%	1,379	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
5–6 Dec 2018	36%	33%	31%	3%	1,178	Kantar	Online
30 Nov – 3 Dec 2018	45%	45%	10%	0%	2,007	Opinium
9–30 Nov 2018	Ministers including Brexit Secretary Dominic Raab and Work and Pensions Secretary Esther McVey resign in protest to the government's proposed withdrawal agreement (or to plans preceding it).^[224]
28–29 Nov 2018	47%	39%	14%	8%	1,655	YouGov	Online
22–23 Nov 2018	46%	42%	12%	4%	1,691	YouGov	Online
15 Nov 2018	50%	45%	5%	5%	874	Survation	Online	Likely voters
14–15 Nov 2018	46%	40%	14%	6%	1,153	YouGov	Online
14–15 Nov 2018	45%	43%	12%	2%	2,000	ComRes	Online	Not weighted by 2016 vote
14 Nov 2018	The UK Cabinet approves a new draft withdrawal agreement.^[225]
8-12 Nov 2018	39%	34%	27%	5%	1,147	Kantar	Online
7–9 Nov 2018	45%	41%	13%	4%	3,344	YouGov	Online
6–9 Nov 2018	49%	42%	9%	7%	1,339	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
2–7 Nov 2018	51%	46%	4%	5%	1,674	Panelbase	Online	Likely voters
24 Oct – 6 Nov 2018	47%	40%	13%	7%	8,154	Populus	Online
20 Oct – 2 Nov 2018	50%	44%	7%	6%	16,337	Survation	Online	Likely voters
24–26 Oct 2018	40%	40%	20%	0%	1,017	Deltapoll	Online
22–23 Oct 2018	46%	41%	13%	5%	1,802	YouGov	Online
11–15 Oct 2018	38%	35%	28%	3%	1,128	Kantar	Online
3–5 Oct 2018	48%	41%	11%	7%	1,346	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
28–29 Sep 2018	47%	43%	10%	4%	1,075	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
8–26 Sep 2018	51%	34%	15%	17%	941	Kantar Public	Face to face	Respondents aged 15+; unweighted
21–22 Sep 2018	48%	42%	10%	6%	901	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
20–21 Sep 2018	43%	43%	13%	0%	1,762	YouGov	Online	^{[note 1]}
6–10 Sep 2018	42%	35%	23%	7%	1,119	Kantar	Online
7–9 Sep 2018	46%	42%	11%	4%	2,051	ICM	Online
7 Sep 2018	47%	46%	8%	1%	854	Survation	Online	Likely voters
7 Sep 2018	46%	44%	10%	2%	975	Survation	Online	Possible voters
4–7 Sep 2018	47%	43%	10%	4%	1,372	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
28 Aug – 4 Sep 2018	46%	42%	12%	4%	10,215	YouGov	Online
31 Jul – 4 Sep 2018	46%	41%	13%	5%	25,641	YouGov	Online
31 Aug – 1 Sep 2018	47%	47%	6%	0%	864	Survation	Online	Likely voters
21–22 Aug 2018	46%	42%	12%	4%	1,667	YouGov	Online
14–20 Aug 2018	46%	41%	13%	5%	10,299	YouGov	Online
31 Jul – 20 Aug 2018	46%	40%	13%	6%	18,772	YouGov	Online
9–13 Aug 2018	40%	35%	25%	5%	1,119	Kantar	Online
6–10 Aug 2018	50%	43%	7%	7%	1,316	BMG Research	Online	With squeeze responses. ^{[note 1]}
6–10 Aug 2018	49%	41%	10%	8%	1,316	BMG Research	Online	Without squeeze responses. ^{[note 1]}
31 Jul – 7 Aug 2018	46%	40%	14%	6%	10,121	YouGov	Online
26–31 Jul 2018	46%	41%	13%	5%	4,957	YouGov	Online
25–26 Jul 2018	45%	42%	13%	3%	1,631	YouGov	Online
23–24 Jul 2018	47%	41%	12%	6%	1,627	YouGov	Online
23–24 Jul 2018	47%	44%	9%	3%	1,627	YouGov	Online	^{[note 1]}
19–20 Jul 2018	44%	40%	16%	4%	1,668	YouGov	Online
12–14 Jul 2018	45%	45%	11%	0%	1,484	Deltapoll	Online
8–9 Jul 2018	Brexit Secretary David Davis and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson resign.^[226]
5–9 Jul 2018	40%	32%	28%	8%	1,086	Kantar	Online
7 Jul 2018	49%	45%	5%	4%	855	Survation	Online	Likely voters
6 Jul 2018	The UK Cabinet agrees the Chequers statement, setting out a proposal on the future UK–EU relationship.^[227]
28 Jun – 6 Jul 2018	47%	41%	13%	6%	10,383	YouGov	Online
3–5 Jul 2018	51%	45%	5%	6%	1,359	BMG Research	Online	With squeeze responses. ^{[note 1]}
3–5 Jul 2018	49%	43%	8%	6%	1,359	BMG Research	Online	Without squeeze responses. ^{[note 1]}
26–27 Jun 2018	44%	44%	12%	0%	1,626	YouGov	Online	^{[note 1]}
19–20 Jun 2018	50%	44%	6%	6%	866	Survation	Online	Likely voters
10–11 Jun 2018	45%	40%	15%	5%	1,654	YouGov	Online
5–8 Jun 2018	48%	45%	6%	3%	1,350	BMG Research	Online	With squeeze responses. ^{[note 1]}
5–8 Jun 2018	46%	43%	10%	3%	1,350	BMG Research	Online	Without squeeze responses. ^{[note 1]}
31 May – 4 Jun 2018	48%	47%	6%	1%	1,724	Survation	Online	Likely voters
9–16 May 2018	47%	42%	11%	5%	2,006	Deltapoll	Online
8–10 May 2018	47%	47%	6%	0%	1,585	Survation	Online
1–4 May 2018	49%	44%	7%	5%	1,361	BMG Research	Online	With squeeze responses. ^{[note 1]}
1–4 May 2018	47%	43%	11%	4%	1,361	BMG Research	Online	Without squeeze responses. ^{[note 1]}
25–30 Apr 2018	45%	42%	13%	3%	1,637	YouGov	Online
14 Apr 2018	47%	46%	7%	1%	1,746	Survation	Online	Likely voters
10–13 Apr 2018	51%	42%	6%	9%	1,432	BMG Research	Online	With squeeze responses. ^{[note 1]}
10–13 Apr 2018	49%	40%	10%	9%	1,432	BMG Research	Online	Without squeeze responses. ^{[note 1]}
6–8 Apr 2018	45%	44%	11%	1%	2,012	ICM	Online
5–6 Apr 2018	44%	41%	15%	3%	1,636	YouGov	Online
23–26 Mar 2018	45%	44%	11%	1%	1,658	YouGov	Online	^{[note 1]}
13-16 Mar 2018	50%	44%	6%	6%	1,658	BMG Research	Online	With squeeze responses. ^{[note 1]}
13-16 Mar 2018	49%	42%	9%	7%	1,658	BMG Research	Online	Without squeeze responses. ^{[note 1]}
7–8 Mar 2018	44%	49%	7%	5%	2,092	ORB	Online	Not weighted by 2016 vote
2 Mar 2018	43%	46%	12%	3%	1,096	ComRes	Online	Not weighted by 2016 vote
2 Mar 2018	Theresa May makes Mansion House speech, outlining the UK Government's policy on the future UK–EU relationship.^[228]
27–28 Feb 2018	44%	41%	14%	3%	1,646	YouGov	Online
14–16 Feb 2018	46%	42%	13%	4%	1,482	Sky Data	Online
6–9 Feb 2018	47%	44%	9%	3%	1,325	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
26–29 Jan 2018	49%	46%	6%	3%	912	Survation	Online	Likely voters
18–22 Jan 2018	46%	42%	12%	4%	1,633	YouGov	Online
16–19 Jan 2018	49%	41%	10%	8%	1,096	Sky Data	Online
10–19 Jan 2018	45%	43%	12%	2%	5,075	ICM	Online
9–12 Jan 2018	48%	44%	9%	4%	1,373	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
11 Jan 2018	51%	43%	6%	8%	1,049	ComRes	Online	Not weighted by 2016 vote
13–19 Dec 2017	39%	48%	13%	9%	1,692	YouGov	Online	^{[note 1]}
15 Dec 2017	The European Council decides to proceed to the second phase of the Brexit negotiations.^[229]
8–10 Dec 2017	46%	43%	11%	3%	2,006	ICM	Online
5–8 Dec 2017	51%	41%	8%	10%	1,363	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
30 Nov – 1 Dec 2017	49%	46%	6%	3%	874	Survation	Online	Likely voters
16–17 Nov 2017	43%	43%	14%	0%	1,672	YouGov	Online
14–17 Nov 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	1,399	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
18–24 Oct 2017	44%	40%	16%	4%	1,648	YouGov	Online
19–20 Oct 2017	46%	45%	9%	1%	1,005	Opinium	Online
17-20 Oct 2017	47%	44%	8%	3%	1,360	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
4–5 Oct 2017	49%	45%	6%	3%	1,769	Survation	Online	Likely voters
26 Sep–2 Oct 2017	44%	46%	9%	2%	1,645	YouGov	Online	^{[note 1]}
23 Sep 2017	46%	47%	6%	1%	999	Survation	Online	Likely voters
22 Sep 2017	Theresa May makes Florence speech, in an attempt to 'unblock' the Brexit negotiations.^[230]
19–22 Sep 2017	45%	44%	12%	1%	2,004	Opinium	Online
15–20 Sep 2017	47%	47%	5%	0%	1,410	Survation	Online	Likely voters
12–15 Sep 2017	47%	43%	10%	4%	1,379	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
12–15 Sep 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	2,009	Opinium	Online
23–24 Aug 2017	45%	43%	12%	2%	1,729	YouGov	Online
15–18 Aug 2017	47%	44%	9%	3%	2,006	Opinium	Online
8-11 Aug 2017	46%	45%	9%	1%	1,358	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
23–24 Jul 2017	46%	43%	11%	3%	1,609	YouGov	Online
14–15 Jul 2017	47%	48%	5%	1%	909	Survation	Online	Likely voters
11–14 Jul 2017	46%	45%	9%	1%	1,385	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
28–30 Jun 2017	52%	44%	5%	8%	1,017	Survation	Telephone
23–30 Jun 2017	46%	42%	13%	4%	1,661	YouGov	Online
16–21 Jun 2017	46%	50%	4%	4%	5,481	Panelbase	Online
19 Jun 2017	Brexit negotiations begin.^[231]
16–17 Jun 2017	50%	48%	3%	2%	1,005	Survation	Telephone	Likely voters
10 Jun 2017	48%	46%	6%	2%	1,036	Survation	Online	Likely voters
8 Jun 2017	2017 United Kingdom general election
2–7 Jun 2017	46%	51%	3%	5%	3,018	Panelbase	Online	Likely voters
2–5 Jun 2017	47%	44%	9%	3%	1,363	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
26 May – 1 Jun 2017	47%	49%	4%	2%	1,224	Panelbase	Online	Likely voters
25–30 May 2017	35%	38%	27%	3%	1,199	Kantar TNS	Online
21–22 May 2017	43%	43%	13%	0%	1,974	YouGov	Online
19–22 May 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	1,360	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
12–15 May 2017	47%	50%	3%	3%	1,026	Panelbase	Online	Likely voters
5–9 May 2017	47%	49%	4%	2%	1,027	Panelbase	Online	Likely voters
28 Apr – 2 May 2017	48%	49%	3%	1%	1,034	Panelbase	Online	Likely voters
21–24 Apr 2017	45%	45%	10%	0%	1,465	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
20–24 Apr 2017	46%	50%	4%	4%	1,026	Panelbase	Online	Likely voters
28–31 Mar 2017	46%	46%	8%	0%	1,437	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
23–30 Mar 2017	44%	43%	14%	1%	1,643	YouGov	Online
29 Mar 2017	The United Kingdom invokes Article 50.^[232]
19 Feb – 2 Mar 2017	42%	44%	15%	2%	1,784	YouGov	Online
21–24 Feb 2017	45%	46%	9%	1%	1,477	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
19–20 Feb 2017	42%	44%	15%	2%	1,784	YouGov	Online
19–24 Jan 2017	43%	44%	13%	1%	1,643	YouGov	Online
17 Jan 2017	Theresa May makes Lancaster House speech, setting out the UK Government's negotiating priorities.^[233]
6–9 Jan 2017	44%	45%	11%	1%	1,354	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
14–21 Dec 2016	44%	43%	13%	1%	1,569	YouGov	Online
15–18 Dec 2016	45%	47%	8%	2%	2,048	ComRes	Online
6–9 Dec 2016	43%	46%	11%	3%	1,379	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
21 Nov – 9 Dec 2016	43%	44%	13%	1%	1,693	YouGov	Online
28–29 Nov 2016	46%	42%	12%	4%	1,624	YouGov	Online
25–27 Nov 2016	46%	47%	6%	1%	2,035	ComRes	Online
22–25 Nov 2016	43%	43%	14%	0%	1,409	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
20–25 Oct 2016	44%	43%	13%	1%	1,631	YouGov	Online
19–24 Oct 2016	45%	43%	12%	2%	1,546	BMG Research	Online	^{[note 1]}
10–12 Oct 2016	44%	44%	12%	0%	1,002	Survation	Online
2 Oct 2016	Theresa May makes Conservative Party Conference speech, announcing her intention to invoke Article 50 by 31 March 2017.^[234]
16–20 Sep 2016	42%	46%	11%	4%	1,601	YouGov	Online
31 Aug – 9 Sep 2016	43%	45%	13%	2%	1,711	YouGov	Online
21–22 Jul 2016	43%	44%	13%	1%	1,673	YouGov	Online
13 Jul 2016	Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.^[235]
3–4 Jul 2016	45%	45%	10%	0%	1,820	YouGov	Online
29–30 Jun 2016	45%	37%	19%	8%	1,017	BMG Research	Telephone^[236]
28–30 Jun 2016	48%	42%	9%	6%	2,006	Opinium	Online
23 Jun 2016	35%	37%	28%	3%	United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016 ^{[note 3]}
v t e

