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Airbus's first airliner, the A300, was envisioned as part of a diverse family of commercial aircraft. In pursuit of this goal, studies began in the early 1970s into derivatives of the A300.<ref name=Nor_Wagn_p9-18>{{harvnb|Norris|Wagner|2001|pp=9–18}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Wensveen|2007|p=63}}</ref> Before introducing the A300, Airbus identified nine possible variations named A300B1 through B9.<ref>{{harvnb|Gunston|2009|p=183}}</ref> A tenth variant, the A300B10, was conceived in 1973 and developed into the longer range [[Airbus A310]].<ref name=Nor_Wagn_p18-9/> Airbus then focused its efforts on single-aisle (SA) studies, conceiving of a family of airliners later known as the [[Airbus A320 family]], the first commercial aircraft with digital [[fly-by-wire]] controls. During the SA studies Airbus turned its focus back to the wide-body aircraft market, simultaneously working on both projects.<ref name=Nor_Wagn_p18-9>{{harvnb|Norris|Wagner|2001|pp=18–19}}</ref>
The A does not stand for Airbus. Airbus's first airliner, the A300, was envisioned as part of a diverse family of commercial aircraft. In pursuit of this goal, studies began in the early 1970s into derivatives of the A300.<ref name=Nor_Wagn_p9-18>{{harvnb|Norris|Wagner|2001|pp=9–18}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Wensveen|2007|p=63}}</ref> Before introducing the A300, Airbus identified nine possible variations named A300B1 through B9.<ref>{{harvnb|Gunston|2009|p=183}}</ref> A tenth variant, the A300B10, was conceived in 1973 and developed into the longer range [[Airbus A310]].<ref name=Nor_Wagn_p18-9/> Airbus then focused its efforts on single-aisle (SA) studies, conceiving of a family of airliners later known as the [[Airbus A320 family]], the first commercial aircraft with digital [[fly-by-wire]] controls. During the SA studies Airbus turned its focus back to the wide-body aircraft market, simultaneously working on both projects.<ref name=Nor_Wagn_p18-9>{{harvnb|Norris|Wagner|2001|pp=18–19}}</ref>


In the mid-1970s Airbus began development of the A300B9, a larger derivative of the A300, which would eventually become the A330. The B9 was essentially a lengthened A300 with the same wing, coupled with the most powerful [[turbofan engine]]s available. It was targeted at the growing demand for high-capacity, medium-range, transcontinental trunk routes.<ref name=Nor_Wagn_p22-3>{{harvnb|Norris|Wagner|2001|pp=22–23}}</ref> Offering the same range and payload as the [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]] but with 25 per cent more fuel efficiency,<ref name=Nor_Wagn_p22-3/> the B9 was seen as a viable replacement for the DC-10 and the [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]] trijets.<ref>''Flight International'' 1981, p. 1155.</ref> It was also considered as a medium-ranged successor to the A300.<ref name="N&W p.23"/>
In the mid-1970s Airbus began development of the A300B9, a larger derivative of the A300, which would eventually become the A330. The B9 was essentially a lengthened A300 with the same wing, coupled with the most powerful [[turbofan engine]]s available. It was targeted at the growing demand for high-capacity, medium-range, transcontinental trunk routes.<ref name=Nor_Wagn_p22-3>{{harvnb|Norris|Wagner|2001|pp=22–23}}</ref> Offering the same range and payload as the [[McDonnell Douglas DC-10]] but with 25 per cent more fuel efficiency,<ref name=Nor_Wagn_p22-3/> the B9 was seen as a viable replacement for the DC-10 and the [[Lockheed L-1011 TriStar]] trijets.<ref>''Flight International'' 1981, p. 1155.</ref> It was also considered as a medium-ranged successor to the A300.<ref name="N&W p.23"/>

Revision as of 03:46, 10 November 2013

"A330" and "A333" redirect here. For the Czechoslovak biplane A.330, see Aero A.30. For the A330 and A333 roads, see A roads in Zone 3 of the Great Britain numbering scheme.
A330
A white, blue, yellow and grey Lufthansa A330 on approach, configured for landing with gears down and flaps extended
Lufthansa A330-300 in landing configuration on approach to Frankfurt Airport in 2010
Role Wide-body jet airliner
National origin Multi-national[1]
Manufacturer Airbus
First flight 2 November 1992
Introduction 17 January 1994 with Air Inter
Status In service
Primary users Air China
Cathay Pacific
Delta Air Lines
China Eastern Airlines
Produced 1992–present
Number built 1,016 as of 10 October 2013[2]
Developed from Airbus A300
Variants Airbus A330 MRTT
EADS/Northrop Grumman KC-45

The Airbus A330 is a wide-body twin-engine jet airliner made by Airbus, a division of EADS. Versions of the A330 have a range of 7,400 to 13,430 kilometres (4,000 to 7,250 nmi) and can accommodate up to 335 passengers in a two-class layout or carry 70 tonnes (150,000 lb) of cargo.

The origin of the A330 dates to the 1970s as one of several conceived derivatives of Airbus's first airliner, the A300. The A330 was developed in parallel with the A340, which shared many common airframe components but differed in number of engines. Both airliners incorporated fly-by-wire flight control technology, first introduced on an Airbus aircraft with the A320, as well as the A320's six-display glass cockpit. In June 1987, after receiving orders from various customers, Airbus launched the A330 and A340. The A330 was Airbus's first airliner that offered a choice of three engines: General Electric CF6, Pratt & Whitney PW4000, and Rolls-Royce Trent 700.

The A330-300, the first variant, took its maiden flight in November 1992 and entered passenger service with Air Inter in January 1994. Responding to dwindling sales, Airbus followed up with the slightly shorter A330-200 variant in 1998, which has proven more popular. Subsequently developed A330 variants include a dedicated freighter, the A330-200F, and a military tanker, the A330 MRTT. The A330 MRTT formed the basis of the proposed KC-45, entered into the U.S. Air Force's KC-X competition in conjunction with Northrop Grumman, where after an initial win, on appeal lost to Boeing's tanker.

