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Arkhangelsk

Coordinates: 64°32′35″N 40°32′15″E / 64.54306°N 40.53750°E / 64.54306; 40.53750
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Arkhangelsk
Архангельск
City[1]
View of Arkhangelsk at night
View of Arkhangelsk at night
Coat of arms of Arkhangelsk
Coat of arms
Location of Arkhangelsk
Map
Arkhangelsk is located in Russia
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk
Location of Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk is located in Arkhangelsk Oblast
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk
Arkhangelsk (Arkhangelsk Oblast)
Coordinates: 64°32′35″N 40°32′15″E / 64.54306°N 40.53750°E / 64.54306; 40.53750
CountryRussia
Federal subjectArkhangelsk Oblast[1]
Founded1584[2]
Government
 • BodyCity Council of Deputies
 • Mayor[3]Viktor Pavlenko[3]
Area
[4]
 • Total294.42 km2 (113.68 sq mi)
Elevation
3 m (10 ft)
Population
 (2010 Census)[5]
 • Total348,716
 • Estimate 
(2018)[6]
349,742 (+0.3%)
 • Rank50th in 2010
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
 • Subordinated tocity of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk[7]
 • Capital ofArkhangelsk Oblast,[7] city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk[7]
 • Urban okrugArkhangelsk Urban Okrug[8]
 • Capital ofArkhangelsk Urban Okrug,[8] Primorsky Municipal District[8]
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[9])
Postal code(s)[10]
163000-163071
Dialing code(s)+7 8182[11]
OKTMO ID11701000001
City DayLast Sunday of June[12]
Websitewww.arhcity.ru

Arkhangelsk (Russian: Архангельск, IPA: [ɐrˈxanɡʲɪlʲsk]), formerly known in English as Archangel, is a city and the administrative center of Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia. It lies on both banks of the Northern Dvina River near its exit into the White Sea in the north of European Russia. The city spreads for over 40 kilometers (25 mi) along the banks of the river and numerous islands of its delta. Arkhangelsk was the chief seaport of medieval Russia, until 1703. It is served by the Talagi Airport and a smaller Vaskovo Airport. The city is located at the northern end of a 1,133-kilometer (704 mi) long railroad, connecting it to Moscow via Vologda and Yaroslavl. Population: 356,051 (2002 Census);[14] 415,921 (1989 Soviet census).[15]

History

Early history

The area where Arkhangelsk is situated was known to the Vikings as Bjarmaland. Ohthere of Hålogaland told from his travels circa 800 of an area by a river and the White Sea with many buildings. This was probably the place later known as Arkhangelsk. According to Snorri Sturluson, there was a Viking raid on this area in 1027, led by Thorir Hund.

In 1989, an unusually rich silver treasure was found by the mouth of Dvina, right next to present-day Arkhangelsk. It was probably buried in the beginning of the 12th century, and contained articles that may have been up to two hundred years old at that time.

Most of the findings are made up by a total of 1.6 kilograms (3.5 lb) of silver, mostly coins. Jewelry and pieces of jewelry come from Russia or neighboring areas. Most coins were German, but there was also a smaller number of Kufan, English, Bohemian, Hungarian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian coins.

It is hard to place this find historically until further research is completed. There are at least two possible interpretations. It may be a treasure belonging to the society outlined by the Norse source material. Generally such finds, whether from Scandinavia, the Baltic area, or Russia, are closely tied to well-established agricultural societies with considerable trade activity.

Alternatively, like the Russian scientists who published the find in 1992, one may see it as an evidence of a stronger force of Russian colonization than previously thought.

Novgorodians arrive

In the 12th century, the Novgorodians established the Archangel Michael Monastery in the estuary of the Northern Dvina River.

The main trade center of the area at that time was Kholmogory, located 75 kilometers (47 mi) southeast of Arkhangelsk, up the Dvina River, about 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) downstream from where the Pinega River flows into the Dvina. Written sources indicate that Kholmogory existed early in the 12th century, but there is no archeological material to illuminate the early history of the town. It is not known whether this settlement was originally Russian, or if it goes back to pre-Russian times. In the center of the small town (or Gorodok) that is there today is a large mound of building remains and river sand, but it has not been archeologically excavated.

Norwegian-Russian conflict

Location of Arkhangelsk in northwestern Russia

The area of Arkhangelsk came to be important in the rivalry between Norwegian and Russian interests in the northern areas. From Novgorod, the Russian interest sphere was extended far north to the Kola Peninsula in the 12th century. However, here Norway enforced taxes and rights to the fur trade. A compromise agreement entered in 1251 was soon broken.