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw Question does not explicitly ask how respondents would vote in a referendum.
^ Question asked in poll: "Regardless of the way you voted in the 2016 referendum, do you support or oppose the UK abiding by the referendum result and leaving the EU?"
^ Percentages are of registered voters.

In July 2017, LSE/Opinium research indicated that 60% of Britons wanted to retain EU citizenship after Brexit.^[237]

Cultural responses to the referendum vote

Brexit in the visual arts

The response of artists and writers to Brexit has tended to be negative, reflecting a reported overwhelming percentage of people involved in Britain's creative industries voting against leaving the European Union.^[238]

Responses by visual artists to Brexit include a mural, painted in May 2017, by the secretive graffiti artist Banksy near the ferry port at Dover in southern England. It shows a workman using a chisel to chip off one of the stars on the European Union Flag.^[239]

In his 2017 art exhibition at the Serpentine Gallery in London, the artist Grayson Perry showed a series of ceramic, tapestry and other works of art dealing with the divisions in Britain during the Brexit campaign and in its aftermath. This included two large ceramic pots, Perry called his Brexit Vases, standing on plinths ten feet apart, on the first of which were scenes involving pro-European British citizens, and on the second scenes involving anti-European British citizens. These were derived from what Perry called his 'Brexit tour of Britain.'^[240]

Brexit in novels

One of the first novels to engage with a post-Brexit Britain was Rabbitman by Michael Paraskos (published 9 March 2017). Rabbitman is a dark comic fantasy in which the events that lead to the election of a right-wing populist American president, who happens also to be a rabbit, and Britain's vote to leave the European Union, were the result of a series of Faustian pacts with the Devil. As a result, Rabbitman is set partly in a post-Brexit Britain in which society has collapsed and people are dependent on European Union food aid.^[241]

Mark Billingham’s Love Like Blood (published 1 June 2017) is a crime thriller in which Brexit sees a rise in xenophobic hate crime.^[242] In the novel The Remains of the Way (published 6 June 2017), David Boyle imagines Brexit was a conspiracy led by a forgotten government quango, still working away in Whitehall, originally set up by Thomas Cromwell in the sixteenth century during the reign of King Henry VIII, and now dedicated to a protestant Brexit.^[243]

Post-Brexit Britain is also the setting for Amanda Craig's The Lie of the Land (published 13 June 2017), a satirical novel set ten years after the vote to leave the European Union, in which an impoverished middle class couple from Islington in north London are forced to move from the heart of the pro-European Union capital, to the heart of the pro-Brexit countryside in Devon.^[244]

Brexit is also the baseline for Douglas Board’s comic political thriller Time of Lies (published 23 June 2017). In this novel, the first post-Brexit general election in 2020 is won by a violent right-wing former football hooligan called Bob Grant. Board charts the response to this of the hitherto pro-European Union metropolitan political elite.^[245]

Stanley Johnson's Kompromat (scheduled for July 2017) is a political thriller that suggests the vote to leave the European Union was a result of Russian influence on the referendum, although Johnson has insisted his book is not intended to point the finger at Russia's secret services, but is 'just meant to be fun.'^[246]

Brexit in theatre

In June 2017 the National Theatre in London presented a play by Carol Ann Duffy, entitled My Country; a work in progress. An allegorical work, the play uses the device of a convention called by the goddess Britannia, who is concerned about the future of the British people.^[247] The play differs from some artistic responses in that Duffy and the National Theatre based the attitudes of the characters in part on the responses of ordinary people in interviews that were conducted by the regional offices of the UK Arts Councils, but excluding responses from London and the south-east of England, where most people voted not to leave the EU. As a result, according to Dominic Cavendish, writing in The Daily Telegraph, "the bias is towards the Leave camp".^[248]