Since its launch, the A330 has allowed Airbus to expand market share in wide-body airliners. Airlines have selected the A330 as a replacement for less economical trijets and versus rival twinjets. Boeing has offered variants of the 767 and 777 as competitors, along with the 787, which entered service in late 2011. Airbus's A350 will also share this wide-body airliner market. The largest operator is Air China, which has 41 A330s in its fleet. Airbus delivered the 1,000th A330 to Cathay Pacific in July 2013. The A330 is expected to continue selling until at least 2020. As of October 2013, the A330's order book stands at 1,266, of which 1,016 have been delivered.[3]

Development

Background

Airbus jetliners, 1972–1994
Model A300 A310 A320 A330 A340
Prior
code(s) 		– B10 SA2 B9
(TA9) 		B11
(TA11)
Debut 1972 1983 1988 1994 1993
Body Wide Wide Narrow Wide Wide
Engines 2 2 2 2 4
Range Short/
medium 		Medium/
long 		Short/
medium 		Medium/
long 		Long

The A does not stand for Airbus. Airbus's first airliner, the A300, was envisioned as part of a diverse family of commercial aircraft. In pursuit of this goal, studies began in the early 1970s into derivatives of the A300.[4][5] Before introducing the A300, Airbus identified nine possible variations named A300B1 through B9.[6] A tenth variant, the A300B10, was conceived in 1973 and developed into the longer range Airbus A310.[7] Airbus then focused its efforts on single-aisle (SA) studies, conceiving of a family of airliners later known as the Airbus A320 family, the first commercial aircraft with digital fly-by-wire controls. During the SA studies Airbus turned its focus back to the wide-body aircraft market, simultaneously working on both projects.[7]

In the mid-1970s Airbus began development of the A300B9, a larger derivative of the A300, which would eventually become the A330. The B9 was essentially a lengthened A300 with the same wing, coupled with the most powerful turbofan engines available. It was targeted at the growing demand for high-capacity, medium-range, transcontinental trunk routes.[8] Offering the same range and payload as the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 but with 25 per cent more fuel efficiency,[8] the B9 was seen as a viable replacement for the DC-10 and the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar trijets.[9] It was also considered as a medium-ranged successor to the A300.[10]

At the same time, a 200-seat four-engine version, the B11 (which would eventually become the A340) was also under development.[11] That aircraft was originally planned to take the place of narrow-body Boeing 707s and Douglas DC-8s then in commercial use, but would later evolve to target the long-range, wide-body trijet replacement market.[10] To differentiate from the SA series, the B9 and B11 were re-designated as the TA9 and TA11, with TA standing for "twin aisle".[11] Development costs were reduced by using the same fuselage and wing for the two aircraft, with projected savings of US$500 million. Another factor was the split preference of those within Airbus and, more importantly, those of the company's prospective customers; twinjets were favoured in North America, quad-jets desired in Asia, and operators had mixed views in Europe.[8] Airbus ultimately found that most potential customers favoured four engines due to their exemption from existing twinjet range restrictions and their ability to be ferried with one inactive engine.[12] As a result, development plans prioritised the four-engined TA11 ahead of the TA9.[12]

Design effort

The first specifications for the TA9 and TA11, aircraft that could accommodate 410 passengers in a one-class layout, emerged in 1982.[13] They showed a large underfloor cargo area that could hold five cargo pallets or sixteen LD3 cargo containers in the forward, and four pallets or fourteen LD3s in the aft hold—double the capacity of the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar or DC-10, and 8.46 metres (27.8 ft) longer than the Airbus A300.[14] By June 1985, the TA9 and TA11 had received more improvements, including the adoption of the A320 flight deck, digital fly-by-wire (FBW) control system, and side-stick control.[15] Airbus had developed a common cockpit for their aircraft models to allow quick transition by pilots. The flight crews could transition from one type to another after only one week's training, which reduces operator costs.[16] The two TAs would use the vertical stabiliser, rudder, and circular fuselage sections of the A300-600, extended by two barrel sections.[16]

Airbus briefly considered the variable camber wing, a concept that requires changing the wing profile for a given phase of flight. Studies were carried out by British Aerospace (BAe), now part of BAE Systems, at Hatfield and Bristol. Airbus estimated this would yield a two per cent improvement in aerodynamic efficiency,[17] but the feature was rejected because of cost and difficulty of development.[11] A true laminar flow wing (a low-drag shape that improves fuel efficiency) was also considered but rejected.[18]

A mostly blue jet engine suspended on a wing; it is characterised by its smooth nacelle, or outer casing.
The A330 was the first Airbus application for which Rolls-Royce supplied engines, with its Trent 700 turbofans.[19]

From the beginning of the TA9's development, a choice of engines from the three major engine manufacturers, Rolls-Royce, Pratt & Whitney, and GE Aviation, was planned.[20] GE Aviation first offered the General Electric CF6-80C2. However, later studies indicated that more thrust was needed to increase the initial power capability from 267 to 289 kN (60,000 to 65,000 lbf).[21] GE enlarged the CF6-80C2 fan from 236 to 244 centimetres (93 to 96 in) to create the CF6-80E1, giving a new thrust output of 300–320 kN (67,000–72,000 lbf).[22] Rolls-Royce initially wanted to use the 267 kN (60,000 lbf) Trent 600 to power Airbus's newest twinjet and the upcoming McDonnell Douglas MD-11. However, the company later agreed to develop an engine solely for the A330, the Trent 700, with a larger diameter and 311 kN (70,000 lbf) of thrust.[23] Similarly, Pratt & Whitney signed an agreement that covered the development of the A330-only PW4168. The company increased the fan size to augment power,[24] enabling the engine to deliver 311 kN (70,000 lbf) of thrust.[25]

