Vascular endothelial growth factor B

Vascular endothelial growth factor B
PDB rendering based on 2c7w.
Available structures PDB 2C7W, 2VWE, 2XAC
Identifiers
Symbols	VEGFB; VEGFL; VRF
External IDs	OMIM: 601398 MGI: 106199 HomoloGene: 2535 GeneCards: VEGFB Gene
Gene Ontology Molecular function • protein binding • growth factor activity • heparin binding • chemoattractant activity • protein homodimerization activity • vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 binding • protein heterodimerization activity Cellular component • extracellular region • extracellular space • intracellular • membrane • platelet alpha granule lumen Biological process • positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation • platelet degranulation • protein O-linked glycosylation • anti-apoptosis • blood coagulation • negative regulation of gene expression • platelet activation • positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway • positive regulation of vascular wound healing • positive regulation of vascular permeability • negative regulation of neuron apoptosis • vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway • positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation • positive chemotaxis • induction of positive chemotaxis • positive regulation of cell division • positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling cascade • cardiac muscle contraction • positive regulation of mast cell chemotaxis • coronary vasculature development • positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	7423	22340
Ensembl	ENSG00000173511	ENSMUSG00000024962
UniProt	P49765	P49766
RefSeq (mRNA)	XM_001128909	NM_011697
RefSeq (protein)	XP_001128909	NP_035827
Location (UCSC)	Chr 11: 64 – 64.01 Mb	Chr 19: 7.06 – 7.06 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]

Vascular endothelial growth factor B also known as VEGF-B is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the VEGF-B gene. VEGF-B is a growth factor that belongs to the vascular endothelial growth factor family, of which VEGF-A is the best-known member.

Function

In contrast to VEGF-A, VEGF-B plays a less pronounced role in the vascular system: Whereas VEGF-A is important for the formation of blood vessels, such as during development or in pathological conditions, VEGF-B seems to play a role only in the maintenance of newly formed blood vessels during pathological conditions. VEGF-B plays also an important role on several types of neurons. It is important for the protection of neurons in the retina and the cerebral cortex during stroke and of motoneurons during motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

VEGF-B exerts its effects via the FLT1 receptor.

Interactions

Vascular endothelial growth factor B has been shown to interact with FLT1.

Further reading

• Poesen K, Lambrechts D et al. (2008). "Novel Role for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)Receptor-1 and Its Ligand VEGF-B in Motor Neuron Degeneration". J. Neurosci. 28 (42): 10451–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1092-08.2008. PMID 18923022. 
• Joukov V, Kaipainen A, Jeltsch M, et al. (1997). "Vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF-B and VEGF-C.". J. Cell. Physiol. 173 (2): 211–5. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199711)173:2<211::AID-JCP23>3.0.CO;2-H. PMID 9365524. 
• Olofsson B, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, et al. (1996). "Vascular endothelial growth factor B, a novel growth factor for endothelial cells.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (6): 2576–81. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.6.2576. PMC 39839. PMID 8637916. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=39839. 
• Olofsson B, Pajusola K, von Euler G, et al. (1996). "Genomic organization of the mouse and human genes for vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) and characterization of a second splice isoform.". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (32): 19310–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.32.19310. PMID 8702615. 
• Grimmond S, Lagercrantz J, Drinkwater C, et al. (1996). "Cloning and characterization of a novel human gene related to vascular endothelial growth factor.". Genome Res. 6 (2): 124–31. doi:10.1101/gr.6.2.124. PMID 8919691. 
• Olofsson B, Korpelainen E, Pepper MS, et al. (1998). "Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) binds to VEGF receptor-1 and regulates plasminogen activator activity in endothelial cells.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (20): 11709–14. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.20.11709. PMC 21705. PMID 9751730. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21705. 
• Makinen T, Olofsson B, Karpanen T, et al. (1999). "Differential binding of vascular endothelial growth factor B splice and proteolytic isoforms to neuropilin-1.". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (30): 21217–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.30.21217. PMID 10409677. 
• Ikuta T, Ariga H, Matsumoto K (2001). "Extracellular matrix tenascin-X in combination with vascular endothelial growth factor B enhances endothelial cell proliferation.". Genes Cells 5 (11): 913–927. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00376.x. PMID 11122379. 
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=139241. 
• Qi JH, Ebrahem Q, Moore N, et al. (2003). "A novel function for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP3): inhibition of angiogenesis by blockage of VEGF binding to VEGF receptor-2.". Nat. Med. 9 (4): 407–15. doi:10.1038/nm846. PMID 12652295. 
• Trompezinski S, Berthier-Vergnes O, Denis A, et al. (2004). "Comparative expression of vascular endothelial growth factor family members, VEGF-B, -C and -D, by normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts.". Exp. Dermatol. 13 (2): 98–105. doi:10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00137.x. PMID 15009103. 
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC 528928. PMID 15489334. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=528928. 
• Timoshenko AV, Chakraborty C, Wagner GF, Lala PK (2006). "COX-2-mediated stimulation of the lymphangiogenic factor VEGF-C in human breast cancer.". Br. J. Cancer 94 (8): 1154–63. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603067. PMC 2361247. PMID 16570043. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2361247. 
• Iyer S, Scotney PD, Nash AD, Ravi Acharya K (2006). "Crystal structure of human vascular endothelial growth factor-B: identification of amino acids important for receptor binding.". J. Mol. Biol. 359 (1): 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.03.002. PMID 16616187. 
• Yamada E, Yamazaki K, Takano K, et al. (2007). "Iodide inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression in cultured human thyroid follicles: a microarray search for effects of thyrotropin and iodide on angiogenesis factors.". Thyroid 16 (6): 545–54. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.16.545. PMID 16839256. 
• de Paulis A, Prevete N, Fiorentino I, et al. (2007). "Expression and functions of the vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors in human basophils.". J. Immunol. 177 (10): 7322–31. PMID 17082651.