References

^ "Prime Minister's letter to Donald Tusk triggering Article 50" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2017. I hereby notify the European Council in accordance with Article 50(2) of the Treaty on European Union of the United Kingdom's intention to withdraw from the European Union.
^ Hunt, Alex; Wheeler, Brian (15 August 2017). "Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU". BBC News. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ "Reality Check: Is Brexit inevitable?". BBC News. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
^ "Article 50: Theresa May to trigger Brexit process". BBC News. 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ "UK confirms it will leave customs union". 2 February 2017.
^ Wilkinson, Michael (17 January 2017). "Theresa May confirms Britain will leave Single Market as she sets out 12-point Brexit plan". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
^ "Brexit: PM to trigger Article 50 by end of March". BBC News. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
^ The Telegraph, 30 December 2012, "The EU: so where did it all go wrong?" http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/9770633/The-EU-so-where-did-it-all-go-wrong.html]
^ This Day in HIstory: 25 Mar [1]
^ "Britain and the EU: A Brixit looms". The Economist. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
^ Hjelmgaard, Kim; Onyanga-Omara, Jane (22 February 2016). "Explainer: The what, when and why of 'Brexit'". USA Today. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Brexit, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2017. Web. 9 May 2017.
^ Wilding, Peter (15 May 2012). "Stumbling towards the Brexit". BlogActiv.eu. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ Friederichsen, Paul (27 June 2016). "Coining catchy 'Brexit' term helped Brits determine EU vote". NYDailyNews.com. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ "'Hard' Brexit most likely outcome for UK leaving EU, says S&P". Reuters. 11 November 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
^ "Brexit: What are the options? Alternative Brexit models". BBC News. 15 January 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ "1967: De Gaulle says 'non' to Britain – again". BBC News. 27 November 1976. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
^ "Into Europe". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
^ "English text of EU Accession Treaty 1972, Cmnd. 7463" (PDF). Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ "1973: Britain joins the EEC". BBC News. 1 January 1973. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
^ Alex May, Britain and Europe since 1945 (1999).
^ "BBC ON THIS DAY – 26 – 1975: Labour votes to leave the EEC". news.bbc.co.uk.
^ the Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides
^ "Research Briefings – The 1974–1975 UK Renegotiation of EEC Membership and Referendum". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ "Who Voted for Brexit? A comprehensive district level analysis". Becker, Fetzer, Novy, University of Warwick. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
^ ^a ^b Vaidyanathan, Rajini (4 March 2010). "Michael Foot: What did the 'longest suicide note' say?". BBC News Magazine. BBC. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
^ Dury, Hélène. "Black Wednesday" (PDF). Retrieved 24 February 2016.
^ "EU treaties". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "EUROPA The EU in brief". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ Wood, Nicholas (28 November 1994). "Goldsmith forms a Euro referendum party". The Times. p. 1.
^ "UK Election 1997". Politicsresources.net. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "10 key lessons from the European election results". The Guardian. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
^ "Does Migration Cause Extreme Voting?" (PDF). Becker and Fetzer, University of Warwick. 18 October 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
^ Matt Osborn (7 May 2015). "2015 UK general election results in full". The Guardian.
^ Mortimore, Roger. "Polling history: 40 years of British views on 'in or out' of Europe". The Conversation. Retrieved 25 October 2016.
^ Tarran, Brian (8 April 2016). "The Economy: a Brexit vote winner?". Significance. 13 (2). doi:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2016.00891.x/full (inactive 14 April 2017).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2017 (link)
^ Nicholas Watt (29 June 2012). "Cameron defies Tory right over EU referendum: Prime minister, buoyed by successful negotiations on eurozone banking reform, rejects 'in or out' referendum on EU". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 2 July 2012. David Cameron placed himself on a collision course with the Tory right when he mounted a passionate defence of Britain's membership of the EU and rejected out of hand an 'in or out' referendum.
^ Sparrow, Andrew (1 July 2012). "PM accused of weak stance on Europe referendum". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 2 July 2012. Cameron said he would continue to work for 'a different, more flexible and less onerous position for Britain within the EU'.
^ "David Cameron 'prepared to consider EU referendum'". BBC News. 1 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012. Mr Cameron said ... he would 'continue to work for a different, more flexible and less onerous position for Britain within the EU'.
^ "David Cameron promises in/out referendum on EU". BBC News. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
^ "David Cameron sets out EU reform goals". BBC News. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
^ New Open Europe/ComRes poll: Failure to win key reforms could swing UK's EU referendum vote openeurope.org, 16 December 2015.
^ Spaventa, Eleanore. "Explaining the EU deal: the 'emergency brake'". Retrieved 25 October 2016.
^ "Prime Minister sets out legal framework for EU withdrawal". UK Parliament. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
^ "The process for withdrawing from the European Union" (PDF). GOV.UK. Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, HM Government. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ Jon Stone (13 April 2016). "Vote Leave designated as official EU referendum Out campaign".
^ "Leave.eu". Leave.eu. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ Other major campaign groups included Grassroots Out, Get Britain Out and Better Off Out.
^ "Conservatives In". Conservatives In. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Alan Johnson MP. "Labour in for Britain – The Labour Party". Labour.org.uk. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ "Britain in Europe". Liberal Democrats. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ "Greens for a Better Europe". Green Party. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ "Home". Scientists for EU. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
^ "Environmentalists For Europe homepage". Environmentalists For Europe. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ "Universities for Europe". Universities for Europe. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
^ "Another Europe is Possible". Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ "EU referendum: BBC forecasts UK votes to leave". BBC News. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ "EU Referendum Results". Sky (United Kingdom). Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ Hooton, Christopher (24 June 2016). "Brexit: Petition for second EU referendum so popular the government site's crashing". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ Boult, Adam (26 June 2016). "Petition for second EU referendum attracts thousands of signatures". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ "Brexit: Petition for second EU referendum rejected". BBC News. 9 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
^ "EU referendum results". Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016.
^ "Brexit: David Cameron to quit after UK votes to leave EU". BBC. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ "UKIP leader Nigel Farage stands down". BBC News. 4 July 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
^ "Exclusive: Britain 'could liberate Europe again' by voting for Brexit and sparking populist revolution". The Daily Telegraph. 22 May 2016.
^ Oltermann, Philip; Scammell, Rosie; Darroch, Gordon (8 July 2016). "Brexit causes resurgence in pro-EU leanings across continent". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
^ "Article 50: Theresa May to trigger Brexit process". BBC News. 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ Article 50(3) of the Treaty on European Union.
^ Patrick Wintour (22 July 2016). "UK officials seek draft agreements with EU before triggering article 50". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
^ Renwick, Alan (19 January 2016). "What happens if we vote for Brexit?". The Constitution Unit Blog. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
^ Wright, Ben. "Reality Check: How plausible is second EU referendum?". BBC. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
^ In a leaflet sent out before the referendum, the UK government stated "This is your decision. The Government will implement what you decide." "Why the Government believes that voting to remain in the European Union is the best decision for the UK. The EU referendum, Thursday, 23rd June 2016" (PDF).
^ Patrick Wintour (20 July 2016). "Cameron accused of 'gross negligence' over Brexit contingency plans". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
^ "Brexit: David Cameron to quit after UK votes to leave EU". BBC. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
^ Cooper, Charlie (27 June 2016). "David Cameron rules out second EU referendum after Brexit". The Independent. London, UK. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
^ Ram, Vidya. "U.K. govt. must get Parliament nod for Brexit: Supreme Court". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
^ Bowcott, Owen; Mason, Rowena; Asthana, Anushka (24 January 2017). "Supreme court rules parliament must have vote to trigger article 50". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
^ "Brexit: MPs overwhelmingly back Article 50 bill". BBC. 1 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
^ "Article 50: May signs letter that will trigger Brexit". BBC News. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
^ Tusk, Donald [@eucopresident] (29 March 2017). "The Article 50 letter. #Brexit" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ Stamp, Gavin; Hunt, Alex (28 March 2017). "Theresa May officially starts Brexit process". BBC News. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
^ "Kenneth Armstrong: Has Article 50 Really Been Triggered?". UK Constitutional Law Association. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
^ "Brexit faces potential court challenge over 'technical flaw' in way Article 50 was triggered". The Independent. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
^ Sparrow, Andrew (1 February 2017). "MPs vote to give May power to trigger article 50 – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ Mason, Rowena (13 March 2017). "Parliament passes Brexit bill and opens way to triggering article 50". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2017.
^ "once triggered, [Article 50] cannot be unilaterally reversed. Notification is a point of no return. Article 50 does not provide for the unilateral withdrawal of notification." "European Commission – Fact Sheet. Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union". European Commission. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
^ "a revocation of notification [by Article 50] needs to be subject to conditions set by all EU27, so that it cannot be used as a procedural device or abused in an attempt to improve on the current terms of the United Kingdom’s membership""European Plenary sitting 10 April 2017". European Parliament. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
^ "Brexit is reversible, says author of Brexit treaty". 21 February 2017.
^ Nikos Chrysoloras (2 April 2017). "Your Guide to Key Dates in the Brexit Negotiations". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ Roberts, Dan (20 June 2017). "Brexit: UK caves in to EU demand to agree divorce bill before trade talks". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ "Merkel lobt May-Angebot zum Brexit [Merkel praises May's offer on Brexit]". Die Zeit. Hamburg. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ "Brexit: UK caves in to EU demand to agree divorce bill before trade talks", The Guardian, 19 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017
^ "Brexit-Bundestagsdebatte: Mit Merkel wird es kein Rosinenpicken für die Briten geben". Die Welt. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
^ Heffer, Greg (29 June 2016). "'It's not single market à la carte' Donald Tusk tells UK it's FREE MOVEMENT or nothing". Daily Express. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
^ "Theresa May – her full Brexit speech to Conservative conference". Independent. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
^ Mason, Rowena (5 October 2016). "Theresa May's Conservative party conference speech – key points analysed". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
^ Hope, Christopher (23 November 2016). "British expats set to be granted right to carry on living in EU with Theresa May 'close to reciprocal rights deal'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
^ Swinford, Steven (29 November 2016). "Angela Merkel says 'nein' to Theresa May's calls for early deal on rights of EU migrants and British ex-pats". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
^ Cite error: The named reference auto was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Kuenssberg, Laura (17 January 2017). "Brexit: UK to leave single market, says Theresa May". BBC. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
^ "Brexit: The UK's letter triggering Article 50". BBC News. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
^ Asthana, Anushka (30 March 2017). "Don't blackmail us over security, EU warns May". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
^ Boffey, Daniel (29 April 2017). "EU leaders agree on tough stance at special Brexit summit". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
^ "European Council (Art. 50) guidelines for Brexit negotiations". Council of the European Union Website. Council of the European Union. 29 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.
^ Foster, Peter (29 April 2017). "EU Brexit guidelines: What's in the document, and what it really means". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
^ Worstall, Tim (3 May 2017). "It Is To Laugh At Their Mistake – EU's Brexit Bill Claim Now At €100 Billion". Forbes. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
^ BBC News, 4 March 2017, "Brexit: UK 'not obliged' to pay divorce bill say peers".[2]
^ ^a ^b Roberts, Dan (1 May 2017). "May dismisses reports of frosty dinner with EU chief as 'Brussels gossip'". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
^ ^a ^b Bush, Stephen (2 May 2017). "Theresa May and Jean-Claude Juncker's dinner leaked because no-one thinks Brexit will work". New Statesman. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
^ Stone, Mark (6 May 2017). "Juncker's jibes continue after Tusk calls for calm". Sky News. Retrieved 15 May 2017. In order to succeed we need discretion, moderation and a maximum of goodwill.
^ "Treffen mit May: Merkel verärgert über Juncker nach Brexit-Dinner". Der Spiegel. 6 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
^ "Council (Art 50) authorises the start of Brexit talks and adopts negotiating directives – Consilium". www.consilium.europa.eu.
^ "Brexit: UK caves in to EU demand to agree divorce bill before trade talks", The Guardian, 19 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017
^ Boffey, Daniel (22 June 2017). "Donald Tusk echoes John Lennon to suggest UK could stay in EU". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ Abert, Eric (27 June 2017). "Brexit: les expatriés, premier bras de fer entre Londres et Bruxelles [Brexit: Expatriates, the first armwrestling match between London and Brussels]". Le Monde. Paris. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
^ "Brexit-Verhandlungen: London will EU-Bürger in Grossbritannien halten". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
^ "Reality Check: Britain and EU at odds over citizens' rights". BBC News. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
^ Gourtsoyannis, Paris (18 July 2017). "EU hands Britain a two-month deadline on Brexit talks". pressreader. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
^ "EU and UK 'singing off same hymn sheet' on Northern Ireland". The Irish Times. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
^ Nuspliger, Niklus (20 July 2017). "Zweite Verhandlungsrunde in Brüssel: London bleibt zu Brexit-Rechnung unverbindlich". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Retrieved 21 July 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
^ "Brexit: UK and EU at odds over 'exit bill'". BBC News. 21 July 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
^ https://www.joc.com/international-logistics/brexit-customs-proposal-short-details-say-uk-forwarders_20170816.html
^ http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-41012265
^ "European Union (Withdrawal) Bill 2017-19 — UK Parliament". services.parliament.uk. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
^ Mason, Rowena (2 October 2016). "Theresa May's 'great repeal bill': what's going to happen and when?". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
^ Mason, Rowena (3 October 2016). "UK and Scotland on course for great 'constitutional bust-up'". BBC. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
^ Hannah White and Jill Rutter, "Legislating Brexit: The Great Repeal Bill and the wider legislative challenge", Institute for Government, 20 March 2017, p.9 [3]
^ "Brexit could place 'huge burden' on Parliament". BBC. 20 March 2017.
^ Anushka Asthana (20 December 2016). "Theresa May indicates MPs will not be given vote on final Brexit deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ Somerville, W. (June 2016). "When the Dust Settles". Migration Policy after Brexit, Migration Policy Institute Commentary.
^ Sophia Schirmer (19 October 2016). "Huge increase in Britons seeking citizenship in EU states as Brexit looms". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 February 2017.