On 27 January 1986, the Airbus Industrie Supervisory Board held a meeting in Munich, West Germany. Afterwards, the board chairman, Franz Josef Strauß, released a statement that said, "Airbus Industrie is now in a position to finalise the detailed technical definition of the TA9, which is now officially designated the A330, and the TA11, now called the A340, with potential launch customer airlines, and to discuss with them the terms and conditions for launch commitments". The designations were originally reversed; they were switched so the quad-jet airliner would have a "4" in its name. Airbus hoped for five airlines to sign for both the A330 and A340, and on 12 May sent sale proposals to the most likely candidates, including Lufthansa and Swissair.[15]

Production and testing

In preparation for production of the A330 and A340, Airbus's partners invested heavily in new facilities. In England, Filton was the site of BAe's £7 million investment in a three-storey technical centre with 15,000 m2 (160,000 sq ft) of floor area.[26] BAe also spent £5 million adding a new production line to its Chester wing production plant.[26] In Germany, Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB) invested DM400 million ($225 million) at various manufacturing facilities in the Weser estuary, including at Bremen, Einswarden, Varel, and Hamburg.[27] France saw the biggest investments, with Aérospatiale starting construction of a new Fr.2.5 billion ($411 million) final-assembly plant adjacent to Toulouse-Blagnac Airport in Colomiers; by November 1988, the pillars for the new Clément Ader assembly hall had been erected.[28] The assembly process would feature increased automation, such as robots drilling holes and installing fasteners during the wing-to-fuselage mating process.[29]

View from the air. Runway to the left and bottom. To the right long buildings and lots of aircraft.
Final assembly area for the A330, next to Toulouse-Blagnac Airport

On 12 March 1987, Airbus received the first orders for the twinjet. The domestic French airline Air Inter placed five firm orders and fifteen options, while Thai Airways International requested eight aircraft, split evenly between firm orders and options.[12][30] Airbus announced the next day that it would formally launch the A330 and A340 programmes by April 1987, with deliveries of the A340 to begin in May 1992 and A330 deliveries to start in 1993. Northwest Airlines signed a letter of intent for twenty A340s and ten A330s on 31 March.[30]

BAe eventually received £450 million of funding from the UK government, well short of the £750 million it had originally requested for the design and construction of the wings.[31] The German and French governments also provided funding. Airbus issued subcontracts to companies in Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Greece, Italy, India, Japan, South Korea, Portugal, the United States, and the former Yugoslavia.[32] With funding in place, Airbus launched the A330 and A340 programmes on 5 June 1987, just prior to the Paris Air Show.[31][33] At that time, the order book stood at 130 aircraft from ten customers, including lessor International Lease Finance Corporation (ILFC). Of the order total, forty-one were for A330s.[31] In 1989, Asian carrier Cathay Pacific joined the list of purchasers, ordering nine A330s and later increasing this number to eleven.[34]

The wing-to-fuselage mating of the first A330, the tenth airframe of the A330 and A340 line, began in mid-February 1992. This aircraft, coated with anti-corrosion paint, was rolled out on 31 March without its General Electric CF6-80E1 engines, which were installed by August. During a static test, the wing failed just below requirement, but BAe engineers later solved the problem.[35] At the Farnborough Airshow that year, Northwest deferred delivery of sixteen A330s to 1994, following the cancellation of its A340 orders.[36]

The first completed A330 was rolled out on 14 October 1992, with the maiden flight following on 2 November. Weighing 181,840 kg (401,000 lb), including 20,980 kg (46,300 lb) of test equipment,[35] the A330 became the biggest twinjet to have flown, although it was later eclipsed by the Boeing 777. The flight lasted five hours and fifteen minutes during which speed, height, and other flight configurations were tested. Ultimately Airbus intended the test flight programme to consist of six aircraft flying a total of 1,800 hours.[35] On 21 October 1993, the Airbus A330 received the European Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA) and US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certifications simultaneously after 1,114 cumulative airborne test hours and 426 test flights. At the same time, weight tests came in favourable, showing the plane was 500 kg (1,100 lb) under weight.[37]

On 30 June 1994, trouble struck during certification of the Pratt & Whitney engine when an A330 crashed near Toulouse.[38] Both pilots and the five passengers died.[39] The flight was designed to test autopilot response during a one-engine-off worst-case scenario with the centre of gravity near its aft limit. Shortly after takeoff, the pilots had difficulty setting the autopilot, and the aircraft lost speed and crashed.[40] The accident was investigated by an internal branch of Direction Generale d'Aviation, which concluded that the accident resulted from slow response and incorrect actions by the crew during the recovery.[41] This led to a revision of A330 operating procedures.[42]

Entry into service

White jet passenger aircraft with thick green cheatline taking off from runway.
Cathay Pacific was one of the first operators of the A330.

Air Inter became the first operator of the A330, putting the aircraft into service on 17 January 1994 between Orly Airport, Paris, and Marseille.[43] Deliveries to Malaysia Airlines (MAS) and Thai Airways International were postponed to address delamination of the composite materials in the PW4168 engine's thrust reverser assembly. Thai Airways received its first A330 during the second half of the year, operating it on routes from Bangkok to Taipei and Seoul.[44][45] Cathay Pacific received its Trent 700 A330s following the certification of that engine on 22 December 1994.[41] MAS received its A330 on 1 February 1995 and then rescheduled its other ten orders.[45]

Airbus intended the A330 to compete in the Extended-range Twin-engine Operation Performance Standards (ETOPS) market, specifically with the Boeing 767.[46] (ETOPS is a standard that allows longer range flights away from a diversion airport for aircraft that have met special design and testing standards.) Instead of the "ETOPS out of the box" or "Early ETOPS" approach taken by Boeing with its 777,[Nb 1] Airbus gradually increased ETOPS approval on the A330 using in-service experience. Airbus suggested that the A340 and A330 were essentially identical except for their engine number, and that the A340's experience could be applied to the A330's ETOPS approval.[47] The plans were for all three engine types to enter service with 90-minute approval, before increasing to 120 minutes after the total A330 fleet accumulated 25,000 flight hours, and then to 180 minutes after 50,000 flight hours, in 1995.[48][Nb 2] Aer Lingus and Cathay Pacific were two important airlines assisting Airbus in this endeavour by building up in-service flight hours on over-ocean flights.[49] In November 2009, the A330 became the first aircraft to receive ETOPS–240 approval, which has since been offered by Airbus as an option.[50]