In 1411, Yakov Stepanovich from Novgorod went to attack Northern Norway. This was the beginning of a series of clashes, and in 1419 Norwegian ships with five hundred soldiers entered the White Sea. The "Murmaners", as the Norwegians were called (cf. Murmansk), plundered many Russian settlements along the coast, among them the Archangel Michael monastery.

Novgorod managed to drive the Norwegians back. However, in 1478 the area was taken over by Ivan III and passed to the Grand Duchy of Moscow with the rest of Novgorod Republic.

Trade with England, Scotland, and the Netherlands

Three English ships set out to find the Northeast passage to China in 1553; two disappeared, and one ended up in the White Sea, eventually coming across the area of Arkhangelsk. Ivan the Terrible found out about this, and brokered a trade agreement with the ship's captain. Trade privileges were officially granted to English merchants in 1555, leading to the founding of the Company of Merchant Adventurers, which began sending ships annually into the estuary of the Northern Dvina. Dutch merchants also started bringing their ships into the White Sea from the 1560s. Scottish and English merchants also traded in the 16th century; however, by the 17th century it was mainly the Dutch that sailed to the White Sea area.

Founding and further development

Plan of New Dvina Fort in Arkhangelsk

In 1584,[2] Ivan ordered the founding of New Kholmogory (which would later be renamed after the nearby Archangel Michael Monastery). At the time access to the Baltic Sea was still mostly controlled by Sweden, so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's almost sole link to the sea-trade. Local inhabitants, called Pomors, were the first to explore trade routes to Northern Siberia as far as the trans-Urals city of Mangazeya and beyond.

In 1693, Peter the Great ordered the creation of a state shipyard in Arkhangelsk. A year later the ships Svyatoye Prorochestvo (Holy Prophecy), Apostol Pavel (Apostle Paul), and the yacht Svyatoy Pyotr (Saint Peter) were sailing in the White Sea. However, he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as a port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a successful campaign against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded St. Petersburg in 1704.

Icon of Archangel Michael, shown as protector of Arkhangelsk

In 1722, Peter the Great decreed that Arkhangelsk should no longer accept goods more than it was sufficient for the town itself (for the so-called domestic consumption). It was due to the Tsar's will to shift all international marine trade to St. Petersburg. This factor contributed a lot to the deterioration of Arkhangelsk that continued up to 1762 when this decree was canceled.

Arkhangelsk declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important. In the early years of the 19th century, the arrest and prolonged detention by the Russian authorities of John Bellingham, an English export representative based at Arkhangelsk, was the indirect cause of Bellingham later assassinating British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval.

Arkhangelsk's economy revived at the end of the 19th century when a railway to Moscow was completed and timber became a major export. The city resisted Bolshevik rule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army supported by the military intervention of British-led Entente forces along an Allied expedition, including a North American contingent known as the Polar Bear Expedition.[16]

During both world wars, Arkhangelsk was a major port of entry for Allied aid. During World War II, the city became known in the West as one of the two main destinations (along with Murmansk) of the Arctic Convoys bringing supplies to assist the Russians who were cut off from their normal supply lines. During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Archangelsk was one of two cities (the other being Astrakhan) selected to mark the envisaged eastern limit of Nazi control. The military operation was to be halted at this A-A line, but never reached it in reality as the German forces failed to capture either of the two cities as well as Moscow.

Today, Arkhangelsk remains a major seaport, now open year-round due to improvements in icebreakers. The city is primarily a timber and fishing center.

On March 16, 2004, fifty-eight people were killed in an explosion at an apartment block in the city.

Administrative and municipal status

Apart from being the administrative center of the oblast,[7] Arkhangelsk serves as the administrative center of Primorsky District, although it is not administratively a part of it.[13] Administratively, along with five rural localities, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[7] Municipally, the city of oblast significance of Arkhangelsk is incorporated as Arkhangelsk Urban Okrug.[8]

City divisions

The city is divided into nine territorial okrugs:[17]

Economy

Nordavia (formerly Aeroflot Nord) airline has its head office on the grounds of the Talagi Airport in Arkhangelsk.[18]

Education

A monument to Peter the Great and Sedov tall ship near the sea terminal in Arkhangelsk are depicted on a 500-ruble banknote

Archangelsk is home to the following facilities of higher education:

  • Pomorsky State University
  • Northern State Medical University
  • Arkhangelsk State Technical University
  • Makarov state Maritime Academy
  • A branch of the All-Russian Distance Institute of Finance and Economics

Culture

The Sutyagin House, claimed to be the world's tallest wooden single-family house

Mikhail Lomonosov came from a Pomor village near Kholmogory. A monument to him was installed to a design by Ivan Martos in 1829. A monument to Peter the Great was designed by Mark Antokolsky in 1872 and installed in 1914.