^ "HM Treasury analysis: the long-term economic impact of EU membership and the alternatives". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ "Brexit and the UK's Public Finances" (PDF). Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS Report 116). May 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
^ The end of British austerity starts with Brexit J. Redwood, The Guardian, 14 April 2016
^ Steven Swinford (10 August 2016). "Britain could be up to £70billion worse off if it leaves the Single Market after Brexit, IFS warns". Retrieved 11 August 2016.
^ "Claim 'hard Brexit' could cost UK£10bn in tax". Financial Times. 4 October 2016. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ [4]
^ "Bank of England Economist: Brexit Predictions Were Wrong". Fox News (from the Associated Press). 6 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
^ Inman, Phillip (5 January 2017). "Chief Economist of Bank of England Admits Errors in Brexit Forecasting". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
^ Swinford, Steven (6 January 2017). "Bank of England Admits 'Michael Fish' Moment with Dire Brexit Predictions". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
^ 'The Brexit vote is starting to have major negative consequences' – experts debate the data The Guardian
^ Collis, Helen (23 May 2017). "Brussels releases criteria to host EU agencies after Brexit". POLITICO. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
^ Stafford, Philip (18 May 2017). "Europe nears decision on base for euro clearing". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 May 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
^ Between 2007–2013 the UK received €8.8 billion from the EU for research while contributing €5.4 billion to the EU's research budget.UK research and the European Union: the role of the EU in funding UK research (PDF). London: Royal Society. 2016. pp. 12, Figure 4.
^ Around 11% of the research income of British universities came from the EU in 2014–2015 University Funding Explained (PDF). London: UK Universities. July 2016.
^ Elgot, Jessica; Elliott, Larry; Davis, Nicola (13 August 2016). "Treasury to guarantee post-Brexit funding for EU-backed projects". The Guardian.
^ Sample, Ian (12 July 2016). "UK scientists dropped from EU projects because of post-Brexit funding fears". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ "It is likely that the UK would wish to remain an associated member of the European Research Area, like Norway and Iceland, in order to continue participating in the EU framework programmes."UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (PDF). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 2015. p. 269. ISBN 978-92-3-100129-1.
^ Simons, Ned (24 January 2016). "Nicola Sturgeon Denies She Has 'Machiavellian' Wish For Brexit". The Huffington Post UK. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
^ "Scotland Says New Vote on Independence Is 'Highly Likely'". The New York Times. 25 June 2016.
^ "Nicola Sturgeon says Scotland will pursue EU membership after independence". The Independent. 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
^ Stewart, Heather (16 March 2017). "Theresa May rejects Nicola Sturgeon's referendum demand". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
^ "Sturgeon: independent Scotland may need 'phased' return to EU". The Guardian. 14 May 2017.
^ "Could Scotland block Brexit?". Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ Elliott; Mark. "Can Scotland block Brexit?". PublicLawForEveryone.com. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
^ ^a ^b McClean, Paul (30 May 2017). "After Brexit: the UK will need to renegotiate at least 759 treaties". Financial Times. Retrieved 31 May 2017. Through analysis of the EU treaty database, the FT found 759 separate EU bilateral agreements with potential relevance to Britain, covering trade in nuclear goods, customs, fisheries, trade, transport and regulatory co-operation in areas such as antitrust or financial services. This includes multilateral agreements based on consensus, where Britain must re-approach 132 separate parties. Around 110 separate opt-in accords at the UN and World Trade Organisation are excluded from the estimates, as are narrow agreements on the environment, health, research and science. Some additional UK bilateral deals, outside the EU framework, may also need to be revised because they make reference to EU law. Some of the 759 are so essential that it would be unthinkable to operate without them. Air services agreements allow British aeroplanes to land in America, Canada or Israel; nuclear accords permit the trade in spare parts and fuel for Britain's power stations. Both these sectors are excluded from trade negotiations and must be addressed separately. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b "Leaving the EU – RESEARCH PAPER 13/42" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 1 July 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
^ "Britain does not want return to Northern Ireland border controls, says May". The Irish Times. 26 July 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
^ "Irish Republic signals support for UK plan to avoid post-Brexit 'hard border'". The Guardian. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
^ "Brexit: Ireland has no agreement with UK on use of Irish ports". The Irish Times. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^ Lyons, Niamh (31 January 2017). "Brexit will not mean hard border, leaders vow". The Times, Ireland edition. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |registration= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
^ "UK officials at Irish ports ruled out". RTÉ.ie. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
^ Fenton, Siobhan (24 June 2016). "Northern Ireland's Deputy First Minister calls for poll on united Ireland after Brexit". The Independent. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^ "The Northern Ireland Peace Agreement: The Agreement reached in the multi-party negotiations 10 April 1998" (PDF). www.taoiseach.gov.ie.
^ Coyne, Ellen (29 April 2017). "EU approval 'brings united Ireland closer'". The Times, Ireland edition. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
^ Patrick Wintour (3 March 2016). "French minister: Brexit would threaten Calais border arrangement". The Guardian.
^ "Q&A: Would Brexit really move "the Jungle" to Dover?". Retrieved 27 April 2016.
^ "Xavier Bertrand a les accords du Touquet dans le viseur". Libération.
^ Treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the French Republic concerning the Implementation of Frontier Controls at the Sea Ports of both Countries on the Channel and North Sea (PDF), The Stationery Office, 4 February 2003, cm6172, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2008, retrieved 5 July 2016, This Treaty is concluded for an unlimited duration and each of the Contracting Parties may terminate it at any time by written notification ... The termination shall come into effect two years after the date of this notification. {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Buchanan, Elsa (30 June 2016). "François Hollande rejects suspension of Le Touquet treaty at Calais despite UK Brexit". International Business Times. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
^ Williams, Jennifer (24 June 2016). "The Brexit vote result has reignited a 300-year-old fight between Britain and Spain". Vox. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ "Spain would demand control of Gibraltar the 'next day after Brexit'". Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ "Brexit: Spain calls for joint control of Gibraltar". BBC News. Retrieved 26 June 2016.
^ Joe Duggan (12 September 2016). "Chief Minister Fabian Picardo says 'British Means British' at National Day political rally".
^ "Govt's stark analysis highlights Brexit border challenge". Gibraltar Chronicle.
^ "the UK would seek the best possible deal for Gibraltar as the UK exits the EU, and there would be no negotiation on the sovereignty of Gibraltar without the consent of its people.” Theresa May, 6 April 2017, "UK won't negotiate away Gibraltar sovereignty, May tells Tusk". The Guardian. 6 April 2017.
^ Andreas Koenig (27 June 2016). "Ökonomische Aspekte eines EU-Austritts des Vereinigten Königreichs (Brexit)" (PDF) (in German). Deutscher Bundestag. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
^ M. Chardon (1 January 2016). "Sperrminorität" (in German). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
^ Holger Romann (25 August 2016). "Nach dem Brexit-Votum: EU-Wirtschaftspolitik – was geht da?" (in German). ARD. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
^ ^a ^b Dorothea Siems (18 June 2016). "Sperrminorität". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 9 October 2016.
^ "EU-Austritt des UK: Diese Folgen hat der Brexit für Deutschland und die EU". Merkur.de (in German). 22 August 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016. Die Briten haben sich für einen Abschied entschieden, Europa wird nun anders aussehen. Der Kontinent verliert seine (neben Frankreich) stärkste Militärmacht samt Atomwaffenarsenal, seine zweitgrößte Volkswirtschaft, das Land mit der drittgrößten Bevölkerung, die Finanzhauptstadt der Welt und einen von zwei Plätzen im UN-Sicherheitsrat. [The British have decided to leave. Europe will now look different. The continent will be losing its strongest military power (alongside France), ... its second largest economy, the country with the third largest population, the financial capital of the world, and one of two seats on the UN Security Council.] {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
^ Hendrik Kafsack (8 August 2016). "EU-Haushalt: Deutschland überweist das meiste Geld an Brüssel". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 9 October 2016.
^ Reuters/dpa (10 September 2016). "Brexit wird teuer für Deutschland". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 9 October 2016. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "A two-speed post-Brexit Europe is best avoided" https://www.ft.com/content/e0051162-1ee0-11e7-b7d3-163f5a7f229c
^ "European Parliament moves to sideline British MEPs". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
^ "MEPs debate who inherits British seats". politico.eu. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
^ ""Is Brexit an opportunity to reform the European Parliament?" [pdf]" (PDF).
^ Main world producers (2007)
^ Daniel Boffey (15 February 2017). "UK fishermen may not win waters back after Brexit, EU memo reveals". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 3 July 2017. Source: House of Lords, NAFC Marine Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands.
^ Milne, Claire (21 June 2017). "Is the EU 'pinching our fish'?". https://fullfact.org/. Full Fact. Retrieved 3 July 2017. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
^ "Fishing announcement UK's 'first serious shot on Brexit'". The Irish Times. 3 July 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
^ "No notification, no negotiation: EU officials banned from Brexit talks with Britain". 30 June 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
^ "Juncker on populist right-wingers: "I want to stand against these forces"". 31 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
^ "Juncker warnt Firmen vor eigenen Brexit-Deals" [Juncker warns companies against making their own Brexit deals] (in German). 5 November 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016. Ich sage ihnen, dass sie sich nicht in die Debatte einmischen sollen, denn sie werden feststellen, dass ich ihnen den Weg versperre.
^ "Jean-Claude Juncker: UK faces hefty Brexit bill". 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
^ "Visit in Berlin: Johnson's timetable [for Brexit] does not envisage changes". 4 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
^ Brooks, Libby (15 July 2016). "May tells Sturgeon Holyrood will be 'fully engaged' in article 50 decision". London, UK. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ Laura Hughes (9 September 2016). "Brexit department spends more than £250,000 on legal advice in just two months". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
^ "Theresa May signals Whitehall rejig with two new Cabinet posts | Civil Service World". www.civilserviceworld.com. CSW. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
^ Trading places / Negotiating post-Brexit deals. Economist, 4–10 February 2017, page 25
^ GOV.UK The government's negotiating objectives for exiting the EU: PM speech https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-governments-negotiating-objectives-for-exiting-the-eu-pm-speech
^ HM Government (February 2017). The United Kingdom's exit from and new partnership with the European Union (PDF) (Report). Williams Lea Group. pp. 17–20. Retrieved 6 February 2017. {{cite report}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)
^ "British citizens should have freedom of movement after Brexit, says chief EU negotiator". The Local. 10 March 2017.
^ "Brexit: EU summit on 29 April to discuss way ahead". BBC. 21 March 2017.
^ "Brexit revives Sinn Féin campaign for united Ireland vote". Politico. 27 March 2017.
^ "Brexit – the Brexit, "a tragedy", according to Jean-Claude Juncker". The Brussels Times. 5 May 2017.
^ "Better regulation". European Commission – European Commission. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
^ "New Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration". GOV.UK. Department for Exiting the European Union. 19 October 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. The revised Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration were considered and agreed at European Council on 17 October 2019.
^ "Brexit: Theresa May's deal is voted down in historic Commons defeat". BBC News. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
^ "Tory minister Sam Gyimah resigns in protest at Theresa May's Brexit deal". The Daily Telegraph. 1 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
^ "Brexit: Cabinet backs draft agreement". BBC News. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
^ "Boris Johnson tells PM she is suffocating Brexit 'dream'". BBC News. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ "Brexit: Cabinet agrees 'collective' stance on future EU deal". BBC News. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
^ "'Hard facts' for both sides in Brexit talks – Theresa May". BBC News. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "Brexit: EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage". BBC News. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
^ "Theresa May urges EU to retain trade terms for two years after Brexit". BBC News. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
^ "Brexit negotiations: Barnier rules out 'concessions'". BBC News. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ "'No turning back' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered". BBC News. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
^ "Brexit: UK to leave single market, says Theresa May". BBC News. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ "Brexit: Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March". BBC News. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
^ "Theresa May vows to be 'one nation' prime minister". BBC News. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ "New Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration". GOV.UK. Department for Exiting the European Union. 19 October 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. The revised Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration were considered and agreed at European Council on 17 October 2019.
^ "Brexit: Theresa May's deal is voted down in historic Commons defeat". BBC News. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
^ "Tory minister Sam Gyimah resigns in protest at Theresa May's Brexit deal". The Telegraph. 1 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
^ "Brexit: Cabinet backs draft agreement". BBC News. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
^ "Boris Johnson tells PM she is suffocating Brexit 'dream'". BBC News. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ "Brexit: Cabinet agrees 'collective' stance on future EU deal". BBC News. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
^ "'Hard facts' for both sides in Brexit talks – Theresa May". BBC News. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "Brexit: EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage". BBC News. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
^ "Theresa May urges EU to retain trade terms for two years after Brexit". BBC News. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
^ "Brexit negotiations: Barnier rules out 'concessions'". BBC News. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
^ "'No turning back' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered". BBC News. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
^ "Brexit: UK to leave single market, says Theresa May". BBC News. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ "Brexit: Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March". BBC News. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
^ "Theresa May vows to be 'one nation' prime minister". BBC News. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ https://www.bmgresearch.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/CONFIDENTIAL-Methodology-Sheet-BMG-Research-EU-ReferendumRe-contact-survey-for-Evening-Standard-010716.pdf
^ Poll finds that 60% of Britons want to keep their EU citizenship The Guardian
^ Mia Jankowicz, 'Britain's thriving art scene strangled by Brexit chaos' in Politics.co.uk, 20 March 2017: Online Link
^ Hannah Ellis-Petersen, 'Banksy Brexit mural of man chipping away at EU flag appears in Dover' in The Guardian (UK newspaper), 8 May 2017
^ Mick Brown, 'Grayson Perry: What I learnt from my Brexit tour around Britain', in The Daily Telegraph (UK newspaper), 27 May 2017
^ Michael Paraskos, Rabbitman (London: Friction Fiction, 2017)
^ Mark Billingham, Love Like Blood, (London: Little Brown Books, 2017)
^ David Boyle, Remains of the Day (London: Real Press, 2017)
^ Amanda Craig, The Lie of the Land (London: Little Brown Books, 2017)
^ Douglas Board, Time of Lies (London: Lightning Books, 2017)
^ Katie Spencer, 'Literature goes Brexit: EU vote prompts writers to tackle issue', Sky News report, 19 March 2017 Click for Link
^ Kettle, Martin (10 March 2017) "Brexit stage left: how theatre became the best way to understand today's Britain" The Guardian.
^ Cavendish, Dominic (11 March 2017) "The National Theatre takes on Brexit in My Country, a work in progress". The Daily Telegraph.