Further developments

In response to a decline in A330-300 sales, increased market penetration by the Boeing 767-300ER, and airline requests for increased range and smaller aircraft, Airbus developed the Airbus A330-200.[51] Known as the A329 and A330M10 during development, the A330-200 would offer nine per cent lower operating costs than the Boeing 767-300ER.[52] The plane was aimed at the 11,900 km (6,400 nmi) sector, where Airbus predicted demand for 800 aircraft between 1995 and 2015.[52] The project, with US$450 million in expected development costs, was approved by the Airbus Industrie Supervisory Board on 24 November 1995.[52]

A silver, white, blue and red Aeroflot A330 after takeoff, flying across a blue sky background.
Aeroflot A330-200 after taking off from Sheremetyevo Airport in 2011

The A330-200 first flew on 13 August 1997.[53] The sixteen-month certification process involved logging 630 hours of test flights.[53] The A330-200's first customer was ILFC; these aircraft were leased by Canada 3000, who became the type's first operator.[54]

As Airbus worked on its A330-200, hydraulic pump problems were reported by both A330 and A340 operators. This issue was the suspected cause of a fire that destroyed an Air France A340-200 in January 1994.[55] On 4 January that year, a Malaysia Airlines A330-300, while undergoing regular maintenance at Singapore Changi Airport, was consumed by a fire that started in the right-hand main undercarriage well. The incident caused US$30 million in damage, and the aircraft took six months to repair.[55][56] Consequently, operators were advised to disable electrical pumps in January 1997.[55]

Another issue was in-flight shutdowns of the Trent 700–powered A330-300s. On 11 November 1996, engine failure on a Cathay Pacific flight forced it back to Ho Chi Minh City.[57] On 17 April 1997, Cathay Pacific's affiliate Dragonair experienced an engine shutdown on an A330, caused by carbon clogging the oil filter. As a result, Cathay Pacific self-suspended its 120-minute ETOPS clearance. Another engine failure occurred on 6 May during climbout with a Cathay Pacific A330. The problem was traced to a bearing failure in the gearbox built by Hispano-Suiza. Three days later, a Cathay Pacific A330 on climbout during a Bangkok–Hong Kong flight experienced a drop in oil pressure. The resultant engine spool down forced the flight back to Bangkok. The cause was later traced to metal contamination in the engine's master chip.[58] Cathay Pacific and Dragonair voluntarily grounded their A330 fleets for two weeks[59] following a fifth engine failure on 23 May. The combined fifteen-aircraft grounding caused major disruption because Cathay's eleven A330s made up fifteen per cent of its passenger capacity. Rolls-Royce and Hispano-Suiza worked to resolve the problem, and a redesigned system for lubricating the areas involved was dispatched to airlines.[58]

A A330-200F in Airbus's white and blue livery on display under a partly cloudy but otherwise clear sky. The engine inlets are covered.
The freighter variant, the A330-200F, debuts at the Singapore Airshow 2010.[60]

Airbus next worked on an A330 freighter variant. Responding to flagging A300-600F and A310F sales, the company began marketing the Airbus A330-200F, a derivative of the A330-200, around 2001.[61] The freighter has a range of 7,400 km (4,000 nmi) with a 65 tonnes (143,000 lb) payload, or 5,900 km (3,200 nmi) with 70 tonnes (150,000 lb).[62] The plane utilizes the same nosegear as the passenger version, however it is attached lower in the fuselage and housed in a distinctive bulbous "blister fairing". This raises the nose of the aircraft so that the cargo deck is level during loading, as the standard A330's landing gear results the plane having a nose-down attitude while on the ground.[63]

The A330-200F made its maiden flight on 5 November 2009.[64][65] This marked the start of a four-month, 180-hour certification programme. JAA and FAA certifications were expected by March the following year although approval by the JAA was delayed until April.[64][66] The first delivery was subsequently made to the Etihad Airways cargo division, Etihad Cargo, in July 2010.[67][68]

By the end of December 2012, a total of 1,244 A330s had been ordered, with 938 delivered.[3] The largest operators of the A330 are Cathay Pacific with 37, Air China with 34, and Delta Air Lines—which acquired its A330s from a merger with Northwest Airlines—with 32.[3] Airbus announced in February 2011 that it intended to raise production rates from seven-and-a-half to eight per month to nine per month in 2012, and ten per month in 2013.[69] Production increased to 10 aircraft per month in April 2013, the highest for an Airbus widebody aircraft.[70] Airbus expects the A330 to continue selling until at least 2020.[71]

On 19 July 2013, Airbus delivered the 1000th A330 to Cathay Pacific.[72] It is the first Airbus wide-body airliner to reach 1,000 deliveries, and the fourth wide-body to achieve the milestone after the Boeing 747, 777 and 767.[73]

On 25 September 2013 at the Aviation Expo China (Beijing Airshow), Airbus announced a new lower weight variant of its A330-300 that is optimized for use on domestic and regional routes in high growth markets with large populations and concentrated traffic flows.[74]

Design

The undercarriage of an A330 have been retracted, showing an underside view of an A330 during flight. Under each wing is a turbofan engine.
Planform view of a Cyprus Airways A330-200, showing the long slender wing

The A330 is a medium-size, wide-body airliner, with two engines suspended on pylons under the wings. On the ground, the two-wheel nose undercarriage and two four-wheel bogie main legs built by Messier-Dowty support a maximum ramp weight (MRW) of 230.9 tonnes (509,000 lb), while the designed maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) is 230 tonnes (510,000 lb) on the A330-200 variant. An option allows a maximum ramp weight of 233.9 tonnes (516,000 lb) with a maximum takeoff weight of 233.0 tonnes (513,700 lb).[75]

