Israelites: Difference between revisions
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Yet despite these events God does not forget his people, but sends [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus, king of Persia]] as his [[messiah]] to deliver them from bondage. The Israelites are allowed to return to Judah and Benjamin, the Temple is rebuilt, the priestly orders restored, and the service of sacrifice resumed. Through the offices of the sage [[Ezra]], Israel is constituted as a holy community, bound by the Law and holding itself apart from all other peoples.<ref name="wylen"/> |
Yet despite these events God does not forget his people, but sends [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus, king of Persia]] as his [[messiah]] to deliver them from bondage. The Israelites are allowed to return to Judah and Benjamin, the Temple is rebuilt, the priestly orders restored, and the service of sacrifice resumed. Through the offices of the sage [[Ezra]], Israel is constituted as a holy community, bound by the Law and holding itself apart from all other peoples.<ref name="wylen"/> |
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<big>A brief History of the 12 tribes of Israel |
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</big>Sources sited: |
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Author: E. Raymond Capt, MA, AIA, FSA, Scot |
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Missing Links Discovered |
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In Assyrian Tablets |
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SKU: ERC00706 |
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Artisan Publishers |
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Author: E. Raymond Capt, MA, AIA, FSA, Scot |
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The Lost Chapter Of |
|||
Acts Of The Apostles |
|||
Revised & Expanded Edition |
|||
Author: E. Raymond Capt, MA, AIA, FSA, Scot |
|||
Artisan Publishers |
|||
Some scholar believe- Under the Old Testament- Israel grew, from 12 sons, to twelve tribes. Then to, a theocratic government then to, a monarch, then to an empire- and then it split -in two- under King Solomon. It became the northern kingdom of Israel- ten and a half tribes- were assigned-to the northern kingdom of Israel. In addition, two and a half of the tribes- were assigned, to the southern kingdom of Judah. Then were destroyed and the kingdoms collapsed- and all of them went into captivity. The northern kingdom of Israel- Collapsed first- and went into Assyrian captivity- 200 years before the southern kingdom of Judah- went into captivity. after the house of Israel‘s, captivity they ascended over the caucus mountains migrated ;settled ;established Europe , great Britain, Canada and America, and that is where they our today- whom were later call Caucasians. Then the southern kingdom collapsed with the last king of Judah- Zedekiah. Jeremiah escaped with the daughters of Zedekiah, to Egypt - one of the daughter’s names was Scotia, -whom married |
|||
In addition, out of that, ancestry Scotland came; and the European monarchs- and they mix with the house of Israel. The house of Judah-went into Babylonian captivity for 70 years-then return to the holy land-rebuilt the temple- the house of Judah became multi -cultural mix nation- and they were there until the destruction of the temple and Jerusalem in 70 AD-, and then they scattered through out the world. Lastly, Saxons Mean’s sons of Isaac and when Judah returned from Babylonian captivity- they shortened, there name, to Jews. One of the reasons we call white people Caucasians- because of the house of Israel ascendance- over the Caucus Mountains. |
|||
This is historical, facts not made up- if any one says otherwise, is a historical revisionist scholar-Not a fair or impartial |
|||
Scholar-this is- more likely - then not. |
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===Historical Israelites=== |
===Historical Israelites=== |
