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Saint Hripsime Church

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Saint Hripsime Church
View of the church, 2009
Religion
AffiliationArmenian Apostolic Church
RiteArmenian
StatusActive
Location
LocationVagharshapat, Armavir Province, Armenia
Architecture
TypeTetraconch[1]
StyleArmenian
FounderKomitas Aghtsetsi
Completed618 (current building)[2][1][3]
Specifications
Length22.8 metres (75 ft)[4]
Width17.7 metres (58 ft)[4]
Official name: Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots
TypeCultural
Criteriaii, iii
Designated2000 (24th session)
Reference no.1011
RegionWestern Asia

Saint Hripsime Church (Template:Lang-hy, Surb Hřip’simē yekeghetsi) is a seventh century Armenian Apostolic church in the city of Vagharshapat (Etchmiadzin), Armenia. It is one of the oldest surviving churches in the country. The church was erected by Catholicos Komitas to replace the original mausoleum built by Catholicos Sahak the Great in 395 AD that contained the remains of the martyred Saint Rhipsime (Hripsime) to whom the church is dedicated. The current structure was completed in 618 AD. It is known for its fine Armenian-style architecture of the classical period, which has influenced many other Armenian churches since. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with other nearby churches, including Etchmiadzin Cathedral, Armenia's mother church, in 2000.

History

Background

Hripsime (Rhipsime), along with the abbess Gayane and thirty-eight unnamed nuns, are traditionally considered the first Christian martyrs in Armenia's history. They were persecuted, tortured, and eventually killed by king Tiridates III of Armenia. According to the chronicler Agathangelos, after conversion to Christianity in 301, Tiridates and Gregory the Illuminator built a martyrium[3] dedicated to Hripsime at the location of her martyrdom, which was half buried underground.[5][2] In 395 Patriarch Sahak the Parthian (Isaac of Armenia) rebuilt or built a new martyrium, which had been destroyed by the Persians.[5][2]

During excavations in 1958 stones with Hellenistic ornaments were found under the supporting column, which proved that a Hellenistic pagan temple once stood in its place.[2][6] Excavations around the church have uncovered remains of several tortured women buried in early Christian manner, which "seem to support the story of Agathangelos."[7]

Current building

The current building was erected during the reign of Catholicos Komitas (615–628),[8] according to an account of contemporary chronicler Sebeos and two inscriptions, one on the west facade and the other on the east apse. It replaced the earlier mausoleum of Hripsime.[8][1] The church is suggested by scholars to have been completed in 618.[6][5][2][1][9] The dome was probably restored in the 10th[2] or 11th centuries, although some scholars have argued that it is the original 7th century construction.[1]

Modern period

The church was dilapidated and abandoned[5] by the early 17th century.[2][6] It was renovated by Catholicos Philipos in 1653, under whose commission an open narthex (gavit) was erected in front of the western entrance.[6][2] In 1776 the church was fortified with a brick wall and pyramids on the corners by Catholicos Simeon I of Yerevan.[5][2] In 1880 the eastern and southern walls were built of smoothly hewn stone.[6] A bell tower was built on the narthex (gavit) in 1880.[2][10] The church underwent considerable renovation in 1898.[2][6] Its foundations were strengthened and the roof and dome were repaired in 1936.[1] In 1958 plaster from was removed from the interior walls and the interior floor was lowered.[2][1] The bell tower was renovated in 1987.[5]

Architecture

Cross section of the church per Toros Toramanian[11]

St. Hripsime Church is a "tetraconch with angular niches [with] inner octagon with cylindrical niches in corners."[1] It has been described as a "gem of Armenian architecture"[12] and "one of the most complex compositions in Armenian architecture."[10] St. Hripsime Church, along with Saint Gayane Church, stands as a "model of the austere beauty of early Armenian ecclesiastical architecture."[8] In their 1833 book on Armenia, Eli Smith and H. G. O. Dwight wrote that the church is "a solidly built structure of hewn stone, bearing an appearance of much antiquity."[13]

Influence

The church is not the earliest example of its architectural style, however, the style is widely known in architectural history as "Hripsime-type" as the church is the best-known example of the particular style. Some notable churches with similar plans include the 5th century Mastara Church (which one scholar suggested "may be at the origin of the typical Armenian church type, called in special literature 'Hripsime-type'),[14] Surb Hovhannes (Saint John) Church of Avan (6th century), Surb Gevorg (Saint George) Church of Garnahovit (6th century), Church of the Holy Cross at Soradir (6th century), Targmanchats monastery of Aygeshat (7th century),[2] Holy Cross Cathedral of Aghtamar (10th century),[15][2][10] Surb Astvatsatsin (Holy Mother of God) Church of Varagavank (11th century).[16] The St. Vartan Cathedral in New York City, the headquarters of the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church of America, is also a Hripsime-type church. It was designed by Walker O. Cain and completed in 1968.[17][18]