External links

[VotingNotMentioned-223] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw Question does not explicitly ask how respondents would vote in a referendum.

[224] Question asked in poll: "Regardless of the way you voted in the 2016 referendum, do you support or oppose the UK abiding by the referendum result and leaving the EU?"

[239] Percentages are of registered voters.

[1] "Prime Minister's letter to Donald Tusk triggering Article 50" (PDF). Retrieved 24 July 2017. I hereby notify the European Council in accordance with Article 50(2) of the Treaty on European Union of the United Kingdom's intention to withdraw from the European Union.

[bbc-define-2] Hunt, Alex; Wheeler, Brian (15 August 2017). "Brexit: All you need to know about the UK leaving the EU". BBC News. Retrieved 28 August 2017.

[:2-3] "Reality Check: Is Brexit inevitable?". BBC News. Retrieved 22 July 2017.

[4] "Article 50: Theresa May to trigger Brexit process". BBC News. 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.

[5] "UK confirms it will leave customs union". 2 February 2017.

[wilkinson-6] Wilkinson, Michael (17 January 2017). "Theresa May confirms Britain will leave Single Market as she sets out 12-point Brexit plan". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2017.

[bbc-trigger-7] "Brexit: PM to trigger Article 50 by end of March". BBC News. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.

[8] The Telegraph, 30 December 2012, "The EU: so where did it all go wrong?" http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/9770633/The-EU-so-where-did-it-all-go-wrong.html]

[9] This Day in HIstory: 25 Mar [1]

[10] "Britain and the EU: A Brixit looms". The Economist. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2016.

[11] Hjelmgaard, Kim; Onyanga-Omara, Jane (22 February 2016). "Explainer: The what, when and why of 'Brexit'". USA Today. Retrieved 25 June 2016.

[Brexit,_n_2017-12] "Brexit, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, March 2017. Web. 9 May 2017.

[13] Wilding, Peter (15 May 2012). "Stumbling towards the Brexit". BlogActiv.eu. Retrieved 22 July 2016.

[NYD-14] Friederichsen, Paul (27 June 2016). "Coining catchy 'Brexit' term helped Brits determine EU vote". NYDailyNews.com. Retrieved 22 July 2016.

[15] "'Hard' Brexit most likely outcome for UK leaving EU, says S&P". Reuters. 11 November 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2017.

[16] "Brexit: What are the options? Alternative Brexit models". BBC News. 15 January 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.

[17] "1967: De Gaulle says 'non' to Britain – again". BBC News. 27 November 1976. Retrieved 9 March 2016.

[18] "Into Europe". Parliament.uk. Retrieved 25 February 2017.

[19] "English text of EU Accession Treaty 1972, Cmnd. 7463" (PDF). Retrieved 24 February 2017.

[20] "1973: Britain joins the EEC". BBC News. 1 January 1973. Retrieved 9 March 2016.

[21] Alex May, Britain and Europe since 1945 (1999).

[22] "BBC ON THIS DAY – 26 – 1975: Labour votes to leave the EEC". news.bbc.co.uk.

[23] the Shetland Islands and the Outer Hebrides

[24] "Research Briefings – The 1974–1975 UK Renegotiation of EEC Membership and Referendum". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 19 May 2016.

[25] "Who Voted for Brexit? A comprehensive district level analysis". Becker, Fetzer, Novy, University of Warwick. Retrieved 22 November 2016.