The airframe of the A330 features a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a wing virtually identical to that of the A340. The wings were designed and manufactured by BAe, which developed a long slender wing with a very high aspect ratio to provide high aerodynamic efficiency.[76][Nb 3] The wing is swept back at 30 degrees and, along with other design features, allows a maximum operating Mach number of 0.86.[78][79] The wing has a very high thickness-to-chord ratio of 12.8 per cent, which means that a long span and high aspect ratio can be attained without a severe weight penalty.[80] For comparison, the rival MD-11 has a thickness-to-chord ratio of 8–9 per cent.[80] Each wing also has a 2.74 m (9.0 ft) tall winglet instead of the wingtip fences found on earlier Airbus aircraft.[81]

The shared wing design with the A340 allowed the A330 to incorporate aerodynamic features developed for the former aircraft.[82] The failure of International Aero Engines' radical ultra-high-bypass V2500 "SuperFan", which had promised around 15 per cent fuel burn reduction for the A340, led to multiple enhancements including wing upgrades to compensate.[30][83] Originally designed with a 56 m (184 ft) span, the wing was later extended to 58.6 m (192 ft) and finally to 60.3 m (198 ft).[30] At 60.3 m (198 ft), the wingspan is similar to that of the larger Boeing 747-200, but with 35 percent less wing area.[78][79]

Cockpit of the A330. All instruments and displays are switched on. Two seats occupy both sides of the cockpit, separated by a centre console.
The A330/A340 cockpit used the A320's six-screen design.

The A330 and A340 fuselage is based on that of the Airbus A300-600, with many common parts, and has the same external and cabin width: 5.64 m (18.5 ft) and 5.28 m (17.3 ft).[75][79] Allowed seating arrangements are 2–2–2 six-abreast in first class, 2–3–2 seven-abreast in business class, 2–4–2 eight-abreast in economy class, or 3-3-3 nine-abreast in high-density economy class.[84] The vertical stabiliser and rudder are made mostly of composite materials.[85][86] On the ground, the A330 uses the Honeywell 331–350C auxiliary power unit (APU).[87]

The A330 shares the same glass cockpit flight deck layout as the A320 and A340, featuring electronic instrument displays rather than mechanical gauges.[88] Instead of a conventional control yoke, the flight deck features side-stick controls, six main displays, and the Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS), which covers navigation and flight displays, as well as the Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitor (ECAM).[89][90] Apart from the flight deck, the A330 also has the fly-by-wire system common to the A320 family, the A340, the A350, and the A380. It also features three primary and two secondary flight control systems, as well as a flight envelope limit protection system which prevents maneuvers from exceeding the aircraft's aerodynamic and structural limits.[89]

Variants

A330-300

A white A330 with a blue underside and red markings is seen taking off against a dark and cloudy overcast; the undercarriage are retracting.
An A330-300, the original variant, of US Airways taking off

The A330-300 is based on a stretched A300 fuselage 63.69 m (208 ft 11 in) long but with new wings, stabilisers and fly-by-wire systems. The −300 carries 295 passengers in a three-class cabin layout, 335 in two-class, or up to 440 in an all-economy layout. It has a range of 10,500 km (5,700 nmi). It has a large cargo capacity, comparable to that of early Boeing 747s. It is powered by the choice of two General Electric CF6-80E, Pratt & Whitney PW4000, or Rolls-Royce Trent 700 engines, all of which are ETOPS-180 rated.[79] The −300 entered service in January 1994.[37]

In 2010 Airbus offered a new version of the −300 with the maximum gross weight increased by two tonnes to 235t. This enabled 120 nmi extension of the range as well as 1.2t increase in payload.[91] In mid-2012, Airbus proposed another increase of the maximum gross weight to 240 t. It is planned to be implemented by mid-2015. This −300 version will have the range extended by 400 nmi and will carry 5 t more payload. It will include engine and aerodynamic improvements reducing its fuel burn by about 2%.[92] In November 2012 it was further announced that the gross weight will increase to 242 t, while the range will be extended by 500 nautical miles (930 km) (over 235 t model) to 6,100 nautical miles (11,300 km). Airbus is also planning to activate the central fuel tank for the first time for the −300 model.[93]

As of January 2013, 618 -300s had been ordered, 443 of which had been delivered, with 441 in operation.[3][94] The 2011 list price is $222.5 million.[95] The closest competitors have been the Boeing 777-200/200ER and the now-out-of-production McDonnell Douglas MD-11.[96]

A330-200

Twin-engine passenger jet with undercarriage extended during approach for landing
An EgyptAir A330-200 during a landing approach. The absence of a centre-line main undercarriage is one difference of the A330 from the A340.

The A330-200 is a shortened, longer-range variant, which entered service in 1998. Typical range with 253 passengers in a three-class configuration is 13,400 km (7,200 nmi).[75] The A330-200 is ten fuselage frames shorter than the original −300, with a length of 58.82 m (193 ft 0 in).[75][97] To compensate for the smaller moment arm of the shorter fuselage, the vertical stabiliser height of the −200 was increased by 104 cm (41 in).[98] The −200's wing was also modified; structural strengthening of the wing allowed the maximum takeoff weight of the −200 to be increased to 229.8 tonnes (507,000 lb).[98] The −200 is offered with three engine types similar to those found on the −300, namely the General Electric CF6-80E, Pratt & Whitney PW4000, or Rolls-Royce Trent 700.[75] Airbus also boosted fuel capacity by using the centre section 139,100 L (36,700 US gal) fuel tank, standard in the A340.[53]

In 2008, Airbus released plans for a higher gross weight version of the A330-200 to more effectively compete against the Boeing 787 Dreamliner.[99] The new-build A330-200HGW had a 5 tonne increase in maximum takeoff weight, allowing a 560 kilometres (300 nmi) range increase and a 3.4 tonnes (7,500 lb) payload increase.[99][100] Korean Air became the first customer on 27 February 2009 with an order for six −200HGWs. Deliveries of the first aircraft started in 2010.[101]