Revision as of 00:17, 31 March 2014
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mosaic_Tribes.jpg/220px-Mosaic_Tribes.jpg)
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Jews and Judaism |
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The Israelites (בני ישראל, Standard: Bnai Yisraʾel; Tiberian: Bnai Yiśrāʾēl; ISO 259-3 (Arabic: بني اسرائيل Bani Isra'il): Bnai Yiśraʾel, translated as: "Children of Israel" or "Sons of Israel") were a Semitic Hebrew-speaking people of the Ancient Near East, who inhabited part of the Land of Canaan during the tribal and monarchic periods (15th to 6th centuries BCE). The Israelites are traditionally thought to have later evolved into the Jews and Samaritans,[citation needed] inhabiting the territories of Judea and Galilee, and Samaria respectively. In modern Hebrew usage, an Israelite is, broadly speaking, a lay member of the Jewish ethnoreligious group, as opposed to the priestly orders of Kohanim and Levites.[citation needed]
The biblical term "Israelites" (also the "Twelve Tribes" or "Children of Israel") means both the direct descendants of the patriarch Jacob (Israel) as well as the historical populations of the United Kingdom of Israel and Judah.[1] For the post-exilic period, beginning in the 5th century BCE, the remnants of the Israelite tribes came to be referred to as Jews (tribes of Judah, Simeon, Benjamin and partially Levi), named for the kingdom of Judah. This change is explicit in the Book of Esther (4th century BCE).[2] On the other hand, Samaritans (tribes of Menasseh, Ephraim and partially Benjamin and Levi) became named for Samaria. It replaced the title Children of Israel.[3]
Etymology
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Merenptah_Israel_Stele_Cairo.jpg/200px-Merenptah_Israel_Stele_Cairo.jpg)
The word "Israelite" comes from Greek Ισραηλίτες[citation needed] and derives from the Biblical Hebrew word "Yisrael"(יִשְׂרָאֵל).[citation needed] The name Israel first appears c. 1209 BCE, in an inscription of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah. The inscription is very brief and says simply: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not". The Hebrew Bible etymologizes the name as from yisra "to prevail over" or "to struggle/wrestle with", and el, "God, the divine".[4][5] The eponymous biblical patriarch of the Israelites is Jacob, who wrestled with God who gave him a blessing and renamed him "Israel" because he had "striven with God and with men, and have prevailed". (Genesis 32:24–32) According to the Hebrew Bible, Israelites are the "chosen people" of God. The name Hebrews is sometimes used synonymously with "Israelites".
Terminology
According to the Hebrew Bible, prior to a meeting with his brother Esau, the biblical patriarch Jacob wrestles an angel on the shores of the Jabbok river and is given the name Israel.[4][5] Throughout the rest of the Torah, Jacob is referred to at times as both Jacob and Israel.
In modern Hebrew, B'nei Yisrael ("Children of Israel") can denote the Jewish people at any time in history; it is typically used to emphasize Jewish religious identity. From the period of the Mishna (but probably used before that period) the term Yisrael ("an Israel") acquired an additional narrower meaning of Jews of legitimate birth other than Levites and Aaronite priests (kohanim). In modern Hebrew this contrasts with the term Yisraeli (English "Israeli"), a citizen of the modern State of Israel, regardless of religion or ethnicity.
The term Hebrew has Eber as an eponymous ancestor. It is used synonymously with "Israelites", or as an ethnolinguistic term for historical speakers of the Hebrew language in general.
The Greek term Ioudaios (Jews) historically refers to a member of the tribe of Judah, which formed the nucleus of the kingdom of Judah.
Ancient times
Biblical Israelites
Tribes of Israel |
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Sources sited:
- Pentateuch
The Israelite story begins with some of the culture heroes of the Jewish people, the Patriarchs.
