1090s
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| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| Centuries: | 10th century – 11th century – 12th century |
| Decades: | 1060s 1070s 1080s – 1090s – 1100s 1110s 1120s |
| Years: | 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 |
| Categories: | Births – Deaths – Architecture Establishments – Disestablishments |
1090s: events by year
Contents: 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099
1090
By area
Africa
Europe
- Third expedition of the Almoravid army in al-Andalus destined to definitely subdue the taifas kingdoms. Cordoba, Sevilla, Grenada, Malaga, Almeria and Ronda fall to the troops of Yusuf ibn Tashfin.[1]
By topic
Arts and culture
- Troubadours begin playing in Provence.
Technology
- Song Dynasty Chinese author Qin Guan writes the Can Shu (Book of Sericulture), which describes a silk-reeling machine that has the world's oldest known mechanical belt drive.
1092
- May 9 – Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated.
- High tides cause great flooding in England and Scotland. The Kentish lands of Earl Godwin inundated and are now known as the Goodwin Sands[2]
- The Song Dynasty Chinese scientist and statesman Su Song publishes his Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao, a treatise outlining the construction and operation of his complex astronomical clocktower built in Kaifeng, China. It also includes a celestial atlas of five star maps.
1093
- May 26 – Battle of the Stugna River: The Polovtsy defeat the princes of Kievan Rus.
- November 13 – Battle of Alnwick: Malcolm III of Scotland is defeated and killed by the forces of William II of England.
- King Donald III of Scotland comes to the throne.
- Magnus III (Magnus Barefoot) is crowned king of Norway.
- Sviatopolk II become Grand Prince of Kiev and ruler of Kievan Rus.
- Henry of Burgundy becomes Count of Portugal.
- Saint Anselm of Canterbury, a medieval philosopher and theologian, becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
- The building of Durham Cathedral begins in Durham, England.
- Construction begins on Carlisle Castle, England.
- Saint Canute's Cathedral is built in Odense, Denmark.
1094
- May – El Cid completes his conquest of Valencia, Spain, and begins his rule of Valencia. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails.[3]
- May 15 – The Cathedral of Saint Agatha in Catania is consecrated by the Breton Abbot Ansger of Saint Euphemia.
- October 8 – St Mark's Basilica is consecrated in Venice.
- November 12 – Donald III succeeds Duncan II as King of Scotland.
- The city of Zagreb, Croatia, is first mentioned as a bishopric see.
- Raymond IV of Toulouse becomes Count of Toulouse.
- The antipope Clement III is deposed, and Urban II becomes pope.
1095
- March – Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus sends ambassadors to Pope Urban II, at the Council of Piacenza, to discuss sending mercenaries against the Seljuk Turks.
- July – Coloman begins to establish himself as King of Hungary, following the death of his father.
- November 19 – The Council of Clermont begins. The council is called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land.
- November 27 – Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont; Peter the Hermit begins to preach throughout France.
- Overpopulation in France, according to Pope Urban II.
- November 28 – On the last day of the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II appoints Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy and Count Raymond IV of Toulouse to lead the First Crusade to the Holy Land.
- The County of Portugal is established for the second time by Count Henry of Burgundy. The same year, the Almoravids start pushing back the Christians to the positions they occupied a decade earlier. This offensive begins with the reconquest of Lisbon which had been given away to Castile four years before.[4]
- Pembroke Castle is built in Wales.
- The Valence Cathedral is consecrated in Valence, France.
1096
- Bernard becomes Bishop of Brandenburg.
- In Ireland, the Diocese of Waterford is erected.
- The first documented teaching at the University of Oxford occurs.
- In England, Norwich School is founded as an episcopal Grammar School.
- The People's Crusade, the German Crusade, and the First Crusade begins. Kilij Arslan I of the Turks defeats a band of Crusaders near İznik
- Vital I Michele becomes Doge of Venice.
