Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Part of a series on |
Genetic genealogy |
---|
Concepts |
Related topics |
In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome (called Y-DNA). It represents human genetic diversity based on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the Y chromosome.[1]
Y-DNA haplogroups represent major branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. Y-chromosomal Adam is the name given by researchers to the patrilineal most recent common ancestor of all living humans at the root of this tree. Estimates of the date when Y-chromosomal Adam lived have varied significantly in different studies. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived the glacial maxima (including the LGM) and human Y-DNA haplogroups emerged in sparsely wooded refugia, and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.[2]
Naming convention
Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of Y-DNA SNP markers. Subclades are defined by a terminal SNP, the SNP furthest down in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree.[3][4] The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major Y-DNA haplogroups with the capital letters A through T, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters (YCC longhand nomenclature). YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with the first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP.[5]
Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and the resulting expansion of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. This change in nomenclature has resulted in inconsistent nomenclature being used in different sources.[1] This inconsistency, and increasingly cumbersome longhand nomenclature, has prompted a move towards using the simpler shorthand nomenclature. In September 2012, Family Tree DNA provided the following explanation of its changing Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature to individual customers on their Y-DNA results pages (note that the haplogroup mentioned below relates to a specific individual):[6]
Long time customers of Family Tree DNA have seen the YCC-tree of Homo Sapiens evolve over the past several years as new SNPs have been discovered. Sometimes these new SNPs cause a substantial change in the "longhand" explanation of your terminal Haplogroup. Because of this confusion, we introduced a shorthand version a few years ago that lists the branch of the tree and your terminal SNP, i.e. J-L147, in lieu of J1c3d. Therefore, in the very near term, Family Tree DNA will discontinue showing the current "longhand" on the tree and we will focus all of our discussions around your terminal defining SNP.
This changes no science – it just provides an easier and less confusing way for us all to communicate.—Bennett Greenspan, Family Tree DNA
Dr. Michael F. Hammer, University of Arizona
Phylogenetic structure
- Phylogenetic tree of Y-DNA haplogroups [7]
Y-DNA Adam | |
Major Y-DNA haplogroups
Haplogroups A & B
Using fast evolving SNPs, haplogroup A is the macrohaplogroup from which all modern paternal haplogroups descend. It is sparsely distributed in Africa. BT is a subclade of haplogroup A; more precisely of A1b (A2-T in Cruciani et al. 2011), as follows:
- Haplogroup A
- Haplogroup A00
- Haplogroup A0 (formerly also A1b)
- Haplogroup A1 (also A1a-T)
- A1a (M31)
- A1b (also A2-T; P108, V221)
- A1b1a1 (also A2; M14)
- A1b1b (also A3; M32)
- BT (M91, M42, M94, M139, M299)
- Haplogroup B (M60)
- CT (see below)
Haplogroup CT (P143)
The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups excepting A and B) are M168 and M294. The site of origin is unknown and currently debated at this time; either occurring in Asia or Africa, approximately 70,000 years ago.[8]
Subclades:
- Haplogroup CF (P143) Found outside of Africa, throughout Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas
- C-M130
- F-M89
- Haplogroup DE (M1, M145, M203) ca. 65 ka
- D-M174
- E-M96
Haplogroup C (M130)
- Haplogroup C (M130, M216) Found in Asia, Oceania, and North America
- Haplogroup C1 (F3393/Z1426)
- Haplogroup C1a (CTS11043)
- Haplogroup C1b (F1370, Z16480)
- Haplogroup C1b1 (AM00694/K281)
- Haplogroup C1b1a (B66/Z16458)
- Haplogroup C1b1a1 (M356) Found with low frequency in the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian Peninsula, and northern China
- Haplogroup C1b1a (B66/Z16458)
- Haplogroup C1b2 (B477/Z31885)
- Haplogroup C1b2a (M38) Found in Indonesia, New Guinea, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia
- Haplogroup C1b2b (M347, P309) Found among the indigenous peoples in Australia
- Haplogroup C1b1 (AM00694/K281)
- Haplogroup C2 (M217, P44) Found throughout Eurasia and North America, but especially among Mongols, Kazakhs, Tungusic peoples, Paleosiberians, and Na-Dené-speaking peoples
- Haplogroup C1 (F3393/Z1426)
Haplogroup F (M89)
The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa.