The Torah traces the Israelites to the patriarch Jacob, grandson of Abraham, who was renamed Israel after a mysterious incident in which he wrestles all night with God or an angel. Jacob's twelve sons (in order of birth), Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Naphtali, Gad, Asher, Issachar, Zebulun, Joseph and Benjamin, become the ancestors of twelve tribes, with the exception of Joseph, whose two sons Mannasseh and Ephraim, who were adopted by Jacob, become tribal eponyms (Genesis 48).[6]
The mothers of Jacob's sons are:
- Leah: Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun
- Rachel: Joseph, Benjamin
- Bilhah (Rachel's maid): Dan, Naphtali
- Zilpah (Leah's maid): Gad, Asher (Genesis 35:22–26)[6]
Jacob and his sons are forced by famine to go down into Egypt, although Joseph was already there, as he had been sold into slavery while young. When they arrive they and their families are 70 in number, but within four generations they have increased to 600,000 men of fighting age, and the Pharaoh of Egypt, alarmed, first enslaves them and then orders the death of all male Hebrew children. The god of Israel reveals his name to Moses, a Hebrew of the line of Levi; Moses leads the Israelites out of bondage and into the desert, where God gives them their laws and the Israelites agree to become his people. Nevertheless, the Israelites lack complete faith in God, and the generation which left Egypt is not permitted to enter the Promised Land. Those events are memorialized in the Jewish and Samaritan holiday of Passover, as well as the Jewish holiday of Shavuot.[6]
- Former Prophets
Following the death of the generation of Moses a new generation, led by Joshua, enters Canaan and takes possession of the land in accordance with the curse placed upon Canaan by Noah. Eventually the Israelites ask for a king, and God gives them Saul. David, the youngest (divinely favored) son of Jesse of Bethlehem would succeed Saul. Under David the Israelites establish the kingdom of God, and under David's son Solomon they build the Temple where God takes his earthly dwelling among them. Yet Solomon sins by allowing his foreign wives to worship their own gods, and so on his death and reign of his son, Rehoboam, the kingdom is divided in two.
The kings of the northern kingdom of Israel are uniformly bad, permitting the worship of other gods and failing to enforce the worship of God alone, and so God eventually allows them to be conquered and dispersed among the peoples of the earth; in their place strangers settle the northern land. In Judah some kings are good and enforce the worship of God alone, but many are bad and permit other gods, even in the Temple itself, and at length God allows Judah to fall to her enemies, the people taken into captivity in Babylon, the land left empty and desolate, and the Temple itself destroyed.[6]
- Ezra-Nehemiah-Chronicles
Yet despite these events God does not forget his people, but sends Cyrus, king of Persia as his messiah to deliver them from bondage. The Israelites are allowed to return to Judah and Benjamin, the Temple is rebuilt, the priestly orders restored, and the service of sacrifice resumed. Through the offices of the sage Ezra, Israel is constituted as a holy community, bound by the Law and holding itself apart from all other peoples.[6]
A brief History of the 12 tribes of Israel
Sources sited: Author: E. Raymond Capt, MA, AIA, FSA, Scot Missing Links Discovered In Assyrian Tablets SKU: ERC00706 Artisan Publishers Author: E. Raymond Capt, MA, AIA, FSA, Scot
The Lost Chapter Of
Acts Of The Apostles
Revised & Expanded Edition
Author: E. Raymond Capt, MA, AIA, FSA, Scot
Artisan Publishers
Some scholar believe- Under the Old Testament- Israel grew, from 12 sons, to twelve tribes. Then to, a theocratic government then to, a monarch, then to an empire- and then it split -in two- under King Solomon. It became the northern kingdom of Israel- ten and a half tribes- were assigned-to the northern kingdom of Israel. In addition, two and a half of the tribes- were assigned, to the southern kingdom of Judah. Then were destroyed and the kingdoms collapsed- and all of them went into captivity. The northern kingdom of Israel- Collapsed first- and went into Assyrian captivity- 200 years before the southern kingdom of Judah- went into captivity. after the house of Israel‘s, captivity they ascended over the caucus mountains migrated ;settled ;established Europe , great Britain, Canada and America, and that is where they our today- whom were later call Caucasians. Then the southern kingdom collapsed with the last king of Judah- Zedekiah. Jeremiah escaped with the daughters of Zedekiah, to Egypt - one of the daughter’s names was Scotia, -whom married
In addition, out of that, ancestry Scotland came; and the European monarchs- and they mix with the house of Israel. The house of Judah-went into Babylonian captivity for 70 years-then return to the holy land-rebuilt the temple- the house of Judah became multi -cultural mix nation- and they were there until the destruction of the temple and Jerusalem in 70 AD-, and then they scattered through out the world. Lastly, Saxons Mean’s sons of Isaac and when Judah returned from Babylonian captivity- they shortened, there name, to Jews. One of the reasons we call white people Caucasians- because of the house of Israel ascendance- over the Caucus Mountains. This is historical, facts not made up- if any one says otherwise, is a historical revisionist scholar-Not a fair or impartial Scholar-this is- more likely - then not.
