List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Template:Lang-sv) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists and doctors in the various fields of physiology or medicine. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members and an executive secretary elected by the Karolinska Institute.[2][3] While commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Nobel specifically stated that the prize be awarded for "physiology or medicine" in his will. Because of this, the prize can be awarded in a broader range of fields.[3] The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to Emil Adolf von Behring, of Germany. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, von Behring received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2008. In 2013, the prize was awarded to James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof;[5] they were recognised "after discovering how cells precisely transport material".[6] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[7]
Laureates have won the Nobel Prize in a wide range of fields that relate to physiology or medicine. As of 2009, 8 Prizes have been awarded for contributions in the field of signal transduction by G proteins and second messengers, 13 have been awarded for contributions in the field of neurobiology and 13 have been awarded for contributions in Intermediary Metabolism.[3] Gerhard Domagk (1939), a German, was not allowed by his government to accept the prize. He later received a medal and diploma, but not the money.[8] Twelve women have won the prize: Gerty Cori (1947), Rosalyn Yalow (1977), Barbara McClintock (1983), Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986), Gertrude B. Elion (1988), Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (1995), Linda B. Buck (2004), Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (2008), Elizabeth H. Blackburn (2009), Carol W. Greider (2009), May-Britt Moser (2014)[9] and Tu Youyou (2015). As of 2016, the prize has been awarded to 211 individuals. There have been nine years in which the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was not awarded (1915–1918, 1921, 1925, 1940–1942).
Laureates
1901–1950
| Year | Laureate[A] | Country[B] | Rationale[C] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | 
|
Emil Adolf von Behring |  Germany
|
"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[10] |
| 1902 | 
|
Sir Ronald Ross |  United Kingdom India
|
"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[11] |
| 1903 | 
|
Niels Ryberg Finsen |  Denmark(  Faroe Islands)
|
"[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[12] |
| 1904 | 
|
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov |  Russia
|
"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[13] |
| 1905 | 
|
Robert Koch | Germany
|
"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[14] |
| 1906 | 
|
Camillo Golgi |  Italy
|
"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[15] |
_portrait_(restored).jpg)
|
Santiago Ramón y Cajal |  Spain
| ||
| 1907 | 
|
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran |  France
|
"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[16] |
| 1908 | 
|
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov | Russia
|
"in recognition of their work on immunity"[17] |
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|
Paul Ehrlich | Germany
| ||
| 1909 | 
|
Emil Theodor Kocher |  Switzerland
|
"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[18] |
| 1910 | .jpg)
|
Albrecht Kossel | Germany
|
"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[19] |
| 1911 | 
|
Allvar Gullstrand |  Sweden
|
"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[20] |
| 1912 | 
|
Alexis Carrel | France
|
"[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[21] |
| 1913 | 
|
Charles Richet | France
|
"[for] his work on anaphylaxis"[22] |
| 1914 | 
|
Robert Bárány |  Austria-Hungary
|
"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[23] |
| 1915 | Not awarded | |||
| 1916 | ||||
| 1917 | ||||
| 1918 | ||||
| 1919 | 
|
Jules Bordet |  Belgium
|
"for his discoveries relating to immunity"[24] |
| 1920 | 
|
Schack August Steenberg Krogh | Denmark
|
"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"[25] |
| 1921 | Not awarded | |||
| 1922 | 
|
Archibald Vivian Hill | United Kingdom
|
"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[26] |
|
Otto Fritz Meyerhof |  Germany
|
"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[26] | |
| 1923 | 
|
Sir Frederick Grant Banting |  Canada
|
"for the discovery of insulin"[27] |
|
John James Rickard Macleod | United Kingdom
| ||
| 1924 | 
|
Willem Einthoven |  Netherlands
|
"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[28] |
| 1925 | Not awarded | |||
| 1926 | 
|
Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger | Denmark
|
"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[29] |
| 1927 | 
|
Julius Wagner-Jauregg |  Austria
|
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[30] |
| 1928 | 
|
Charles Jules Henri Nicolle | France
|
"for his work on typhus"[31] |
| 1929 | 
|
Christiaan Eijkman | Netherlands
|
"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[32] |
|
Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins | United Kingdom
|
"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"[32] | |
| 1930 | 
|
Karl Landsteiner | Austria
|
"for his discovery of human blood groups"[33] |
| 1931 | 
|