[foot-26] Vaidyanathan, Rajini (4 March 2010). "Michael Foot: What did the 'longest suicide note' say?". BBC News Magazine. BBC. Retrieved 21 October 2015.

[27] Dury, Hélène. "Black Wednesday" (PDF). Retrieved 24 February 2016.

[28] "EU treaties". Europa (web portal). Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[29] "EUROPA The EU in brief". Europa (web portal). Retrieved 19 May 2016.

[wood-30] Wood, Nicholas (28 November 1994). "Goldsmith forms a Euro referendum party". The Times. p. 1.

[ref_party-31] "UK Election 1997". Politicsresources.net. Archived from the original on 21 September 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[32] "10 key lessons from the European election results". The Guardian. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.

[33] "Does Migration Cause Extreme Voting?" (PDF). Becker and Fetzer, University of Warwick. 18 October 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016.

[34] Matt Osborn (7 May 2015). "2015 UK general election results in full". The Guardian.

[Mortimore-35] Mortimore, Roger. "Polling history: 40 years of British views on 'in or out' of Europe". The Conversation. Retrieved 25 October 2016.

[36] Tarran, Brian (8 April 2016). "The Economy: a Brexit vote winner?". Significance. 13 (2). doi:10.1111/j.1740-9713.2016.00891.x/full (inactive 14 April 2017).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2017 (link)

[37] Nicholas Watt (29 June 2012). "Cameron defies Tory right over EU referendum: Prime minister, buoyed by successful negotiations on eurozone banking reform, rejects 'in or out' referendum on EU". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 2 July 2012. David Cameron placed himself on a collision course with the Tory right when he mounted a passionate defence of Britain's membership of the EU and rejected out of hand an 'in or out' referendum.

[38] Sparrow, Andrew (1 July 2012). "PM accused of weak stance on Europe referendum". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 2 July 2012. Cameron said he would continue to work for 'a different, more flexible and less onerous position for Britain within the EU'.

[39] "David Cameron 'prepared to consider EU referendum'". BBC News. 1 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012. Mr Cameron said ... he would 'continue to work for a different, more flexible and less onerous position for Britain within the EU'.

[40] "David Cameron promises in/out referendum on EU". BBC News. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2016.

[BBC_News_Nov_2015-41] "David Cameron sets out EU reform goals". BBC News. 11 November 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2016.

[42] New Open Europe/ComRes poll: Failure to win key reforms could swing UK's EU referendum vote openeurope.org, 16 December 2015.

[FF1-43] Spaventa, Eleanore. "Explaining the EU deal: the 'emergency brake'". Retrieved 25 October 2016.

[Hansard_22_February_2016_Column_21-25-44] "Prime Minister sets out legal framework for EU withdrawal". UK Parliament. 22 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.

[45] "The process for withdrawing from the European Union" (PDF). GOV.UK. Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, HM Government. Retrieved 24 June 2016.

[46] Jon Stone (13 April 2016). "Vote Leave designated as official EU referendum Out campaign".

[47] "Leave.eu". Leave.eu. Retrieved 19 May 2016.

[48] Other major campaign groups included Grassroots Out, Get Britain Out and Better Off Out.

[49] "Conservatives In". Conservatives In. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[50] Alan Johnson MP. "Labour in for Britain – The Labour Party". Labour.org.uk. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.

[51] "Britain in Europe". Liberal Democrats. Retrieved 19 May 2016.

[52] "Greens for a Better Europe". Green Party. Retrieved 19 May 2016.

[53] "Home". Scientists for EU. Retrieved 2 June 2016.

[54] "Environmentalists For Europe homepage". Environmentalists For Europe. Retrieved 19 May 2016.

[55] "Universities for Europe". Universities for Europe. Retrieved 19 May 2016.

[56] "Another Europe is Possible". Retrieved 8 June 2016.

[BBC24forecast-57] "EU referendum: BBC forecasts UK votes to leave". BBC News. Retrieved 24 June 2016.

[58] "EU Referendum Results". Sky (United Kingdom). Retrieved 24 June 2016.

[59] Hooton, Christopher (24 June 2016). "Brexit: Petition for second EU referendum so popular the government site's crashing". The Independent. Independent Print Limited. Retrieved 24 June 2016.

[60] Boult, Adam (26 June 2016). "Petition for second EU referendum attracts thousands of signatures". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 June 2016.

[61] "Brexit: Petition for second EU referendum rejected". BBC News. 9 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.

[62] "EU referendum results". Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016.

[63] "Brexit: David Cameron to quit after UK votes to leave EU". BBC. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2016.

[64] "UKIP leader Nigel Farage stands down". BBC News. 4 July 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2016.

[65] "Exclusive: Britain 'could liberate Europe again' by voting for Brexit and sparking populist revolution". The Daily Telegraph. 22 May 2016.

[66] Oltermann, Philip; Scammell, Rosie; Darroch, Gordon (8 July 2016). "Brexit causes resurgence in pro-EU leanings across continent". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 July 2016.

[67] "Article 50: Theresa May to trigger Brexit process". BBC News. 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.

[68] Article 50(3) of the Treaty on European Union.

[69] Patrick Wintour (22 July 2016). "UK officials seek draft agreements with EU before triggering article 50". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 October 2016.

[constunit-70] Renwick, Alan (19 January 2016). "What happens if we vote for Brexit?". The Constitution Unit Blog. Retrieved 14 May 2016.

[71] Wright, Ben. "Reality Check: How plausible is second EU referendum?". BBC. Retrieved 14 May 2016.

[72] In a leaflet sent out before the referendum, the UK government stated "This is your decision. The Government will implement what you decide." "Why the Government believes that voting to remain in the European Union is the best decision for the UK. The EU referendum, Thursday, 23rd June 2016" (PDF).

[73] Patrick Wintour (20 July 2016). "Cameron accused of 'gross negligence' over Brexit contingency plans". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 July 2016.

[74] "Brexit: David Cameron to quit after UK votes to leave EU". BBC. Retrieved 24 June 2016.

[75] Cooper, Charlie (27 June 2016). "David Cameron rules out second EU referendum after Brexit". The Independent. London, UK. Retrieved 27 June 2016.

[76] Ram, Vidya. "U.K. govt. must get Parliament nod for Brexit: Supreme Court". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 March 2017.

[77] Bowcott, Owen; Mason, Rowena; Asthana, Anushka (24 January 2017). "Supreme court rules parliament must have vote to trigger article 50". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 February 2017.

[house-trigger-78] "Brexit: MPs overwhelmingly back Article 50 bill". BBC. 1 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.

[BBC_Brexit_letter_28_03_2017-79] "Article 50: May signs letter that will trigger Brexit". BBC News. 28 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017.

[80] Tusk, Donald [@eucopresident] (29 March 2017). "The Article 50 letter. #Brexit" (Tweet) – via Twitter.

[Stamp_Hunt_2017-81] Stamp, Gavin; Hunt, Alex (28 March 2017). "Theresa May officially starts Brexit process". BBC News. Retrieved 29 March 2017.

[82] "Kenneth Armstrong: Has Article 50 Really Been Triggered?". UK Constitutional Law Association. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.

[83] "Brexit faces potential court challenge over 'technical flaw' in way Article 50 was triggered". The Independent. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.

[84] Sparrow, Andrew (1 February 2017). "MPs vote to give May power to trigger article 50 – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2017.

[85] Mason, Rowena (13 March 2017). "Parliament passes Brexit bill and opens way to triggering article 50". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2017.

[EU_Commission_Point_of_no_return-86] "once triggered, [Article 50] cannot be unilaterally reversed. Notification is a point of no return. Article 50 does not provide for the unilateral withdrawal of notification." "European Commission – Fact Sheet. Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union". European Commission. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[EU_Parliament_Point_of_no_return-87] "a revocation of notification [by Article 50] needs to be subject to conditions set by all EU27, so that it cannot be used as a procedural device or abused in an attempt to improve on the current terms of the United Kingdom’s membership""European Plenary sitting 10 April 2017". European Parliament. 10 April 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.

[88] "Brexit is reversible, says author of Brexit treaty". 21 February 2017.

[89] Nikos Chrysoloras (2 April 2017). "Your Guide to Key Dates in the Brexit Negotiations". Bloomberg. Retrieved 23 June 2017.

[90] Roberts, Dan (20 June 2017). "Brexit: UK caves in to EU demand to agree divorce bill before trade talks". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 June 2017.

[91] "Merkel lobt May-Angebot zum Brexit [Merkel praises May's offer on Brexit]". Die Zeit. Hamburg. 23 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.

[92] "Brexit: UK caves in to EU demand to agree divorce bill before trade talks", The Guardian, 19 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017

[93] "Brexit-Bundestagsdebatte: Mit Merkel wird es kein Rosinenpicken für die Briten geben". Die Welt. 28 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

[94] Heffer, Greg (29 June 2016). "'It's not single market à la carte' Donald Tusk tells UK it's FREE MOVEMENT or nothing". Daily Express. Retrieved 1 July 2016.

[95] "Theresa May – her full Brexit speech to Conservative conference". Independent. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017.

[96] Mason, Rowena (5 October 2016). "Theresa May's Conservative party conference speech – key points analysed". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2017.

[97] Hope, Christopher (23 November 2016). "British expats set to be granted right to carry on living in EU with Theresa May 'close to reciprocal rights deal'". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2017.

[98] Swinford, Steven (29 November 2016). "Angela Merkel says 'nein' to Theresa May's calls for early deal on rights of EU migrants and British ex-pats". The Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2017.

[auto-99] Cite error: The named reference auto was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[100] Kuenssberg, Laura (17 January 2017). "Brexit: UK to leave single market, says Theresa May". BBC. Retrieved 14 May 2017.

[101] "Brexit: The UK's letter triggering Article 50". BBC News. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

[102] Asthana, Anushka (30 March 2017). "Don't blackmail us over security, EU warns May". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

[103] Boffey, Daniel (29 April 2017). "EU leaders agree on tough stance at special Brexit summit". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2017.

[104] "European Council (Art. 50) guidelines for Brexit negotiations". Council of the European Union Website. Council of the European Union. 29 April 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2017.