Historical Israelites
Sources sited: Author: E. Raymond Capt, MA, AIA, FSA, Scot Missing Links Discovered In Assyrian Tablets SKU: ERC00706 Artisan Publishers Author: E. Raymond Capt, MA, AIA, FSA, Scot
The Lost Chapter Of
Acts Of The Apostles
Revised & Expanded Edition
Author: E. Raymond Capt, MA, AIA, FSA, Scot
Artisan Publishers: Some scholars, believes- Under the Old Testament- Israel grew, from 12 sons, to twelve tribes. Then to, a theocratic government then to, a monarch, then to an empire- and then it split -in two- under King Solomon. It became the northern kingdom of Israel- ten and a half tribes- were assigned-to the northern kingdom of Israel. In addition, two and a half of the tribes- were assigned, to the southern kingdom of Judah. Then were destroyed and the kingdoms collapsed- and all of them went into captivity. The northern kingdom of Israel- Collapsed first- and went into Assyrian captivity- 200 years before the southern kingdom of Judah- went into captivity. after the house of Israel‘s, captivity they ascended over the caucus mountains migrated ;settled ;established Europe , great Britain, Canada and America, and that is where they our today- whom were later call Caucasians. Then the southern kingdom collapsed with the last king of Judah- Zedekiah. Jeremiah escaped with the daughters of Zedekiah, to Egypt - one of the daughter’s names was Scotia, -whom married
In addition, out of that, ancestry Scotland came; and the European monarchs- and they mix with the house of Israel. The house of Judah-went into Babylonian captivity for 70 years-then return to the holy land-rebuilt the temple- the house of Judah became multi -cultural mix nation- and they were there until the destruction of the temple and Jerusalem in 70 AD-, and then they scattered through out the world. Lastly, Saxons Mean’s sons of Isaac and when Judah returned from Babylonian captivity- they shortened, there name, to Jews. One of The reasons we call white people Caucasians- because of the house of Israel ascendance- over the Caucus Mountains. This is historical, facts not made up- if any one says otherwise, is a historical revisionist scholar-Not a fair or impartial Scholar- this is more likely true.
The prevailing opinion today is that the Israelites, who eventually evolved into modern Jews and Samaritans, are an outgrowth of the indigenous Canaanites who had resided in the area since the 8th millennium BCE.[7] The name Israel first appears c. 1209 BCE, at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the very beginning of the period archaeologists and historians call Iron Age I, in an inscription of the Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah. The inscription is very brief and says simply: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not". The hieroglyph accompanying the name "Israel" indicates that it refers to a people, most probably located in the highlands of Samaria.[8] Over the next two hundred years (the period of Iron Age I) the number of highland villages increased from 25 to over 300[9] and the settled population doubled to 40,000.[10] There is general agreement that the majority of the population living in these villages was of Canaanite origin.[9] By the 10th century BCE a rudimentary state had emerged in the north-central highlands,[11] and in the 9th century this became a kingdom. The kingdom was sometimes called Israel by its neighbours, but more frequently it was known as the "House (or Land) of Omri."[12] Settlement in the southern highlands was minimal from the 12th through the 10th centuries BCE, but a state began to emerge there in the 9th century,[13] and from 850 BCE onwards a series of inscriptions are evidence of a kingdom which its neighbours refer to as the "House of David."[14]
See also
- Bani Israel
- Bible
- Gentile
- Half Jewish
- Israeli Jews
- Israelis
- Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
- Noahides
- Shavei Israel
- Tribal allotments of Israel
- Kaifeng Jews
- Lachish relief
References
- ^ Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard (eds [clarification needed]), Israelite, in "Mercer dictionary of the Bible", p. 420
- ^ The people and the faith of the Bible by André Chouraqui, Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1975, p. 43 [1]
- ^ Settings of silver: an introduction to Judaism, Stephen M. Wylen, Paulist Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8091-3960-X, p. 59
- ^ a b Scherman, Rabbi Nosson (editor), The Chumash, The Artscroll Series, Mesorah Publications, LTD, 2006, pages 176–77
- ^ a b Kaplan, Aryeh, "Jewish Meditation", Schocken Books, New York, 1985, page 125
- ^ a b c d e The Jews in the time of Jesus: an introduction page 18 Stephen M. Wylen, Paulist Press, 1996, 215 pages, pp.18-20
- ^ Tubb 1998, pp. 13–14
- ^ Grabbe 2008, p.75
- ^ a b McNutt 1999, p. 47. Cite error: The named reference "mcnutt47" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ McNutt 1999, p. 70.