F xG,H,I,J,K is rare in modern populations and peaks in South Asia, especially Sri Lanka.[7] It also appears to have long been present in South East Asia. has been reported at rates of 4-5% in Sulawesi and Lembata. One study, which did not comprehensively screen for other subclades of F-M89 (including some subclades of GHIJK), found that Indonesian men with the SNP P14/PF2704 (which is equivalent to M89), comprise 1.8% of men in West Timor, 1.5% of Flores 5.4% of Lembata 2.3% of Sulawesi and 0.2% in Sumatra.[9][10] F* (F xF1,F2,F3) has been reported among 10% of males in Sri Lanka and South India, 5% in Pakistan, as well as lower levels among the Tamang people (Nepal), and in Iran. F1 (P91), F2 (M427) and F3 (M481; previously F5) are all highly rare and virtually exclusive to regions/ethnic minorities in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, South China, Thailand, Burma, and Vietnam.In such cases, however, the possibility of misidentification is considered to be relatively high and some may belong to misidentified subclades of Haplogroup GHIJK.[11]
Haplogroup D (M174)
- Haplogroup D (M174) Found in Japan, China (especially Tibet), the Andaman Islands
- D1 (CTS11577)
- D1a (Z27276, Z27283, Z29263)
- Haplogroup D1a1 (M15) Found mainly in Tibetans, Qiangic peoples, Yi, and Hmong-Mien peoples
- Haplogroup D1a2 (P99) Found mainly in Tibetans, Qiangic peoples, Naxi, and Turkic peoples
- Haplogroup D1b (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P12, P37.1, P41.1 (M359.1), 12f2.2) Found mainly in Japan
- D1a (Z27276, Z27283, Z29263)
- D2 (L1366, L1378, M226.2) Found in Mactan Island, Philippines
- D1 (CTS11577)
Haplogroup E (M96)
- Haplogroup E (M40, M96) Found primarily in Africa
- Haplogroup E1 (P147)
- Haplogroup E1a (M33, M132) formerly E1
- Haplogroup E1b (P177)
- Haplogroup E1b1 (P2, DYS391p); formerly E3
- Haplogroup E1b1a (V38) Found in Africa, especially in Niger–Congo speakers; formerly E3a
- Haplogroup E1b1b (M215) Found in East Africa, North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe (especially in areas near the Mediterranean); formerly E3b
- Haplogroup E1b1 (P2, DYS391p); formerly E3
- Haplogroup E2 (M75)
- Haplogroup E1 (P147)
Haplogroup G (M201)
Haplogroup G (M201) originated in the Middle East or further east – possibly even the Wardak region of Afghanistan some 30,000 years BP. It spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution.
It is found in many ethnic groups in Eurasia; most common in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia and the Levant. Found in almost all European countries, but most common in Gagauzia, southeastern Romania, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Tyrol, and Bohemia with highest concentrations on some Mediterranean islands; uncommon in Northern Europe.[12][13]
G-M201 is also found in small numbers in northwestern China and India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and North Africa.
Haplogroup H (M69)
Haplogroup H (M69) probably emerged in South Asia, about 30,000 to 40,000 years BP, and remains prevalent there, in the forms of H1 (M69) and H3 (Z5857).
However, H2 (P96) has been present in Europe since the Neolithic and H1a1 (M82) spread westward in the Medieval era with the migration of the Romani.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) |
Haplogroup I (M170)
Haplogroup I (M170, M258) is found mainly in Europe and the Caucasus.
- Haplogroup I1 (M253) Found mainly in northern Europe
- Haplogroup I2 (P215) Found mainly in southeast Europe and Sardinia save for I2B1 (m223) which is primarily found in Western, Central, and Northern Europe.
Haplogroup J (M304)
Haplogroup J (M304, S6, S34, S35) is found mainly in the Middle East and South-East Europe.
- Haplogroup J* (J-M304*) is rare outside the island of Socotra.