After its historic churches were destroyed during Joseph Stalin's rule, the city's main extant landmarks are the fort-like Merchant Yards (1668–1684) and the New Dvina Fortress (1701–1705). The Assumption Church on the Dvina embankment (1742–1744) was rebuilt in 2004.

Another remarkable[citation needed] structure is the Arkhangelsk TV Mast, a 151-meter (495 ft) tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting built in 1964. This tubular steel mast has six crossbars equipped with gangways, which run in two levels from the mast structure to the crossbars. On these crossbars there are also several antennas installed (image).

An unusual example of local "vernacular architecture" was the so-called Sutyagin house. This thirteen-story, 44-meter (144 ft) tall[19][20] residence of the local entrepreneur Nikolay Petrovich Sutyagin was reported to be the world's, or at least Russia's, tallest wooden house. Constructed by Mr. Sutyagin and his family over the course of fifteen years (starting in 1992), without formal plans or a building permit, the structure deteriorated while Mr. Sutyagin spent a few years in prison on racketeering charges. In 2008, it was condemned by the city as a fire hazard, and the courts ordered it to be demolished by February 1, 2009.[19][21] On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down,[22][23] and the remainder of the building was dismantled manually by early February 2009.[24][25]

The cultural life of Archangelsk includes:

  • The Archangelsk Lomonosov Drama Theater
  • Arkhangelsk Philarmonia
  • Arkhangelsk Youth Theater
  • Arkhangelsk Oblast Museum
  • Arkhangelsk Art Museum
  • Stepan Pisakhov Museum

Literature

Russian North, and, in particular, the area of Arkhangelsk, is notable for its folklore. Until the mid-20th century, fairy tales and bylinas were still performed on the daily basis by performers who became professionals. Starting from the 1890s, folkloric expeditions have been organized to the White Sea area and later to other areas of the Arkhangelsk Governorate in order to write down the tales and the bylinas, especially in Pomor dialects. In the 1920s, mostly due to the efforts of Anna Astakhova, these expeditions became systematic. By the 1960s, the performing art was basically extinct. These folkloric motives and fairy tales inspired the literary works of Stepan Pisakhov and Boris Shergin, who were both natives of Arkhangelsk.

Climate

Arkhangelsk experiences a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc).

Climate data for Arkhangelsk
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 5.0
(41.0) 		6.2
(43.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		25.3
(77.5) 		30.2
(86.4) 		32.1
(89.8) 		34.4
(93.9) 		33.4
(92.1) 		27.7
(81.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		9.7
(49.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		34.4
(93.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −9.6
(14.7) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		4.1
(39.4) 		10.8
(51.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		20.9
(69.6) 		18.3
(64.9) 		11.5
(52.7) 		3.9
(39.0) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		4.8
(40.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −13.1
(8.4) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−7.3
(18.9) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		6.4
(43.5) 		12.8
(55.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		14.1
(57.4) 		8.4
(47.1) 		1.7
(35.1) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−9.9
(14.2) 		1.0
(33.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −16.6
(2.1) 		−15.6
(3.9) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		1.9
(35.4) 		7.9
(46.2) 		11.2
(52.2) 		9.8
(49.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−13.2
(8.2) 		−2.7
(27.1)
Record low °C (°F) −45.2
(−49.4) 		−41.2
(−42.2) 		−37.1
(−34.8) 		−27.3
(−17.1) 		−13.7
(7.3) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−4.1
(24.6) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−21.1
(−6.0) 		−36.5
(−33.7) 		−43.2
(−45.8) 		−45.2
(−49.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 33
(1.3) 		27
(1.1) 		26
(1.0) 		31
(1.2) 		42
(1.7) 		54
(2.1) 		61
(2.4) 		68
(2.7) 		60
(2.4) 		61
(2.4) 		53
(2.1) 		44
(1.7) 		560
(22.0)
Average rainy days 0 0 2 8 10 14 15 16 17 7 3 0 92
Average snowy days 21 17 16 6 2 0 0 0 1 15 21 26 125
Source: Pogoda.ru.net[26]

Sports

Vodnik's home stadium Trud, the arena for the final of the 2011-2012 season

Bandy is the biggest sport in the city and is considered a national sport in Russia.[27] Vodnik nine times became the Russian champion (1996–2000 and 2002–2005). Arkhangelsk hosted the Bandy World Championships in 1999 and 2003.[28] The 2011-2012 season Russian Bandy League final was played here 25/3.[29][30]

Notable people

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Twin towns and sister cities

Arkhangelsk is twinned with:[31]