The style is also found in neighboring Georgia,[3] where some examples include the Ateni Sioni Church (7th century), Jvari monastery (7th century), Martvili Monastery (10th century).[2]

Artistic and historic depictions

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Saint Hrp'sime". armenianstudies.csufresno.edu. California State University, Fresno.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Eremian, A. (1980). "Հռիփսիմեի տաճար [Hripsime temple]". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 6 (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing. pp. 596–597.
  3. ^ a b c Hunt, Lucy-Anne (2008). "Eastern Christian Iconographic and Architectural Traditions: Oriental Orthodox". In Parry, Ken (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. p. 394. ...was influential in Armenia and early imitations of it are found in Georgia...
  4. ^ a b c Strzygowski 1918, p. 92.
  5. ^ a b c d e f "Էջմիածնի Սուրբ Հռիփսիմե եկեղեցի". encyclopedia.am (in Armenian). Armenian Encyclopedia.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Saint Hripsime Church". hushardzan.am. Service for the Protection of Historical Environment and Cultural Museum Reservations, Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Armenia. 1 February 2012.
  7. ^ Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 121. ISBN 9780814328156.
  8. ^ a b c Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 298. ISBN 978-0-8108-7450-3.
  9. ^ Kiesling, Brady (2000). Rediscovering Armenia: An Archaeological/Touristic Gazetteer and Map Set for the Historical Monuments of Armenia (PDF). Yerevan/Washington DC: Embassy of the United States of America to Armenia. p. 34.
  10. ^ a b c "Սուրբ Հռիփսիմե վանք". ejmiatsin.am (in Armenian). Municipality of Ejmiatsin. 2 March 2012.
  11. ^ Strzygowski 1918, p. 94.
  12. ^ Ellen and Peter Boer (2013). Grand Tourist. Xlibris Corporation. p. 222. ISBN 9781483603049.
  13. ^ Smith, Eli; Dwight, H. G. O. (1833). Researches of the Rev. E. Smith and Rev. H.G.O. Dwight in Armenia: Including a Journey Through Asia Minor, and Into Georgia and Persia, with a Visit to the Nestorian and Chaldean Christians of Oormiah and Salmas, Volume 2. Crocker and Brewster. p. 92-93.
  14. ^ Guzsik, Tamįs (1992). "Traditions and development in Armenian sacral architecture". Periodica Polytechnica Architecture. 36 (1–4). Budapest University of Technology and Economics: 171. Beyond the strictly meant liturgy space, the integer Mastara building may be at the origin of the typical Armenian church type, called in special literature 'Hripsime-type, after the memory hall built 614-618 in Vagharsapat. The octagonal, mid-dome hall is joined at corners by protheses, and laterally by apses (tetraconch system). There are several examples for this layout from the 7th century (Avan, Targmanchasvank, Garnakhovit, Sissavan)
  15. ^ Cheterian, Vicken (2015). Open Wounds: Armenians, Turks and a Century of Genocide. Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN 9780190263508.
  16. ^ Hasratyan, Murad (2002). "Վարագավանք [Varagavank]". Yerevan State University Institute for Armenian Studies (in Armenian). "Christian Armenia" Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 8 October 2014. ...Վարագավանքի գլխ.՝ Ս. Աստվածածին եկեղեցին (XI դ.), որն ունի «հռիփսիմեատիպ» կառույցների հորինվածքը...
  17. ^ "23-Karat Gold Leaf; Dome of Armenian Cathedral Is Regilded". New York Times. 5 December 1993.
  18. ^ "The Artistry of St. Vartan Cathedral". armenianchurch-ed.net. New York. Diocese of the Armenian Church of America (Eastern).
  19. ^ Lynch 1901, pp. 268-269.

Bibliography

Academic articles
Published books
  • Lynch, H. F. B. (1901). Armenia, travels and studies. Volume I: The Russian Provinces. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Strzygowski, Josef (1918). Die Baukunst der Armenier und Europa [The Architecture of the Armenians and of Europe] Volume I (in German). Vienna: Kunstverlag Anton Schroll & Co. pp. 92-94. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
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