[105] Foster, Peter (29 April 2017). "EU Brexit guidelines: What's in the document, and what it really means". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 May 2017.

[106] Worstall, Tim (3 May 2017). "It Is To Laugh At Their Mistake – EU's Brexit Bill Claim Now At €100 Billion". Forbes. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

[bbc.co.uk-107] BBC News, 4 March 2017, "Brexit: UK 'not obliged' to pay divorce bill say peers".[2]

[auto1-108] Roberts, Dan (1 May 2017). "May dismisses reports of frosty dinner with EU chief as 'Brussels gossip'". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

[auto4-109] Bush, Stephen (2 May 2017). "Theresa May and Jean-Claude Juncker's dinner leaked because no-one thinks Brexit will work". New Statesman. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

[110] Stone, Mark (6 May 2017). "Juncker's jibes continue after Tusk calls for calm". Sky News. Retrieved 15 May 2017. In order to succeed we need discretion, moderation and a maximum of goodwill.

[111] "Treffen mit May: Merkel verärgert über Juncker nach Brexit-Dinner". Der Spiegel. 6 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

[112] "Council (Art 50) authorises the start of Brexit talks and adopts negotiating directives – Consilium". www.consilium.europa.eu.

[113] "Brexit: UK caves in to EU demand to agree divorce bill before trade talks", The Guardian, 19 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017

[114] Boffey, Daniel (22 June 2017). "Donald Tusk echoes John Lennon to suggest UK could stay in EU". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 June 2017.

[115] Abert, Eric (27 June 2017). "Brexit: les expatriés, premier bras de fer entre Londres et Bruxelles [Brexit: Expatriates, the first armwrestling match between London and Brussels]". Le Monde. Paris. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[116] "Brexit-Verhandlungen: London will EU-Bürger in Grossbritannien halten". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 26 June 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

[117] "Reality Check: Britain and EU at odds over citizens' rights". BBC News. 27 June 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2017.

[118] Gourtsoyannis, Paris (18 July 2017). "EU hands Britain a two-month deadline on Brexit talks". pressreader. Retrieved 19 July 2017.

[119] "EU and UK 'singing off same hymn sheet' on Northern Ireland". The Irish Times. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.

[120] Nuspliger, Niklus (20 July 2017). "Zweite Verhandlungsrunde in Brüssel: London bleibt zu Brexit-Rechnung unverbindlich". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. Retrieved 21 July 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

[121] "Brexit: UK and EU at odds over 'exit bill'". BBC News. 21 July 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017.

[122] ttps://www.joc.com/international-logistics/brexit-customs-proposal-short-details-say-uk-forwarders_20170816.html

[123] ttp://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-41012265

[124] "European Union (Withdrawal) Bill 2017-19 — UK Parliament". services.parliament.uk. Retrieved 23 July 2017.

[125] Mason, Rowena (2 October 2016). "Theresa May's 'great repeal bill': what's going to happen and when?". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 October 2016.

[126] Mason, Rowena (3 October 2016). "UK and Scotland on course for great 'constitutional bust-up'". BBC. Retrieved 3 October 2016.

[127] Hannah White and Jill Rutter, "Legislating Brexit: The Great Repeal Bill and the wider legislative challenge", Institute for Government, 20 March 2017, p.9 [3]

[128] "Brexit could place 'huge burden' on Parliament". BBC. 20 March 2017.

[129] Anushka Asthana (20 December 2016). "Theresa May indicates MPs will not be given vote on final Brexit deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 February 2017.

[130] Somerville, W. (June 2016). "When the Dust Settles". Migration Policy after Brexit, Migration Policy Institute Commentary.

[131] Sophia Schirmer (19 October 2016). "Huge increase in Britons seeking citizenship in EU states as Brexit looms". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 February 2017.

[132] "HM Treasury analysis: the long-term economic impact of EU membership and the alternatives". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 8 June 2016.

[133] "Brexit and the UK's Public Finances" (PDF). Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS Report 116). May 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.

[JR14042016TGEABLEU-134] The end of British austerity starts with Brexit J. Redwood, The Guardian, 14 April 2016

[135] Steven Swinford (10 August 2016). "Britain could be up to £70billion worse off if it leaves the Single Market after Brexit, IFS warns". Retrieved 11 August 2016.

[136] "Claim 'hard Brexit' could cost UK£10bn in tax". Financial Times. 4 October 2016. Archived from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2016. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[137] [4]

[138] "Bank of England Economist: Brexit Predictions Were Wrong". Fox News (from the Associated Press). 6 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.

[139] Inman, Phillip (5 January 2017). "Chief Economist of Bank of England Admits Errors in Brexit Forecasting". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2017.

[140] Swinford, Steven (6 January 2017). "Bank of England Admits 'Michael Fish' Moment with Dire Brexit Predictions". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2017.

[141] 'The Brexit vote is starting to have major negative consequences' – experts debate the data The Guardian

[142] Collis, Helen (23 May 2017). "Brussels releases criteria to host EU agencies after Brexit". POLITICO. Retrieved 26 May 2017.

[143] Stafford, Philip (18 May 2017). "Europe nears decision on base for euro clearing". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 May 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)

[144] Between 2007–2013 the UK received €8.8 billion from the EU for research while contributing €5.4 billion to the EU's research budget.UK research and the European Union: the role of the EU in funding UK research (PDF). London: Royal Society. 2016. pp. 12, Figure 4.

[145] Around 11% of the research income of British universities came from the EU in 2014–2015 University Funding Explained (PDF). London: UK Universities. July 2016.

[146] Elgot, Jessica; Elliott, Larry; Davis, Nicola (13 August 2016). "Treasury to guarantee post-Brexit funding for EU-backed projects". The Guardian.

[147] Sample, Ian (12 July 2016). "UK scientists dropped from EU projects because of post-Brexit funding fears". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 July 2016.

[:0-148] "It is likely that the UK would wish to remain an associated member of the European Research Area, like Norway and Iceland, in order to continue participating in the EU framework programmes."UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (PDF). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. 2015. p. 269. ISBN 978-92-3-100129-1.

[149] Simons, Ned (24 January 2016). "Nicola Sturgeon Denies She Has 'Machiavellian' Wish For Brexit". The Huffington Post UK. Retrieved 3 February 2016.

[150] "Scotland Says New Vote on Independence Is 'Highly Likely'". The New York Times. 25 June 2016.

[151] "Nicola Sturgeon says Scotland will pursue EU membership after independence". The Independent. 20 March 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2017.

[152] Stewart, Heather (16 March 2017). "Theresa May rejects Nicola Sturgeon's referendum demand". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

[153] "Sturgeon: independent Scotland may need 'phased' return to EU". The Guardian. 14 May 2017.

[154] "Could Scotland block Brexit?". Retrieved 26 June 2016.

[155] Elliott; Mark. "Can Scotland block Brexit?". PublicLawForEveryone.com. Retrieved 13 July 2016.

[:1-156] McClean, Paul (30 May 2017). "After Brexit: the UK will need to renegotiate at least 759 treaties". Financial Times. Retrieved 31 May 2017. Through analysis of the EU treaty database, the FT found 759 separate EU bilateral agreements with potential relevance to Britain, covering trade in nuclear goods, customs, fisheries, trade, transport and regulatory co-operation in areas such as antitrust or financial services. This includes multilateral agreements based on consensus, where Britain must re-approach 132 separate parties. Around 110 separate opt-in accords at the UN and World Trade Organisation are excluded from the estimates, as are narrow agreements on the environment, health, research and science. Some additional UK bilateral deals, outside the EU framework, may also need to be revised because they make reference to EU law. Some of the 759 are so essential that it would be unthinkable to operate without them. Air services agreements allow British aeroplanes to land in America, Canada or Israel; nuclear accords permit the trade in spare parts and fuel for Britain's power stations. Both these sectors are excluded from trade negotiations and must be addressed separately. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |subscription= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)

[auto2-157] "Leaving the EU – RESEARCH PAPER 13/42" (PDF). House of Commons Library. 1 July 2013. Retrieved 19 May 2015.

[158] "Britain does not want return to Northern Ireland border controls, says May". The Irish Times. 26 July 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.

[159] "Irish Republic signals support for UK plan to avoid post-Brexit 'hard border'". The Guardian. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016.

[160] "Brexit: Ireland has no agreement with UK on use of Irish ports". The Irish Times. Retrieved 14 December 2016.

[161] Lyons, Niamh (31 January 2017). "Brexit will not mean hard border, leaders vow". The Times, Ireland edition. Retrieved 29 April 2017. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |registration= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)

[162] "UK officials at Irish ports ruled out". RTÉ.ie. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.

[163] Fenton, Siobhan (24 June 2016). "Northern Ireland's Deputy First Minister calls for poll on united Ireland after Brexit". The Independent. Retrieved 14 December 2016.

[164] "The Northern Ireland Peace Agreement: The Agreement reached in the multi-party negotiations 10 April 1998" (PDF). www.taoiseach.gov.ie.

[165] Coyne, Ellen (29 April 2017). "EU approval 'brings united Ireland closer'". The Times, Ireland edition. Retrieved 29 April 2017.

[166] Patrick Wintour (3 March 2016). "French minister: Brexit would threaten Calais border arrangement". The Guardian.

[167] "Q&A: Would Brexit really move "the Jungle" to Dover?". Retrieved 27 April 2016.

[168] "Xavier Bertrand a les accords du Touquet dans le viseur". Libération.

[169] Treaty between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the French Republic concerning the Implementation of Frontier Controls at the Sea Ports of both Countries on the Channel and North Sea (PDF), The Stationery Office, 4 February 2003, cm6172, archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2008, retrieved 5 July 2016, This Treaty is concluded for an unlimited duration and each of the Contracting Parties may terminate it at any time by written notification ... The termination shall come into effect two years after the date of this notification. {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[170] Buchanan, Elsa (30 June 2016). "François Hollande rejects suspension of Le Touquet treaty at Calais despite UK Brexit". International Business Times. Retrieved 4 July 2016.