- Haplogroup J1 (M267) is associated with Northeast Caucasian peoples in Dagestan and Semitic languages speaking people in the Middle East, Ethiopia, and North Africa and also found in Mediterranean Europe in smaller frequencies much like haplogroup T.
- Haplogroup J2 (M172) is found mainly in the Levant, Anatolia, Greece, the Balkans, Italy, Iran, South/Central Asia and the Caucasus.
Haplogroup K (M9)
Haplogroup K (M9) is spread all over Eurasia, Oceania and among Native Americans.
K(xLT,K2a,K2b) – that is, K*, K2c, K2d or K2e – is found mainly in Melanesia, Aboriginal Australians, India, Polynesia and Island South East Asia.
Haplogroups L & T (K1)
Haplogroup L (M20) is found in South Asia, Central Asia, South-West Asia, and the Mediterranean.
Haplogroup T (M184, M70, M193, M272) is found at high levels in the Horn of Africa (mainly Afro-Asiatic-speaking peoples), parts of South Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean. T-M184 is also found in significant minorities of Sciaccensi, Stilfser, Fulbe, Egyptians, Omanis, Sephardi Jews,[14] and Ibizans (Eivissencs). It is also found at low frequencies in other parts of the Mediterranean and South Asia.
Haplogroup K2 (K-M526)
The only living males reported to carry the basal paragroup K2* are indigenous Australians. Major studies published in 2014 and 2015 suggest that up to 27% of Aboriginal Australian males carry K2*, while others carry a subclade of K2.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) |
Haplogroups K2a, K2a1, NO & NO1
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) |
Haplogroup N
Haplogroup N (M231) is found through northern Eurasia, especially among the Uralic peoples.
Haplogroup N possibly originated in eastern Asia and spread both west into Siberia and north, being the most common group found in some Uralic speaking peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, and South Asia.
Haplogroup O
Haplogroup O (M175) is found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and the South Pacific.
- Haplogroup O1 (F265/M1354, CTS2866, F75/M1297, F429/M1415, F465/M1422)
- Haplogroup O1a (M119, CTS31, F589/Page20, L246, L466) Found in eastern and southern China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, especially among Austronesian and Tai–Kadai peoples
- Haplogroup O1b (P31, M268)
- Haplogroup O1b1 (M95) Found in Japan, southern China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, especially among Austroasiatic- and Tai–Kadai-speaking peoples, Malays, and Indonesians
- Haplogroup O1b2 (SRY465, M176) Found in Japan, Korea, Manchuria, and Southeast Asia
- Haplogroup O2 (M122) Found throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Austronesia including Polynesia
Haplogroups K2b1, M & S
No examples of the basal paragroup K2b1* have been identified. Males carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.
Its primary subclades are two major haplogroups:
- Haplogroup S (B254) also known as K2b1a: found in the highlands of Papua New Guinea and;
- Haplogroup M (P256) also known as K2b1b: found in New Guinea and Melanesia.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2016) |
Haplogroup P (K2b2)
Haplogroup P (P295) has two primary branches: P1 (P-M45) and the extremely rare P2 (P-B253).[15]
P*, P1* and P2 are found together only on the island of Luzon, in The Philippines.[15] In particular, P* and P1* are found at significant rates among members of the Aeta (or Agta) people of Luzon.[16] While, P1* is now more common among living individuals in Eastern Siberia and Central Asia, it is also found at low levels in mainland South East Asia and South Asia. Considered together, these distributions tend to suggest that P* emerged from K2b in South East Asia.[16][17]
P1 is also the parent node of two primary clades:
- Haplogroup Q (Q-M242) and;
- Haplogroup R (R-M207). These share the common marker M45 in addition to at least 18 other SNPs.
