Sanātana Dharma
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The Sanskrit term Sanātana Dharm (Hindi: सनातन धर्म) or Dharmam Sanātanam (transliterated in Pali: Dhammo Sanatano), lit. "the way of life", is an epithet used natively in Dharmic Traditions, notably Hindu Dharma and early Buddhadharma to collectively refer to their religious practices and beliefs respectively. While Hindus use the Sanskrit term, early Buddhist texts used the Pali equivalent.
In modern times Hindus also refer to their religion as "Sanatan Dharma".
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[edit] In Shastras
The first use perhaps comes from Kathopanishad. For example, the Kathopanishad declares: "Eso's' vatthah sanatanah."[1]
The Manu Smriti (4-138) goes on to declare:
- Satyam bruyatpriyam bruyanna bruyatsatyamapriyam.
- Priyam cha nanrtam bruyadesa dharmah sanatanah.
Translation: "Speak the truth, speak the truth that is pleasant. Do not speak the truth to manipulate. Do not speak falsely to please or flatter someone. This is the quality of the Sanatan Dharma".
The Bhagavad Gita 1.39 reads:
- kula-kṣaye praṇaśyanti
- kula-dharmāḥ sanātanāḥ
- dharme naṣṭe kulaḿ kṛtsnam
- adharmo 'bhibhavaty uta
Translation: "With the destruction of dynasty, the eternal family tradition is vanquished, and thus the rest of the family becomes involved in irreligion."[1]
The Bhagavata Purana reads:
- "At the end of each cycle of four yugas, the rishis, through their asceticism, saw the collections of srutis swallowed up by time, after which the eternal (Sanatanah) dharma (was re-established)."[2]
[edit] Eternality of Dharma
The concept of Dharma being eternal is a recurrent concept in the Hindu literature and Buddhist literature from the 1st millennium BCE. It occurs in the Epics Mahabharata & Ramayana as well as in the Pali Canon and points to a common origin of the concept.
In the Vedas, the eternal Dharma is called by the name Rta, while in Old Persian and Zoroastrian scripture (in Avestan), the cognate is called Arta and Asha respectively and can therefore be taken as a continuation of a common Proto-Indo-Iranian religious concept.
The eternality (sanātanatvā) of Dharma implied also its constancy and invariability.
[edit] Absolute Truth/Righteousness
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- "O Indra, lead us on the path of Rta, on the right path over all evils."
- -- (Rig Veda Book X, Chapter CXXXIII, Verse 6)
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Subject to context, Rta- is also frequently translated as "right working" or "[that which is] right". The word then (cf. Bartholomae's and Geldner's translations as German "Recht") has the same range of meaning of "right" as in the English language: truth, righteousness, rightfulness, lawfullness, conformity, accord, order (cosmic order, social order, moral order).
The eternality of the Dharma was also an important factor as it represented the idea of an absolute truth, which had its Vedantic parallel in the concept of Brahman, the unchangeable immortal existence of absolute truth. While the eternality of Dharma was emphasized in the tradition of Purva Mimamsa, the equivalent absolutist concept of Nirguna Brahman was the preserve of Vedanta as represented by the Upanishads.
Its existence is referred to in Sanskrit as truth or satya, or Avestan haithya- (from Indo-European *sat- "being, existing")
[edit] Representation of Infinity
The concept of eternality and invariability of Dharma also takes into account the principle of infinity of the holy law i.e Dharma[3]. The Isha Upanishad of the Yajurveda states that "if you remove a part from infinity or add a part to infinity, still what remains is infinity".
- Pūrṇam adaḥ pūrṇam idam (Infinity is that, infinity is this)
- pūrṇāt pūrṇam udacyate (infinity comprises infinity)
- pūrṇasya pūrṇam ādāya (When infinity is subtracted from infinity)
- pūrṇam evāvasiṣyate (Infinity alone remains) - Isha Upanishad
The essence of this verse is that the Infinite cannot be measured arithmetically - Brahman is viewed as this Infinite Eternal and holy reality i.e Sanatana Dharma.
[edit] Organizations and individuals engaged in Growth of Sanatana Dharma
Several Organizations have endeavored to educate people around the world on Sanatana Dharma. Starting with Vivekananda in 1800's to A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada in 1960's have spread the knowledge of Sanatana Dharma.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, P. 26 Bhavan's Journal
- ^ P. 103 Authority, Anxiety, and Canon By Laurie L. Patton
- ^ http://www.anandamarga.org/articles/dharma.htm
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