- ^ Joffe pp.440 ff.
- ^ Davies, 1992, pp.63-64.
- ^ Joffe p.448-9.
- ^ Joffe p.450.
Bibliography
- Albertz, Rainer (1994) [Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1992]. A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22719-7.
- Albertz, Rainer (1994) [Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992]. A History of Israelite Religion, Volume II: From the Exile to the Maccabees. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22720-3.
- Albertz, Rainer (2003a). Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-055-4.
- Albertz, Rainer; Becking, Bob, eds. (2003b). Yahwism After the Exile: Perspectives on Israelite Religion in the Persian Era. Koninklijke Van Gorcum. ISBN 978-90-232-3880-5.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Becking, Bob. "Law as Expression of Religion (Ezra 7–10)".{{cite book}}
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(help) - Amit, Yaira, et al., eds. (2006). Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-128-3.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Davies, Philip R. "The Origin of Biblical Israel".{{cite book}}
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(help) - Avery-Peck, Alan, et al., eds. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-57718-059-3.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Murphy, Frederick J. R. "Second Temple Judaism".{{cite book}}
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(help) - Barstad, Hans M. (2008). History and the Hebrew Bible. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 978-3-16-149809-1.
- Becking, Bob, ed. (2001). Only One God? Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84127-199-6.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Dijkstra, Meindert. "El the God of Israel, Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism".{{cite book}}
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(help) Dijkstra, Meindert. "I Have Blessed You by Yahweh of Samaria and His Asherah: Texts with Religious Elements from the Soil Archive of Ancient Israel".{{cite book}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - Becking, Bob; Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette, eds. (1999). The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11496-8.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Niehr, Herbert. Religio-Historical Aspects of the Early Post-Exilic Period. - Bedford, Peter Ross (2001). Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11509-5.
- Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-39731-2.
- Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1988). Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-664-22186-7.
- Blenkinsopp, Joseph; Lipschits, Oded, eds. (2003). Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-073-6.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Blenkinsopp, Joseph. "Bethel in the Neo-Babylonian Period".{{cite book}}
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(help) Lemaire, Andre. "Nabonidus in Arabia and Judea During the Neo-Babylonian Period".{{cite book}}
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(help) - Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2009). Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-6450-5.
- Brett, Mark G. (2002). Ethnicity and the Bible. Brill. ISBN 978-0-391-04126-4. Edelman, Diana. "Ethnicity and Early Israel".
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(help) - Bright, John (2000). A History of Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22068-6.
- Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1998). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513937-2.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Stager, Lawrence E. "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel".{{cite book}}
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(help) - Coogan, Michael D. (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533272-8.
- Coote, Robert B.; Whitelam, Keith W. (1986). "The Emergence of Israel: Social Transformation and State Formation Following the Decline in Late Bronze Age Trade". Semeia (37): 107–47.
- Davies, Philip R. (1992). In Search of Ancient Israel. Sheffield. ISBN 978-1-85075-737-5.
- Davies, Philip R. (2009). "The Origin of Biblical Israel". Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 9 (47).
- Day, John (2002). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-8264-6830-7.
- Dever, William (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2126-3.
- Dever, William (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-0975-9.
- Dever, William (2005). Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-2852-1.
- Dunn, James D.G; Rogerson, John William, eds. (2003). Eerdmans commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3711-0.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Rogerson, John William. "Deuteronomy".{{cite book}}
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(help) - Edelman, Diana, ed. (1995). The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms. Kok Pharos. ISBN 978-90-390-0124-0.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Finkelstein, Neil Asher; Silberman (2001). The Bible Unearthed. ISBN 978-0-7432-2338-6.
- Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B. (2007). The Quest for the Historical Israel. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-277-0. Mazar, Amihay. "The Divided Monarchy: Comments on Some Archaeological Issues".
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(help) - Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-657-6.
- Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004a). Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537985-3.
- Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004b). Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-897-6.
- Goodison, Lucy; Morris, Christine (1998). Goddesses in Early Israelite Religion in Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-90-04-10410-5.
- Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. T&T Clark International. ISBN 978-0-567-04352-8.
- Grabbe, Lester L., ed. (2008). Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.). T&T Clark International. ISBN 978-0-567-02726-9.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Greifenhagen, F.V (2002). Egypt on the Pentateuch's ideological map. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-8264-6211-4.
- Joffe, Alexander H. (2006). The Rise of Secondary States in the Iron Age Levant. University of Arizona Press.
- Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E. Society of Biblical Literature. ISBN 978-1-58983-097-4.
- King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). Life in Biblical Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22148-3.
- Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-16763-5.
- Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). The Israelites in History and Tradition. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22727-2.
- Levy, Thomas E. (1998). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. Continuum International Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8264-6996-0. LaBianca, Øystein S.; Younker, Randall W. "The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (c. 1400–500 CE)".
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(help) - Lipschits, Oded (2005). The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-095-8.
- Lipschits, Oded, et al., eds. (2006). Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-130-6.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Kottsieper, Ingo. "And They Did Not Care to Speak Yehudit".{{cite book}}
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(help) Lipschits, Oded; Vanderhooft, David. "Yehud Stamp Impressions in the Fourth Century B.C.E.".{{cite book}}
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(help) - Markoe, Glenn (2000). Phoenicians. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22614-2.
- Mays, James Luther, et al., eds. (1995). Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clarke. ISBN 978-0-567-29289-6.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Miller, J. Maxwell. "The Middle East and Archaeology".{{cite book}}
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(help) - McNutt, Paula (1999). Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22265-9.
- Merrill, Eugene H. (1995). "The Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Transition and the Emergence of Israel". Bibliotheca Sacra. 152 (606): 145–62.
- Middlemas, Jill Anne (2005). The Troubles of Templeless Judah. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928386-6.
- Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-21262-X.
- Miller, Robert D. (2005). Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-0988-9.
- Nodet, Étienne (1999) [Editions du Cerf 1997]. A Search for the Origins of Judaism: From Joshua to the Mishnah. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-445-9.
- Pitkänen, Pekka (2004). "Ethnicity, Assimilation and the Israelite Settlement" (PDF). Tyndale Bulletin. 55 (2): 161–82.
- Silberman, Neil Asher; Small, David B., eds. (1997). The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present. Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-85075-650-7.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Hesse, Brian; Wapnish, Paula. "Can Pig Remains Be Used for Ethnic Diagnosis in the Ancient Near East?".{{cite book}}
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(help) - Smith, Mark S. (2001). Untold Stories: The Bible and Ugaritic Studies in the Twentieth Century. Hendrickson Publishers.
- Smith, Mark S.; Miller, Patrick D. (2002) [Harper & Row 1990]. The Early History of God. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-3972-5.
- Soggin, Michael J. (1998). An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah. Paideia. ISBN 978-0-334-02788-1.
- Thompson, Thomas L. (1992). Early History of the Israelite People. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09483-3.
- Van der Toorn, Karel (1996). Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10410-5.
- Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (1999). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (2d ed.). Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11119-6.
- Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E., eds. (1992). Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period. Sheffield. ISBN 978-1-58983-066-0.
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Cahill, Jane M. "Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy".{{cite book}}
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(help) Lehman, Gunnar. "The United Monarchy in the Countryside".{{cite book}}
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(help) - Wylen, Stephen M. (1996). The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction. Paulist Press. ISBN 978-0-8091-3610-0.
- Zevit, Ziony (2001). The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches. Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-6339-5.