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Nyeshangte[edit]

Nyeshangte
Manange
ङ्‍येश्याङ्‍ते
Native toNepal
RegionManang District
EthnicityGurung people
Native speakers
3,000 (2011 census)
Language codes
ISO 639-3nmm
Glottologmana1288

Nyeshangte, also called Nyishang, Manange, and Manang Ke is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Gurung people of Nyeshang municipality in Manang district of Nepal (ISO 639-3: nmm; GlottoCode: mana1288).[1][2][3]

Language name[edit]

Nyeshangte speakers use various terms for their language. Often used are Nyeshang, Nyeshante, and Nyangmi, all of which carry the meaning ‘our language’.[4][5] Also used are Manange and Manang Ke, meaning something like 'the language of Manang' or 'the language of the people below.'[6] According to a recent sociolinguistic study, there is no consensus among speakers about what to call their mother tongue, with 39% preferring Nyshangte, 39% preferring Manange, and 22% using Gurung.[3] During the study, speakers noted that Nyeshang is an exonym used by Tibetans to refer to the Nyeshangte language.[4] It should be noted that all of the residents of Manang district, including those who speak Gurung (ISO 639-3: gvr), Gyalsumdo (ISO 639-3: gyo) and Nar Phu (ISO 639-3: npa), are referred to as Manangis, Manangpas, Manangbas, or Manangbhots (pejorative).[3] Thus the term Manange has a broader meaning than Nyeshangte.

Language Classification[edit]

The Bodish branch of Western Tibeto-Burman is often broken down into West, Central, and East Bodish. Neshangte is classified as Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Western Tibeto-Burman, Bodish, West Bodish, Tamangic (Gurung-Tamang), Gurungic.[7][8] The Nyeshangte-speaking community has considerable contact with several other Tibeto-Burman language groups within the Manang district: Nar-phu (ISO 639-3: npa), Gurung-Manange (ISO 639-3: gvr), and Gyalsumdo (ISO 639-3: gyo). Nar-phu and Gurung are West Bodish languages of the same branch as Neshangte, while Gyalsumdo is a Central Bodish language, Central Tibetan, either in the gTsang branch[9] or in the Kyirong-Kagate branch.[10] Nyeshangte is one of several closely related languages that make up the TGTM (Tamang, Gurung, Thakali, Manange) group which also includes Nar Phu and Seke.[5]

Speakers[edit]

Nyeshangte speaker population is difficult to determine as speakers identify with the other dominant ethnic group in the district, the Gurungs.[4][5] The 2011 census of Nepal recorded 392 people who registered their first language as 'Manange.'[11] However, the estimated population of speakers (as given by speakers themselves) is roughly 2,000 to 3,000, while the total ethnic population is estimated to be around 4,000 to 6,000.[4][5] A closer study of the census reveals that about 3,000 people in the language area (Nyeshang municipality) registered their language as 'Gurung.' This figure coincides with the population estimates of informants of the community. Diaspora communities of Nyeshangte exist in Kathmandu and New York City.

Language vitality[edit]

A sociolinguistic study conducted in 2015 found that Nyeshangte was regularly used in domains of daily life within the native territory Manang. The study also discovered that many of the children are not retaining the use of Nyeshangte, especially if they are sent out of the district for education.[3] The Ethnologue categorizes Nyeshangte as EGIDS level 6b 'threatened,' meaning that the language is used in domains of daily life, but speaker population is in decline.[1] The Endangered Languages Project also classifies Nyeshangte as 'Threatened.'[12]

Resources[edit]

Immportant links[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Nyeshangte". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  2. ^ "Glottolog 4.6 - Manange". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  3. ^ a b c d Hildebrandt, K.A., D.N. Dhakal, O. Bond, M. Vallejo and A. Fyffe. (2015). "A sociolinguistic survey of the languages of Manang, Nepal: Co-existence and endangerment." NDFIN Journal 14.6: 104-122.
  4. ^ a b c d Kristine A. Hildebrant. (2004). "A Grammar and Dictionary of the Manange Language" in Tibeto-Burman Languages of Nepal: Manange and Sherpa, edited by Carol Genetti. 2-189. Canberra:Pacific Linguistics.
  5. ^ a b c d Hildebrandt, Kristine A. and Oliver Bond. (2017). Manange. In Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan Languages. 516-533. 2nd edn. London & New York: Routledge.
  6. ^ Hildebrandt, Kristine A. and Oliver Bond. (2017). "Manange." In Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 516-533. 2nd edn. London & New York: Routledge.
  7. ^ David Bradley. 1997. "Tibeto-Burman Languages and Classification." In Papers in South East Asian Linguistics: Tibeto-Burman Languages of the Himalayas. 14:1-72. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  8. ^ Noonan, Michael. (2003). "Chantyal." In Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 315-335. London & New York: Routledge.
  9. ^ "Gyalsumdo". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  10. ^ "Glottolog 4.6 - Kyirong-Kagate". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  11. ^ Central Bureau of Statistics. (2014). National population and housing census 2011. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
  12. ^ "Did you know Manange is threatened?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2022-09-16.

Category:Endangered languages Category:Languages of Nepal Category:Tamangic languages Category:Manang District, Nepal Category:Endangered Sino-Tibetan languages

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