In mid-2012, Airbus proposed another version of the −200 with the maximum gross weight increased by 2 t to 240 t. This version will have its range extended by 270 nmi and will carry 2.5 t more payload. It will see engine and aerodynamic improvements reducing its fuel burn by about 2%. It is planned to enter the service by mid-2015.[92] In November 2012, it was announced that the gross weight is to be further increased to 242 t with the range extended by 350 nmi (over 238 t version).[93]

As of December 2012, 576 of the −200 had been ordered, 481 of which had been delivered, with 476 aircraft in operation.[3][102] The 2011 list price is $200.8 million.[95] The changes made to the −200 significantly improved the economics of the aircraft and made the variant more popular than the four-engine A340.[3] The −200 competes with the Boeing 767-300ER and to a lesser extent the 767-400ER.[103] The 787 Dreamliner represents future competition.[104] The A330-200 is also available as an ultra-long-range corporate jet from Airbus Executive and Private Aviation, marketed as the A330-200 Prestige.[105]

A330-200F

An aircraft in white livery with blue markings is taking off against a solid blue sky.
The first Airbus A330-200F during climbout, with undercarriage still retracting. The bulge under the nose accommodates taller undercarriage, which was added to correct the inherent nose-down attitude of passenger versions[63]

The A330-200F is an all-cargo derivative of the A330-200 capable of carrying 65 t (143,000 lb) over 7,400 km (4,000 nmi) or 70 tonnes (150,000 lb) up to 5,900 km (3,200 nmi).[62] To overcome the standard A330's nose-down body angle on the ground, the A330F uses a revised nose undercarriage layout to provide a level deck during cargo loading. The normal A330-200 undercarriage is used, but its attachment points are lower in the fuselage, thus requiring a distinctive blister fairing on the nose to accommodate the retracted nose gear.[63] Power is provided by two Pratt & Whitney PW4000 or Rolls-Royce Trent 700 engines. General Electric does not plan to offer an engine for the A330-200F.[106]

As of December 2012, Airbus had delivered 17 aircraft with 35 unfilled orders.[3][107] The list price is $203.6 million.[95] As well as new-build freighters, Airbus has proposed passenger-to-freighter conversions of existing −200 airliners.[108] The A330-200F is sized between the 767-300F and 777F.[109][110]

A330 Converted Freighter

In 2012, Airbus announced plans for a passenger-to-freighter program with ST Aerospace. The A330-300 and -200 are to be part of the P2F program with the -300 to come first and the −200 to follow a year later. Conversion work will be done mainly in Dresden, Germany.[111] Qatar Airways has already showed interest in the program.[112] The aircraft is expected to enter service in 2016.

The A330-300P2F variant has a payload of 60 tonnes with the range of 2,200 nautical miles (4,000 km) or 61 tonnes with the range of 3,600 nautical miles (6,600 km) for the higher MTOW variants. The A330-200P2F will carry the payload of up to 59 tons on ranges up to 4,000 nautical miles (7,400 km).[113] Airbus estimates the market demand for the conversions at 900 units during the next 20 years.[113]

Military variants

Airbus A330 MRTT

Crowd of people assembled in front of unpainted aircraft. A tall building serves as the backdrop for the photograph
A team of engineering personnel assembled in front of an A330 MRTT converted from an A330-200 by Iberia Spanish Airlines Maintenance

The Airbus A330 MRTT is the Multi-Role Transport and Tanker (MRTT) version of the A330-200, designed for aerial refuelling and strategic transport.[114] As of June 2011, 28 total orders have been placed for the A330 MRTT by the air forces of Australia, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom.[115][116]

EADS/Northrop Grumman KC-45

The EADS/Northrop Grumman KC-45 was a proposed version of the A330 MRTT for the United States Air Force (USAF)'s KC-X aerial refuelling programme. In February 2008, the USAF selected the aircraft to replace the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker.[117] The replacement process was mired in controversy, instances of corruption, and allegations of favouritism.[118][119] In July 2010, EADS submitted a tanker bid to the USAF without Northrop Grumman as a partner.[120][121] However, on 24 February 2011, the USAF picked the Boeing KC-767 proposal, later named KC-46, as the winner because of its lower cost.[122][123]

Undeveloped variants

A330-200Lite

See also: Airbus A350 XWB

To compete with Boeing's 7E7, Airbus offered a minimum-change derivative called the A330-200Lite in 2004. As the name indicated, this proposed variant would have had a lower maximum takeoff weight of 202 tonnes (445,000 lb), coupled with de-rated engines, giving a range of 7,400 km (4,000 nmi).[124][125] It was aimed at Singapore Airlines, who had looked to replace its Airbus A310-300s.[126][127] The variant was also to be a replacement for Airbus A300-600Rs and early Boeing 767s.[125] Airlines, however, were not satisfied with the compromised aircraft; the company instead proceeded with an entirely new aircraft, the A350 XWB.[128]

A330-300HGW

In 2000, it was reported that Airbus was studying an A330-300 version with a higher gross weight. It was named A330-300HGW and had a takeoff weight of 240 tonnes (530,000 lb), 7 tonnes (15,000 lb) greater than the −300's weight. The version would have a strengthened wing and additional fuel capacity from a 41,600-litre (11,000 US gal) centre section fuel tank. The A330-300HGW's range was increased to over 11,000 km (5,900 nmi). Among those that showed interest was leasing company ILFC, which sought airliners that could fly from the U.S. West Coast to Europe.[129]

Power was to be supplied by all three engines offered to the two other A330 passenger models. Airbus also considered using the new Engine Alliance GP7000 engine for the A330-300HGW, which would have been the engine's first twinjet application. The −300HGW was to enter airline service in 2004.[129] However, the programme was not launched and quietly disappeared. The 240-tonne A330 would reappear years later when Airbus announced at the 2012 Farnborough Airshow that it would be an available option for both the A330-300 and the A330-200.[92][130]

