Hainanese

Hainanese
Hainanese
Qiong wen
海南話 Hái-nâm-oe
Pronunciation	[hai˨˩˧ nam˨˩ ue˨˧] (Haikou dialect)
Native to	China, United States (New York City, California), Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau
Region	Hainan
Ethnicity	Hainanese (Han Chinese)
Native speakers	Around 5 million in China (2002)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Chinese Min Coastal Min Qiong-Lei (disputed) Hainanese; ; ; ; ;
Dialects	Haikou dialect; Wenchang dialect;
Writing system	Chinese characters; Hainan Romanized
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	hain1237; hain1238
	Hainanese
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Bible in Hainan Romanised (Genesis), published by the Bible Society of Great Britain.

Hainanese (Hainan Romanised: Hái-nâm-oe, simplified Chinese: 海南话; traditional Chinese: 海南話; pinyin: Hǎinán huà), also known as Qióng Wén (simplified Chinese: 琼文; traditional Chinese: 瓊文) or Qióng yǔ (瓊語/琼语)^{[citation needed]}, is a group of Min Chinese varieties spoken in the southern Chinese island province of Hainan. In the classification of Yuan Jiahua, it was included in the Southern Min group, though is mutually unintelligible with Southern Min varieties such as Teochew and Hokkien–Taiwanese. In the classification of Li Rong, used by the Language Atlas of China, it was treated as a separate Min subgroup.^[3] It is sometimes combined with Leizhou Min, spoken on the neighboring mainland Leizhou Peninsula, in a Qiong–Lei group.^[2] "Hainanese" is also used for the language of the Li people living in Hainan, but generally refers to Min varieties spoken in Hainan.

Phonology

Hainanese has a simple vowel system ^{[citation needed]}.

	Front	Back
Close	/i/	/u/
Close-mid	/e/	/o/
Open-mid	/ɛ/	/ɔ/
Open		/a/

Hainanese notably has a series of implosive consonants, which it acquired through contact with surrounding languages, probably Hlai.

		Labial	Dental	Alveolo-palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	/p/	/t/		/k/	(/ʔ/)
Plosive	voiced/implosive	/ɓ/	/ɗ/		(/ɠ/)
Affricate			/c/ [ts~tɕ]
Fricative	voiceless	/f/	/s/ [s~ɕ]		/x/	/h/
Fricative	voiced	/v/	/ʑ/ [z~ʑ]			/ɦ/
Nasal		/m/	/n/		/ŋ/
Approximant		(/w/)	/l/	(/j/)

The phonological system of Hainanese corresponds well with that of Hokkien, but it has had some restructuring. In particular, etymological *anterior plain stops have undergone implosivization (*p > [ɓ], *t > [ɗ], etymological *aspirated stops have spirantized (*pʰ > [f], *tʰ > [h], *cʰ > [ɕ] *kʰ > [x]), and etymological *s have hardened into stops (*s > [t]), and *h > [ɦ]. Additionally, some dialects have [ɡ], and [ʑ] is allophonic with /j/.

References

^ Hou Jingyi [侯精一]. 2002. An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects [现代汉语方言概论], Shanghai Educational Press [上海教育出版社], pp. 207–208
^ ^a ^b Hou Jingyi [侯精一]. 2002. An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects [现代汉语方言概论], Shanghai Educational Press [上海教育出版社], p. 238
^ Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 54–55, 86. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.

External links

Hainanese phrasebook travel guide from Wikivoyage
Learn hainanese

[hou207-1] Hou Jingyi [侯精一]. 2002. An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects [现代汉语方言概论], Shanghai Educational Press [上海教育出版社], pp. 207–208

[hou238-2] Hou Jingyi [侯精一]. 2002. An Introduction to Modern Chinese Dialects [现代汉语方言概论], Shanghai Educational Press [上海教育出版社], p. 238

[3] Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. pp. 54–55, 86. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.

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[2]

[3]

Phonology

References

Further reading

External links