Haplogroup Q (MEH2, M242, P36) found in Siberia and the Americas Haplogroup R (M207, M306): found in Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, and South Asia
Haplogroup Q M242
Q is defined by the SNP M242. It is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 17,000 to 22,000 years ago.[18][19] The subclades of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2008 ISOGG tree[20] are provided below. ss4 bp, rs41352448, is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR. This low frequency value has been found as a novel Q lineage (Q5) in Indian populations[21]
The 2008 ISOGG tree
- Q (M242)
- Q*
- Q1 (P36.2)
- Q1*
- Q1a (MEH2)
- Q1a*
- Q1a1 (M120, M265/N14) Found with low frequency among Dungans, Han Chinese, Hazaras, Japanese, Koreans, and Tibetans[22][23]
- Q1a2 (M25, M143) Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia
- Q1a3 (M346)
- Q1a3* Found at low frequency in Pakistan, India, and Tibet
- Q1a3a (M3) Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas
- Q1a3a*
- Q1a3a1 (M19) Found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu[24]
- Q1a3a2 (M194)
- Q1a3a3 (M199, P106, P292)
- Q1a4 (P48)
- Q1a5 (P89)
- Q1a6 (M323) Found in a significant minority of Yemeni Jews
- Q1b (M378) Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara and Sindhis
Haplogroup R (M207)
Haplogroup R is defined by the SNP M207. The bulk of Haplogroup R is represented in descendant subclade R1, which likely originated on the Eurasian Steppes. R1 has two descendant subclades: R1a and R1b.
R1a is associated with the proto-Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic peoples, and is now found primarily in Central Asia, South Asia, and Eastern Europe.
Haplogroup R1b is the dominant haplogroup of Western Europe and also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of Asia and Africa. Its subclade R1b1a2 (M269) is the haplogroup that is most commonly found among modern Western European populations, and has been associated with the Italo-Celtic and Germanic peoples.
- Haplogroup R1 (M173) Found throughout western Eurasia
- Haplogroup R1a (M17) Found in Central Asia, South Asia, and Central, Northern and Eastern Europe
- Haplogroup R1b (M343) Found in Western Europe, West Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, and northern Cameroon
- Haplogroup R2 (M124) Found in South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe
Chronological development of haplogroups
Haplogroup | Possible time of origin | Possible place of origin | Possible TMRCA[25][8] | |
A00 | 192–307,000 years ago | |||
E | 50-55,000 years ago[8][26] | East Africa[27] or Asia[9] | 27-59,000 years ago | |
F | 38-56,000 years ago | |||
IJ | 30-46,000 years ago | |||
K | 40-54,000 years ago | |||
E-M215 (E1b1b) | 31-46,000 years ago[28] | 39-55,000 years ago | ||
P | 27-41,000 years ago | |||
J | 19-44,500 years ago[29] | |||
R | 20-34,000 years ago | |||
I | 15-30,000 years ago | |||
R-M173 (R1) | 13-26,000 years ago | |||
I-M438 (I2) | 28-33,000 years ago[30] | 16,000-20,000 years ago | ||
E-M35 | 20,000-30,000 years ago[28] | 15–21,000 years ago | ||
J-M267 (J1) | 15-34,000[29] years ago | |||
R-M420 (R1a) | 22,000 years ago[31] | 8-10,000 years ago | ||
R-M343 (R1b) | 22,000 years ago[32] | West Asia[33] | ||
N | at least 21,000 years ago (STR age)[34] | |||
I-M253 (I1) | 11-21,000[35] or 28-33,000 years ago[30] | 3-5,000 years ago | ||
J-M172 (J2) | 15,000-22,000[29] years ago | 19-24,000 years ago[36] | ||
E-M78 | 15-20,000[28] or 17,500-20,000 years ago[37] | Northeast Africa[37] | at least 17,000 years ago[37] | |
E-V12 | 12,500-18,000 years ago[37] | |||
R-M17 | 13 ,000[31] or 18,000 years ago[38] | Eurasia | ||
I-L460 (I2a) | present 13,000 years ago[39] | |||
I-M223 | 11-18,000 years ago[35] | |||
E-V13 | 7-17,000 years ago[37] | West Asia[37] | 4,000-4,700 years ago (Europe) 6,800-17,000 years ago (Asia)[37] | |
R-Z280 | 11-14,000 years ago[40] | |||
N-M46 (N1c1) | at least 12,000 years ago (STR age)[34] | |||
R-M458 | 11,000 years ago[40] | |||
I-P37 | 6-16,000,[35] present 10,000 years ago[41] | |||
I-M423 (I2a1b) | present 10,000 years ago[41] | |||
I-M26 (I2a1a) | 2-17,000,[35] present 8,000 years ago[41] | |||
R-M269 | 5,500-8,000 years ago[42] | |||
R-L11, R-S116 | 3-5,000 years ago |
See also
- Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
- Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
- Genetic history of Europe
- List of Y-DNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms
- List of Y-STR markers
- Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
- * (haplogroup)
- Molecular phylogeny
- Genetic genealogy
- Genealogical DNA test
- Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
References
- ^ a b "Understanding Haplogroups: How are the haplogroups named?". Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- ^ Gavashelishvili, A.; Tarkhnishvili, D. (2016). "Biomes and human distribution during the last ice age". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 25: 563–574. doi:10.1111/geb.12437.