[171] Williams, Jennifer (24 June 2016). "The Brexit vote result has reignited a 300-year-old fight between Britain and Spain". Vox. Retrieved 26 June 2016.

[172] "Spain would demand control of Gibraltar the 'next day after Brexit'". Retrieved 26 June 2016.

[173] "Brexit: Spain calls for joint control of Gibraltar". BBC News. Retrieved 26 June 2016.

[174] Joe Duggan (12 September 2016). "Chief Minister Fabian Picardo says 'British Means British' at National Day political rally".

[175] "Govt's stark analysis highlights Brexit border challenge". Gibraltar Chronicle.

[176] "the UK would seek the best possible deal for Gibraltar as the UK exits the EU, and there would be no negotiation on the sovereignty of Gibraltar without the consent of its people.” Theresa May, 6 April 2017, "UK won't negotiate away Gibraltar sovereignty, May tells Tusk". The Guardian. 6 April 2017.

[177] Andreas Koenig (27 June 2016). "Ökonomische Aspekte eines EU-Austritts des Vereinigten Königreichs (Brexit)" (PDF) (in German). Deutscher Bundestag. Retrieved 17 October 2016.

[178] M. Chardon (1 January 2016). "Sperrminorität" (in German). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. Retrieved 9 October 2016.

[tagesschau-nachvotum-179] Holger Romann (25 August 2016). "Nach dem Brexit-Votum: EU-Wirtschaftspolitik – was geht da?" (in German). ARD. Retrieved 9 October 2016.

[welt-sperrminoritat-180] Dorothea Siems (18 June 2016). "Sperrminorität". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 9 October 2016.

[181] "EU-Austritt des UK: Diese Folgen hat der Brexit für Deutschland und die EU". Merkur.de (in German). 22 August 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2016. Die Briten haben sich für einen Abschied entschieden, Europa wird nun anders aussehen. Der Kontinent verliert seine (neben Frankreich) stärkste Militärmacht samt Atomwaffenarsenal, seine zweitgrößte Volkswirtschaft, das Land mit der drittgrößten Bevölkerung, die Finanzhauptstadt der Welt und einen von zwei Plätzen im UN-Sicherheitsrat. [The British have decided to leave. Europe will now look different. The continent will be losing its strongest military power (alongside France), ... its second largest economy, the country with the third largest population, the financial capital of the world, and one of two seats on the UN Security Council.] {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

[182] Hendrik Kafsack (8 August 2016). "EU-Haushalt: Deutschland überweist das meiste Geld an Brüssel". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 9 October 2016.

[183] Reuters/dpa (10 September 2016). "Brexit wird teuer für Deutschland". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 9 October 2016. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[184] "A two-speed post-Brexit Europe is best avoided" https://www.ft.com/content/e0051162-1ee0-11e7-b7d3-163f5a7f229c

[185] "European Parliament moves to sideline British MEPs". The Irish Times. Retrieved 15 November 2016.

[politicomep-186] "MEPs debate who inherits British seats". politico.eu. Retrieved 12 April 2017.

[187] ""Is Brexit an opportunity to reform the European Parliament?" [pdf]" (PDF).

[188] Main world producers (2007)

[189] Daniel Boffey (15 February 2017). "UK fishermen may not win waters back after Brexit, EU memo reveals". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 3 July 2017. Source: House of Lords, NAFC Marine Centre, University of the Highlands and Islands.

[190] Milne, Claire (21 June 2017). "Is the EU 'pinching our fish'?". https://fullfact.org/. Full Fact. Retrieved 3 July 2017. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)

[191] "Fishing announcement UK's 'first serious shot on Brexit'". The Irish Times. 3 July 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017. {{cite news}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)

[192] "No notification, no negotiation: EU officials banned from Brexit talks with Britain". 30 June 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.

[auto3-193] "Juncker on populist right-wingers: "I want to stand against these forces"". 31 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.

[194] "Juncker warnt Firmen vor eigenen Brexit-Deals" [Juncker warns companies against making their own Brexit deals] (in German). 5 November 2016. Retrieved 2 December 2016. Ich sage ihnen, dass sie sich nicht in die Debatte einmischen sollen, denn sie werden feststellen, dass ich ihnen den Weg versperre.

[195] "Jean-Claude Juncker: UK faces hefty Brexit bill". 22 February 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.

[196] "Visit in Berlin: Johnson's timetable [for Brexit] does not envisage changes". 4 November 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.

[197] Brooks, Libby (15 July 2016). "May tells Sturgeon Holyrood will be 'fully engaged' in article 50 decision". London, UK. Retrieved 15 July 2016.

[198] Laura Hughes (9 September 2016). "Brexit department spends more than £250,000 on legal advice in just two months". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 13 September 2016.

[csw_new_article-199] "Theresa May signals Whitehall rejig with two new Cabinet posts | Civil Service World". www.civilserviceworld.com. CSW. Retrieved 14 July 2016.

[economist2017-200] Trading places / Negotiating post-Brexit deals. Economist, 4–10 February 2017, page 25

[201] GOV.UK The government's negotiating objectives for exiting the EU: PM speech https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/the-governments-negotiating-objectives-for-exiting-the-eu-pm-speech

[202] HM Government (February 2017). The United Kingdom's exit from and new partnership with the European Union (PDF) (Report). Williams Lea Group. pp. 17–20. Retrieved 6 February 2017. {{cite report}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)

[203] "British citizens should have freedom of movement after Brexit, says chief EU negotiator". The Local. 10 March 2017.

[204] "Brexit: EU summit on 29 April to discuss way ahead". BBC. 21 March 2017.

[205] "Brexit revives Sinn Féin campaign for united Ireland vote". Politico. 27 March 2017.

[206] "Brexit – the Brexit, "a tragedy", according to Jean-Claude Juncker". The Brussels Times. 5 May 2017.

[207] "Better regulation". European Commission – European Commission. Retrieved 20 May 2017.

[208] "New Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration". GOV.UK. Department for Exiting the European Union. 19 October 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. The revised Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration were considered and agreed at European Council on 17 October 2019.

[209] "Brexit: Theresa May's deal is voted down in historic Commons defeat". BBC News. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

[210] "Tory minister Sam Gyimah resigns in protest at Theresa May's Brexit deal". The Daily Telegraph. 1 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.

[211] "Brexit: Cabinet backs draft agreement". BBC News. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.

[212] "Boris Johnson tells PM she is suffocating Brexit 'dream'". BBC News. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.

[213] "Brexit: Cabinet agrees 'collective' stance on future EU deal". BBC News. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

[214] "'Hard facts' for both sides in Brexit talks – Theresa May". BBC News. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

[215] "Brexit: EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage". BBC News. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.

[216] "Theresa May urges EU to retain trade terms for two years after Brexit". BBC News. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.

[217] "Brexit negotiations: Barnier rules out 'concessions'". BBC News. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.

[218] "'No turning back' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered". BBC News. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.

[219] "Brexit: UK to leave single market, says Theresa May". BBC News. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[220] "Brexit: Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March". BBC News. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.

[221] "Theresa May vows to be 'one nation' prime minister". BBC News. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[222] "New Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration". GOV.UK. Department for Exiting the European Union. 19 October 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019. The revised Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration were considered and agreed at European Council on 17 October 2019.

[225] "Brexit: Theresa May's deal is voted down in historic Commons defeat". BBC News. 15 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.

[226] "Tory minister Sam Gyimah resigns in protest at Theresa May's Brexit deal". The Telegraph. 1 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.

[227] "Brexit: Cabinet backs draft agreement". BBC News. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.

[228] "Boris Johnson tells PM she is suffocating Brexit 'dream'". BBC News. 9 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2018.

[229] "Brexit: Cabinet agrees 'collective' stance on future EU deal". BBC News. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2018.

[230] "'Hard facts' for both sides in Brexit talks – Theresa May". BBC News. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2018.

[231] "Brexit: EU leaders agree to move talks to next stage". BBC News. 15 December 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2017.

[232] "Theresa May urges EU to retain trade terms for two years after Brexit". BBC News. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.

[233] "Brexit negotiations: Barnier rules out 'concessions'". BBC News. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 23 June 2017.

[234] "'No turning back' on Brexit as Article 50 triggered". BBC News. 29 March 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2017.

[235] "Brexit: UK to leave single market, says Theresa May". BBC News. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[236] "Brexit: Theresa May to trigger Article 50 by end of March". BBC News. 2 October 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.

[237] "Theresa May vows to be 'one nation' prime minister". BBC News. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 24 March 2017.

[238] ttps://www.bmgresearch.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/CONFIDENTIAL-Methodology-Sheet-BMG-Research-EU-ReferendumRe-contact-survey-for-Evening-Standard-010716.pdf

[240] Poll finds that 60% of Britons want to keep their EU citizenship The Guardian

[241] Mia Jankowicz, 'Britain's thriving art scene strangled by Brexit chaos' in Politics.co.uk, 20 March 2017: Online Link

[242] Hannah Ellis-Petersen, 'Banksy Brexit mural of man chipping away at EU flag appears in Dover' in The Guardian (UK newspaper), 8 May 2017

[243] Mick Brown, 'Grayson Perry: What I learnt from my Brexit tour around Britain', in The Daily Telegraph (UK newspaper), 27 May 2017

[244] Michael Paraskos, Rabbitman (London: Friction Fiction, 2017)

[245] Mark Billingham, Love Like Blood, (London: Little Brown Books, 2017)

[246] David Boyle, Remains of the Day (London: Real Press, 2017)

[247] Amanda Craig, The Lie of the Land (London: Little Brown Books, 2017)

[248] Douglas Board, Time of Lies (London: Lightning Books, 2017)

[249] Katie Spencer, 'Literature goes Brexit: EU vote prompts writers to tackle issue', Sky News report, 19 March 2017 Click for Link

[250] Kettle, Martin (10 March 2017) "Brexit stage left: how theatre became the best way to understand today's Britain" The Guardian.

[251] Cavendish, Dominic (11 March 2017) "The National Theatre takes on Brexit in My Country, a work in progress". The Daily Telegraph.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]