- Peter I, King of Aragon, conquers Huesca.[5]
- Phayao, now a province of Thailand, is founded as a kingdom.
- Late April – A large band of Crusaders approaches Speyer and massacres the Jewish population.
- The University of Salerno is founded.
1097
By place
Europe
- Edgar deposes Donald III and Edmund to become king of Scotland.
- The First Crusade proceeds towards Palestine:
- June 3 – the Norman crusaders join the rest of the army during the siege of Nicaea.[6]
- June 19 – the city of Nicaea falls to the Crusaders after a month siege.
- July 1 – Crusaders win the Battle of Dorylaeum and capture Latakia from the Seljuk Turks.
- October 21 – the siege of Antioch by the crusaders begins.[7]
- December 31 – at the battle of Harenc, the crusaders defeat the troops from Aleppo trying to come to the relief of besieged Antioch.[8]
- Croatian King Petar Svačić dies as the last Croatian king in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain against the army of the King Coloman of Hungary
- New Almoravid campaign in al-Andalus.[3]
1098
By area
Asia
- The first Crusade proceeds towards Palestine
- February 9 – the crusaders defeat Ridwan of Aleppo.[6]
- June 3 – after eight months of siege, the crusaders take Antioch.[7]
- June 28 – the emir Kerbogha of Mossul is defeated by the crusaders at the battle of Orontes.[9]
- December 12 – after a month siege, the crusaders take Maarat and massacre part of the population.
- August – The Fatimids retake Jerusalem from the Turks.
- The Byzantine Empire retakes Smyrna, Ephesus and Sardis.
Europe
- King Magnus III of Norway (Magnus Barefoot) conquers the Orkney Islands, the Hebrides and the Isle of Man.
By topic
Religion
- March 21 – Cîteaux Abbey is founded by the Cistercian Order.
1099
By area
Asia
- Siege of Jerusalem during the First Crusade:
- January 13 – Crusaders set fire to Mara, Syria.
- June 7 – The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins.[10]
- July 8 – 15,000 starving Christian soldiers march around Jerusalem.
- July 15 – Christian soldiers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert II of Flanders, Raymond IV of Toulouse and Tancred take Jerusalem after a difficult siege.[10]
- July 22 – The Kingdom of Jerusalem is founded.
- August 12 – The Crusaders defeat the Fatimids at the Battle of Ascalon.[11]
- Supposed founding of the Priory of Sion
By topic
Religion
- August 14 – Pope Paschal II succeeds Pope Urban II as the 160th pope.
Significant people
Births
Deaths
References
- ^ Gilbert Meynier (2010) L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518). Paris: La Découverte; pp.83.
- ^ Stratton, J.M. (1969). Agricultural Records. John Baker. ISBN 0-212-97022-4.
- ^ a b Picard C. (1997) La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- ^ Picard, Christophe (2000). Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose. p. 109. ISBN 2-7068-1398-9.
- ^ Catlos, Brian A. (2004). The victors and the vanquished: Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon, 1050-1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 0521822343. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EoDuA8fv9rEC&dq=christian+mercenaries+maghrib&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
- ^ a b Abels, Richard Philip; Bernard S. Bachrach (2001). The Normans and their adversaries at war. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. p. 92. ISBN 0851158471. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jOic9EEo3PIC&dq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italy&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
- ^ a b Rickart, J.. "Antioch, crusader siege of, 21 October 1097-3 June 1098". http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_antioch_crusader.html. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ Rickart, J.. "Battle of Harenc, 9 February 1098". http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_harenc1097.html. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ Rickard, J.. "Battle of the Orontes, 28 June 1098 (First Crusade)". http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_orontes.html. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ a b Rickard, J.. "Siege of Jerusalem, 9 June-18 July 1099". http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_jerusalem1099.html. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
- ^ Rickard, J.. "Ascalon, battle of, 12 August 1099". http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_ascalon.html. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