A330-500

Also known as the A330-100, the A330-500 was a proposed "shrink" of the A330-200 version launched in July 2000 at the Farnborough Airshow,[131][132] with eight fuselage frames removed — four ahead and four behind the wing. This would allow for the seating of 222 passengers. The −500's maximum takeoff weight was to be 228 tonnes (503,000 lb), a 5-tonne (11,000 lb) decrease from the A330-200, allowing a range of 12,970 km (7,000 nmi). A lighter sub-variant, at 195 tonnes (430,000 lb), would have flown up to 8,060 km (4,350 nmi).[133] The aircraft would have had 5 per cent better specific fuel consumption than the A300-600, powered by either the CF6-80G2, PW4000, or the Trent 500.[131]

Prospective customers included ILFC, CIT Aerospace, Lufthansa, and Hapag-Lloyd. The latter two, however, were unimpressed with the long-range variant, preferring a shorter-range aircraft, which was better suited to their route structure.[132] Singapore Airlines was also an expected customer because it was looking for a replacement for the A310.[131][132] Airbus intended to freeze the design in late 2001, with the first flight scheduled for the third quarter of 2003 and entry into service within a year.[133] The programme was later abandoned, as interest from customers was lacking.[134]

Operators

Main article: List of Airbus A330 operators
Angled underside view of white twinjet with red "TAM' letters and tail.
TAM Linhas Aereas Airbus A330-200 powered by PW4168

As of May 2013, there are 972 examples of all A330 variants in airline service, including 493 A330-200s, 22 -200Fs, and 457 -300s.[3] Airline operators are Air China (37), Cathay Pacific (37), Delta Air Lines (32), Qatar Airways (32), China Eastern Airlines (30), Etihad Airways (30), Thai Airways International (27), China Southern Airlines (25), Emirates (25), Turkish Airlines (25), Korean Air (24), Aeroflot (22), China Airlines (22), Malaysia Airlines (22), Singapore Airlines (21), TAM Linhas Aereas (20), Qantas (19), Dragonair (18), Lufthansa (18), US Airways (18), Garuda Indonesia (16), KLM (16), Air France (15), Alitalia (12), and others with fewer of the type.[3] In 2007, Northwest Airlines took delivery of its 32nd A330, and became the type's largest customer at the time;[135] the carrier has since merged with Delta Air Lines. As of May 2013, the largest operator of A330s is Cathay Pacific, which together with its subsidiary Dragonair has 55 aircraft in service.[3]

Orders and deliveries

Orders Deliveries
Type Total Backlog Total 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993
A330-200 577 66 511 30 37 40 32 38 49 42 39 29 25 19 36 16 27 40 12
A330-200F 43 19 24 7 8 4 5
A330-300 646 165 481 41 56 43 50 38 23 26 23 27 22 12 6 19 16 4 11 14 10 30 9 1
Total 1,266 250 1,016 78 101 87 87 76 72 68 62 56 47 31 42 35 43 44 23 14 10 30 9 1

Data through end of September 2013. Updated on 07 October 2013.[3][136]

Incidents and accidents

As of February 2012, the Airbus A330 had been involved in 13 major aviation occurrences,[137] including six confirmed hull-loss accidents[138] and two hijackings, for a total of 339 fatalities.[139]

The type's first fatal accident occurred on 30 June 1994 near Toulouse on a test flight when an Airbus-owned A330-300 crashed while simulating an engine failure on climbout, killing all seven on board.[39] Airbus subsequently advised A330 operators to disconnect the autopilot and limit pitch attitude in the event of an engine failure at low speed.[140] On 15 March 2000, a Malaysia Airlines A330-300 suffered fuselage damage from leaked corrosive chemical that had been falsely labeled. The aircraft was written off.[141]

Side view of white twin-jet aircraft on airport runway.
In 2008, Air Caraïbes reported two incidents of pitot tube icing malfunctions on its A330s.[142] In 2009, after the crash of Air France Flight 447, A330/A340 operators replaced Thales-built pitots.[143]

The type's second fatal accident, and first while in commercial service, occurred on 1 June 2009 when Air France Flight 447, an A330-200 en route from Rio de Janeiro to Paris with 228 people on board, crashed in the Atlantic Ocean 640–800 kilometres (350–430 nmi) northeast of the islands of Fernando de Noronha,[144] with no survivors. Malfunctioning pitot tubes provided an early focus for the investigation,[145] as the aircraft involved had Thales-built "–AA" models known to record faulty airspeed data during icing conditions.[143] In July 2009, Airbus advised A330 and A340 operators to replace Thales pitots with equivalents manufactured by Goodrich.[143] Investigators later determined that the inadequate response of the pilots to both a loss of airspeed data and subsequent autopilot disengagement resulted in Flight 447 entering into an aerodynamic stall.[146]

On 12 May 2010, Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771, an A330-200, crashed on approach to Tripoli International Airport, Libya, on a flight from OR Tambo International Airport, Johannesburg, South Africa. Of the 104 people on board, all but one nine-year-old Dutch boy died.[147] The aftermath of the 2011 Libyan civil war hampered the accident investigation.[148]

The two hijackings involving the A330 have resulted in one fatality,[137] namely the hijacker of Philippine Airlines Flight 812 on 25 May 2000 who jumped out of the aircraft.[149] The hijacking of Sabena Flight 689 on 13 October 2000 ended with no casualties when Spanish police took control of the aircraft.[150] On 24 July 2001, two unoccupied SriLankan Airlines A330s were destroyed amid an attack on Bandaranaike International Airport, in Colombo, Sri Lanka, by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.[151][152] On 25 December 2009, passengers and crew subdued a man who attempted to detonate explosives in his underwear on an A330-300 operating Northwest Airlines Flight 253.[153][154]