- ^ "Understanding Results: Y-DNA Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP): What is a Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroup?". Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are the major branches on the human paternal family tree. Each haplogroup has many subbranches. These are subclades.
- ^ "myFTDNA 2.0 User Guide: Y-DNA: What is the Y-DNA - Matches page?". Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
A terminal SNP determines the terminal (final) subbranch on the Y-DNA Tree to which someone belongs.
- ^ "Understanding Results: Y-DNA Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP): How are haplogroups and their subclades named?". Family Tree DNA. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- ^ "Family Tree DNA - Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy". familytreedna.com.
- ^ a b Copyright 2015 ISOGG. "ISOGG 2015 Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree Trunk". isogg.org.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Karafet, TM; Mendez, FL; Meilerman, MB; Underhill, PA; Zegura, SL; Hammer, MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
- ^ a b Chiaroni, Jacques; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L. (1 December 2009). "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (48): 20174–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMC 2787129. PMID 19920170.
- ^ Tumonggor, Meryanne K (2014). "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor". Journal of Human Genetics. 59: 494–503. doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.62. PMC 4521296. PMID 25078354.
- ^ This was, for instance, the case with the original subclade F3 (M96), which has since been renamed Haplogroup H2.
- ^ Passarino, Giuseppe; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L; Lin, Alice A; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Børresen-Dale, AL; Underhill, PA (2002). "Different genetic components in the Norwegian population revealed by the analysis of mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms". European Journal of Human Genetics. 10 (9): 521–529. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200834. PMID 12173029.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|name-list-format=
ignored (|name-list-style=
suggested) (help) - ^ Karlsson, Andreas O; Wallerström, Thomas; Götherström, Anders; Holmlund, Gunilla (2006). "Y-chromosome diversity in Sweden – A long-time perspective". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (8): 963–970. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201651. PMID 16724001.
- ^ Nogueiro, Inês (2009). "Phylogeographic analysis of paternal lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish communities". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 141: 373–381. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21154.
- ^ a b ISOGG, 2016, Y-DNA Haplogroup P and its Subclades – 2016 (20 June 2016).
- ^ a b Tumonggor, Meryanne K; Karafet, Tatiana M; Downey, Sean; Lansing, J Stephen; Norquest, Peter; Sudoyo, Herawati; Hammer, Michael F; Cox, Murray P (31 July 2014). "Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor". Journal of Human Genetics. 59 (9): 494–503. doi:10.1038/jhg.2014.62. PMC 4521296. PMID 25078354.
- ^ Tatiana M Karafet; et al. (2015). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia" (PDF). European Journal of Human Genetics. 23: 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC 4326703. PMID 24896152.
- ^ Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz; Roberta Eckert; Ana C.S. Valls; Mauricio R. Bogo; Francisco M. Salzano; David Glenn Smith; Wilson A. Silva; Marco A. Zago; Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos; Sidney E.B. Santos; Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler; Sandro L.Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas" (pdf). American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (3): 583–592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026.
Since the first studies, it has been found that extant Native American populations exhibit almost exclusively five "mtDNA haplogroups" (A–D and X)6 classified in the autochthonous haplogroups A2, B2, C1, D1, and X2a.7 Haplogroups A–D are found all over the New World and are frequent in Asia, supporting a northeastern Asian origin of these lineages
- ^ Zegura, S. L.; Karafet, TM; Zhivotovsky, LA; Hammer, MF (2003). "High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas" (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (1): 164–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.