Otto Heinrich Warburg | Germany
|
"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[34] |
| 1932 | 
|
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington | United Kingdom
|
"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[35] |
|
Edgar Douglas Adrian | United Kingdom
| ||
| 1933 | 
|
Thomas Hunt Morgan |  United States
|
"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[36] |
| 1934 | 
|
George Hoyt Whipple | United States
|
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[37] |
|
George Richards Minot | United States
| ||
|
William Parry Murphy | United States
| ||
| 1935 | 
|
Hans Spemann |  Germany
|
"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[38] |
| 1936 | 
|
Sir Henry Hallett Dale | United Kingdom
|
"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[39] |
|
Otto Loewi | Austria Germany
| ||
| 1937 | 
|
Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt |  Hungary
|
"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[40] |
| 1938 | 
|
Corneille Jean François Heymans | Belgium
|
"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[41] |
| 1939 | 
|
Gerhard Domagk | Germany
|
"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[42] |
| 1940 | Not awarded | |||
| 1941 | ||||
| 1942 | ||||
| 1943 | 
|
Carl Peter Henrik Dam | Denmark
|
"for his discovery of vitamin K"[43] |
|
Edward Adelbert Doisy | United States
|
"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[43] | |
| 1944 | 
|
Joseph Erlanger | United States
|
"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[44] |
|
Herbert Spencer Gasser | United States
| ||
| 1945 | 
|
Sir Alexander Fleming | United Kingdom
|
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[45] |
|
Sir Ernst Boris Chain | United Kingdom
| ||
|
Howard Walter Florey |  Australia
| ||
| 1946 | File:Hermann Joseph Muller.jpg | Hermann Joseph Muller | United States
|
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[46] |
| 1947 | 
|
Carl Ferdinand Cori | United States
|
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[47] |
|
Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz | United States
| ||
|
Bernardo Alberto Houssay |  Argentina
|
"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[47] | |
| 1948 | 
|
Paul Hermann Müller | Switzerland
|
"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[48] |
| 1949 | 
|
Walter Rudolf Hess | Switzerland
|
"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[49] |
|
António Caetano Egas Moniz |  Portugal
|
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy (lobotomy) in certain psychoses"[49] | |
| 1950 | 
|
Philip Showalter Hench | United States
|
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[50] |
|
Edward Calvin Kendall | United States
| ||
|
Tadeusz Reichstein | Switzerland  Poland
| ||
1951–2000
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2001–current
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Notes
^ A. The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org.
^ B. The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient's birthplace or citizenship.
^ C. The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from nobelprize.org, the official website of the Nobel Foundation. The links in this column are to articles (or sections of articles) on the history and areas of physiology and medicine for which the awards were presented. The links are intended only as a guide and explanation. For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate, please see the biography articles linked from the name column.
References
General
- "All Nobel Laureates in Medicine". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-06.
- "Nobel Prize winners by category (physiology or medicine)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
Specific
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- ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
- ^ a b c Lindsten, Jan; Nils Ringertz (2001-06-26). "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901–2000*". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2013-10-07.
- ^ "Cellular 'shipping' wins Nobel Prize". BBC News. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
- ^ "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
- ^ "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1934". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1935". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1938". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1939". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1954". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1955". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1956". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ Har Gobind Khorana | American biochemist | Britannica.com
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- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
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- ^ Sample, Ian (2011-10-03). "Nobel prize to be awarded to dead scientist". The Guardian. London. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
The Nobel foundation concluded that the award should stand, saying: "The Nobel prize to Ralph Steinman was made in good faith, based on the assumption that the Nobel laureate was alive."
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2012-10-08.
- ^ a b "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine.
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