Two A330 incidents due to in-flight malfunctions were survived by all on board. On 24 August 2001, Air Transat Flight 236, an A330-200, developed a fuel leak over the Atlantic Ocean due to an incorrectly installed hydraulic part and was forced to glide for over 15 minutes to an emergency landing in the Azores.[155] On 7 October 2008, Qantas Flight 72, an A330-300, suffered a rapid loss of altitude in two sudden uncommanded pitch-down manoeuvres while 150 km (81 nmi) from the Learmonth air base in northwestern Australia. After declaring an emergency, the crew landed the aircraft safely at Learmonth.[156] It was later determined that the incident, which caused 106 injuries, 14 of them serious, was the result of a design flaw of the plane's Air Data Inertial Reference Unit and a limitation of the aircraft's flight computer software.[157]

Specifications

A330 family schematic
A330-200 A330-200F A330-300
Cockpit crew Two
Seating capacity,
typical 		253 (3-class)
293 (2-class)
380 (maximum) 		n/a 295 (3-class)
335 (2-class)
440 (maximum)
Length 58.82 m (193 ft 0 in) 63.69 m (208 ft 11 in)
Wingspan 60.3 m (197 ft 10 in)
Wing area 361.6 m2 (3,892 sq ft)
Aspect Ratio 10.06
Wing sweepback 30°
Tail height 17.39 m (57 ft 1 in) 16.90 m (55 ft 5 in) 16.83 m (55 ft 3 in)
Cabin width 5.28 m (17 ft 4 in)
Fuselage width 5.64 m (18 ft 6 in)
Cargo volume 136 m3 (4,800 cu ft) 475 m3 (16,800 cu ft)
70 t / up to 12 couriers[109] 		162.8 m3 (5,750 cu ft)
Maximum Takeoff Weight
(MTOW) 		242,000 kg (534,000 lb) 233,000 kg (514,000 lb) 242,000 kg (534,000 lb)
Maximum Landing Weight 182,000 kg (401,000 lb) 187,000 kg (412,000 lb)
Operating empty weight
(typical) 		119,600 kg (263,700 lb) 109,000 kg (240,000 lb) 124,500 kg (274,500 lb)
Cruise speed Mach 0.82 (871 km/h or 470 kn or 541 mph at 11,000 m or 36,000 ft cruise altitude)
Maximum cruise speed Mach 0.86 (913 km/h or 493 kn or 567 mph at 11,000 m or 36,000 ft cruise altitude)
Maximum range, fully loaded 13,400 km (7,200 nmi) 7,400 km (4,000 nmi) (65t)
5,950 km (3,210 nmi) (70t) 		11,300 km (6,100 nmi)
Takeoff distance at MTOW
(sea level, ISA, 50ft obstacle clearance, Rolls Royce Trent 772B engines[158]) 		2,770 m (9,090 ft) 2,580 m (8,460 ft) 2,770 m (9,090 ft)
Maximum fuel capacity 139,090 L (36,740 US gal) 97,530 L (25,760 US gal)
Service ceiling 12,527 m (41,100 ft)
Maximum service ceiling 13,000 m (42,651 ft)
Engines (×2)
(see below) 		General Electric CF6-80E1
Pratt & Whitney PW4000
Rolls-Royce Trent 700 		Pratt & Whitney PW4000
Rolls-Royce Trent 700 		General Electric CF6-80E1
Pratt & Whitney PW4000
Rolls-Royce Trent 700
Thrust (×2) PW: 70,000 lbf (311 kN)
RR: 71,100 lbf (316 kN)
GE: 72,000 lbf (320 kN) 		PW: 70,000 lbf (311 kN)
RR: 71,100 lbf (316 kN) 		PW: 70,000 lbf (311 kN)
RR: 71,100 lbf (316 kN)
GE: 72,000 lbf (320 kN)

Sources: Airbus,[84][75][79][159] Pratt & Whitney,[25] EASA,[160] FAA,[161] The International Directory of Civil Aircraft[133]

Aircraft model designations

Source: EASA Type Certificate Data Sheet EASA.A.004 [160]

Model Certification Date Engines
A330-201 31 October 2002 General Electric CF6-80E1A2
A330-202 31 March 1998 General Electric CF6-80E1A4
A330-203 20 November 2001 General Electric CF6-80E1A3
A330-223 13 July 1998 Pratt & Whitney PW4168A/4170
A330-223F 9 April 2010 Pratt & Whitney PW4170 (Freighter)
A330-243 11 January 1999 Rolls-Royce Trent 772B-60/772C-60
A330-243F 9 April 2010 Rolls-Royce Trent 772B-60 (Freighter)
A330-301 21 October 1993 General Electric CF6-80E1A2
A330-302 17 May 2004 General Electric CF6-80E1A4
A330-303 17 May 2004 General Electric CF6-80E1A3
A330-321 2 June 1994 Pratt & Whitney PW4164
A330-322 2 June 1994 Pratt & Whitney PW4168
A330-323 22 April 1999 Pratt & Whitney PW4168A/4170
A330-341 22 December 1994 Rolls-Royce Trent 768-60
A330-342 22 December 1994 Rolls-Royce Trent 772-60
A330-343 13 September 1999 Rolls-Royce Trent 772B-60/772C-60

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. ^ This meant that the Boeing 777 was certified for 180-minutes ETOPS from the first day of service. As a result, the aircraft could be 180 minutes (3 hours) of flying time from a diversionary airport during transoceanic services.
  2. ^ After a total of 25,000 airborne hours, the A330 would be allowed a maximum of 120 minutes (2 hours) of flight time from a diversionary airport. After 50,000 hours, the limit would be raised to 180 minutes (3 hours).
  3. ^ The higher the aspect ratio, the greater the aerodynamic efficiency.[77]
Citations
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  4. ^ Norris & Wagner 2001, pp. 9–18
  5. ^ Wensveen 2007, p. 63
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  7. ^ a b Norris & Wagner 2001, pp. 18–19
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Bibliography

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