- ^ "Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2010". International Society of Genetic Genealogy. Retrieved July 2010.
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ Sharma, Swarkar; Rai, Ekta; Bhat, Audesh K; Bhanwer, Amarjit S; Bamezaicorresponding, Rameshwar NK (2007). "A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in India". BMC Evol Biol. 7: 232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-232. PMC 2258157. PMID 18021436.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Wen B, Li H, Lu D, et al. (September 2004). "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture" (Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations). Nature. 431 (7006): 302–305. doi:10.1038/nature02878. PMID 15372031.
{{cite journal}}
: External link in
(help)|format=
- ^ Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, et al. (August 2001). "The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity" (Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (18): 10244–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.
{{cite journal}}
: External link in
(help)|format=
- ^ Bortolini MC, Salzano FM, Thomas MG, et al. (September 2003). "Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 73 (3): 524–39. doi:10.1086/377588. PMC 1180678. PMID 12900798.
- ^ TMRCA
- ^ Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans, Nature 505, 87–91 (02 January 2014)
- ^ Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
- ^ a b c Trombetta et al. 2015, Phylogeographic refinement and large scale genotyping of human Y chromosome haplogroup E provide new insights into the dispersal of early pastoralists in the African continent
- ^ a b c Semino, O; Magri, C; Benuzzi, G; et al. (May 2004). "Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 74: 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.
{{cite journal}}
: Explicit use of et al. in:|last4=
(help) - ^ a b P.A. Underhill, N.M. Myres, S. Rootsi, C.T. Chow, A.A. Lin, R.P. Otillar, R. King, L.A. Zhivotovsky, O. Balanovsky, A. Pshenichnov, K.H. Ritchie, L.L. Cavalli-Sforza, T. Kivisild, R. Villems, S.R. Woodward, New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory, in P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef and C. Stringer (eds.), Rethinking the Human Evolution (2007), pp. pp. 33-42.
- ^ a b Sharma et al
- ^ ftDNA
- ^ Myres2010
- ^ a b http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0066102
- ^ a b c d Rootsi, Siiri; et al. (2004). "Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 75: 128–137. doi:10.1086/422196. PMC 1181996. PMID 15162323.
- ^ "TMRCAs of major haplogroups in Europe estimated using two methods. : Large-scale recent expansion of European patrilineages shown by population resequencing : Nature Communications : Nature Publishing Group". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2015-05-20.
- ^ a b c d e f g Cruciani, F.; La Fratta, R.; Trombetta, B.; Santolamazza, P.; Sellitto, D.; Colomb, E. B.; Dugoujon, J.-M.; Crivellaro, F.; et al. (2007), "Tracing Past Human Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24 (6): 1300–1311, doi:10.1093/molbev/msm049, PMID 17351267 Also see Supplementary Data
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ a b Underhill et al
- ^ a b c http://www.ancestraljourneys.org/mesolithicdna.shtml
- ^ http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0021592
- ^ 2005 Y-chromosome Phylogenetic Tree, from FamilyTreeDNA.com
- ^ A Nomenclature system for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups, Genome.org
Further reading
- Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Hammer, Michael F. (7 March 2013). "An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 92 (3): 454–9. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002. PMC 3591855. PMID 23453668.
- "Y-Haplogroup A Phylogenetic Tree". March 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013. (chart highlighting new branches added to the A phylotree in March 2013)
External links
- ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree
- FTDNA (2008) Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree
- Chart of the speed of different Y chromosomal STR mutation rates
- Map of Y Haplogroups
- Atlas of the Human Journey, from the Genographic Project, National Geographic
- DNA Heritage's Y-haplogroup map
- Video tutorial on Discovering Paternal Ancestry with Y-Chromosomes
- Haplogroup Predictor
- Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner PJ, et al. (November 2000). "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453. As PDF Paper that defined "Eu" haplogroups
- Y-DNA Haplogroup and Sub-clade Projects
- Kerchner's YDNA Haplogroup Descriptions, Projects & Links
- Y-DNA Testing Company STR Marker Comparison Chart
- Y-DNA Ethnographic and Genographic Atlas and Open-Source Data Compilation
- Y Chromosome Consortium