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 11 401», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 11 401, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
  2. ^ a b Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 25. ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
  3. ^ a b "Информация о мэре города" (in Russian). Мэрия Архангельска. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
  4. ^ "Паспорт города" (in Russian). Мэрия Архангельска. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
  5. ^ Invalid reference parameter
  6. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e Oblast Law #65-5-OZ
  8. ^ a b c d Oblast Law #258-vneoch.-OZ
  9. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  10. ^ "List of postal codes" (in Russian). Russian Post. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  11. ^ "Коды областных центров" (PDF) (in Russian). Beeline. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
  12. ^ "www.arhcity.ru" (in Russian). Мэрия Архангельска. Retrieved May 31, 2012.
  13. ^ a b Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 11 252», в ред. изменения №278/2015 от 1 января 2016 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division (OKATO). Code 11 252, as amended by the Amendment #278/2015 of January 1, 2016. ).
  14. ^ a b Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Cite error: The named reference "PopCensus" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  15. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  16. ^ "Detroit's Polar Bears and their confusing war". The Detroit News. Retrieved July 12, 2007.
  17. ^ Архангельский городской Совет народных депутатов. Решение №88 от 15 ноября 1991 г. «Об образовании территориальных городских округов». (Arkhangelsk City Council of People's Deputies. Decision #88 of November 15, 1991 On Establishing the City Territorial Okrugs. ).
  18. ^ "Contact Us." Nordavia. Retrieved on June 29, 2010.
  19. ^ a b Sutyagin House, Arkhangelsk, Russia: Standing tall. WorldArchitectureNews.com, Wednesday 7 Mar 2007. (Includes photo)
  20. ^ According to other sources, twelve stories, 38 meters (125 ft)
  21. ^ Ponomaryova, Hope (June 26, 2008). "Гангстер-хаус: Самый высокий деревянный дом в России объявлен вне закона". Rossiyskaya Gazeta (in Russian). Moscow, Russia. Retrieved 2009-08-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "В Архангельске провалилась первая попытка снести самое высокое деревянное здание в мире". NEWSru.com Realty (Недвижимость) (in Russian). Moscow, Russia. December 26, 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ mihai055 (December 26, 2008). "Сутягин, снос дома" (Flash video) (in Russian). YouTube. Retrieved 2009-08-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ "В Архангельске разрушено самое высокое деревянное здание в мире". NEWSru.com Realty (Недвижимость) (in Russian). Moscow, Russia. February 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-15. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "От самого высокого деревянного строения в мире осталась груда мусора" (flash video and text). Channel One Russia (in Russian). Moscow, Russia: Web-службой Первого канала. February 6, 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "Pogoda.ru.net" (in Russian). Retrieved September 8, 2007.
  27. ^ "Russian bandy players blessed for victory at world championship in Kazan". Tatar-Inform. 2011-01-21. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
  28. ^ Video from a home game against Baykal-Energiya from Irkutsk: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uAVZxVEoe0
  29. ^ http://www.kuzbassbandyclub.ru/mainnews/archive/769
  30. ^ Video from the final of the Russian Championships in 2012
  31. ^ "Информация о городах-побратимах" (in Template:Ru icon). www.arhcity.ru. 2007-10-26. Retrieved September 17, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  32. ^ "Twin towns". www.ouka.fi. Retrieved 2009-11-07.

Sources

  • Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов. Областной закон №65-5-ОЗ от 23 сентября 2009 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Архангельской области», в ред. Областного закона №232-13-ОЗ от 16 декабря 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные Областные Законы в сфере осуществления местного самоуправления и взаимодействия с некоммерческими организациями». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Волна", №43, 6 октября 2009 г. (Arkhangelsk Oblast Council of Deputies. Oblast Law #65-5-OZ of September 23, 2009 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Arkhangelsk Oblast, as amended by the Oblast Law #232-13-OZ of December 16, 2014 On Amending Various Oblast Laws Dealing with the Process of Municipal Self-Government and Relations with Non-Profit Organizations. Effective as of the day which is ten days after the official publication.).
  • Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов. Областной закон №258-внеоч.-ОЗ от 23 сентября 2004 г. «О статусе и границах территорий муниципальных образований в Архангельской области», в ред. Областного закона №224-13-ОЗ от 16 декабря 2014 г. «Об упразднении отдельных населённых пунктов Соловецкого района Архангельской области и о внесении изменения в статью 46 Областного закона "О статусе и границах территорий муниципальных образований в Архангельской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Волна", №38, 8 октября 2004 г. (Arkhangelsk Oblast Council of Deputies. Oblast Law #258-vneoch.-OZ of September 23, 2004 On the Status and Borders of the Territories of the Municipal Formations in Arkhangelsk Oblast, as amended by the Oblast Law #224-13-OZ of December 16, 2014 On Abolishing Several Inhabited Localities in Solovetsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast and on Amending Article 46 of the Oblast Law "On the Status and Borders of the Territories of the Municipal Formations in Arkhangelsk Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).

Further reading

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