Jump to content

2011 England riots: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 51°35′27″N 0°04′12″W / 51.5909°N 0.0700°W / 51.5909; -0.0700
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Undid revision 444055323 by WWGB (talk) relevance: recent, European, also found their catalyst in deaths at the hands of police
Jagged 85 (talk | contribs)
87,237 edits
→‎Birmingham: elaborated
Line 251: Line 251:
====Early hours====
====Early hours====
=====Birmingham=====
=====Birmingham=====
Reports of shots fired at officers during the early hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16047028 |title=Video: Riots Spread Across England After Unrest In London: Birmingham, Liverpool, Gloucester All Hit &#124; UK News &#124; Sky News |publisher=News.sky.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-10}}</ref> In the early morning hours, [[Sangat TV]] reported three [[British Asian|Asian]] men, stated to be on the street to protect their business from looters, were killed in a [[Hit and run (vehicular)|hit-and-run incident]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/world/london-burns-as-215-arrested-for-rioting/story-e6frfkyi-1226111341895|title=Live - Vigilantes on the streets as anarchy grips UK | News.com.au|last=Killalea|first=Debra|work=[[News Limited]]|accessdate=10 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="dailymail_deaths">{{cite web|title=Three Asian men struck by car and killed in hit-and-run attack 'as they protected their neighbourhood from rioters'|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2024375/Three-men-dead-hit-run-Birmingham-riots-sparks-triple-murder-inquiry.html|work=[[Daily Mail]]|accessdate=10 August 2011|date=10 August 2011}}</ref>
Reports of shots fired at officers during the early hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/home/uk-news/article/16047028 |title=Video: Riots Spread Across England After Unrest In London: Birmingham, Liverpool, Gloucester All Hit &#124; UK News &#124; Sky News |publisher=News.sky.com |date= |accessdate=2011-08-10}}</ref> In the early morning hours, [[Sangat TV]] reported that three [[British Pakistani]] men, who were on the streets to protect local businesses from looters, were killed in a [[Hit and run (vehicular)|hit-and-run incident]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/world/london-burns-as-215-arrested-for-rioting/story-e6frfkyi-1226111341895|title=Live - Vigilantes on the streets as anarchy grips UK | News.com.au|last=Killalea|first=Debra|work=[[News Limited]]|accessdate=10 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="dailymail_deaths">{{cite web|title=Three Asian men struck by car and killed in hit-and-run attack 'as they protected their neighbourhood from rioters'|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2024375/Three-men-dead-hit-run-Birmingham-riots-sparks-triple-murder-inquiry.html|work=[[Daily Mail]]|accessdate=10 August 2011|date=10 August 2011}}</ref>


=====Ealing=====
=====Ealing=====

Revision as of 13:19, 10 August 2011

Not to be confused with 2011 anti-cuts protest in London.

2011 England Riots
Firefighters douse a store and apartments destroyed by an arson attack during the initial rioting in Tottenham, north London
Date6 August 2011 (2011-08-06) – ongoing
Location
Several districts across Greater London and in localised areas of some other towns and cities in England.

Widespread public disturbances, including looting, arson attacks, burglary, robbery and some rioting, are ongoing in some cities and towns in England. The rioting began on 6 August 2011 in Tottenham, North London; other riots then occurred elsewhere in London and in some other areas of England. The events followed the fatal shooting of a 29-year-old man, Mark Duggan, by officers of the Metropolitan Police Service.[1][2][3][4]

A march by about 200 people in Tottenham became violent and descended into rioting. In the following days, disturbances occurred in other areas of the city, including Wood Green, Enfield Town, Ponders End and Brixton. Vandalism, arson, looting and violent disorder were also reported in several boroughs of London, extending as far south as Croydon. At least 111 police officers were injured. On 8 August 2011, rioting and looting occurred in Birmingham, Liverpool, Nottingham, Bristol and Medway.[5][6][7][8] More than 1,100 people have been arrested since the start of the disruption,[9] and the Metropolitan Police have been authorised to use baton rounds and water cannon against rioters if deemed necessary.

In response to the incidents, the Prime Minister David Cameron, the Home Secretary Theresa May, the Mayor of London Boris Johnson and Leader of the Opposition Ed Miliband cut short their holidays to return to London. It was announced that Parliament would be recalled on 11 August to debate the situation,[10] and an extra edition of BBC Question Time would take place later that day, to discuss the riots.[11]

Background to the initial disturbances in London

Historical context

Described as "the worst disturbances of their kind since the 1995 Brixton riots",[1] the unrest was claimed to be associated with poor relations between the police and the black community in London,[12] as well as in other cities with significant working class populations, such as Birmingham, which has been the setting of protests regarding the death of Kingsley Burrell.[13][14] Commentators likened the riots to the Broadwater Farm riot of 1985, during which a police officer, Keith Blakelock, was murdered. [15][16] The disturbances were preceded by calls for better oversight of the Metropolitan Police, repeating observations which go back to the murder of Stephen Lawrence and the New Cross Fire. During the summer of 2011 there was a large nonviolent march to Scotland Yard as a result of the death of Smiley Culture, but the event was little reported.[17]

Commentators have attributed the causes of the riots to factors including high poverty and unemployment, the growing gap between rich and poor, gang culture,[18][19] and the lowest social mobility in the developed world.[20][21][22]

Shooting of Mark Duggan

A map of Greater London has a red dot in its north-center marking the location of Tottenham Hale station.
A map of Greater London has a red dot in its north-center marking the location of Tottenham Hale station.
Tottenham Hale station
class=notpageimage|
The Ferry Lane bridge is adjacent to Tottenham Hale station in Greater London.
Main article: Death of Mark Duggan

The fatal shooting by police of 29 year old Mark Duggan took place during a planned arrest on 4 August 2011 on the Ferry Lane bridge, next to Tottenham Hale station.[23][24]

The incident was referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC).[23] This is standard practice whenever a member of the public dies as a result of police action. It is not yet known why police were attempting to arrest Duggan, but the IPCC said that the planned arrest was part of Operation Trident, a unit which investigates gun crime in London. Operation Trident specialises in combating gun crime relating to the illegal drug trade.[2]

Friends and relatives of Duggan, an alleged cocaine dealer and member of the 'Star Gang', claimed that he was unarmed.[4] The IPCC stated that Duggan was carrying a loaded handgun,[25][26] and that there was no evidence that Duggan shot at the police.[27]

After the shooting, the media widely reported that a bullet was found embedded in a police radio, implying Duggan fired on the police.[28] The Guardian reported that initial ballistics tests on the bullet recovered from the police radio and another also claimed to have been fired by Duggan indicate that both were "very distinct" police issue hollow-point bullets.[29][28]

Protest march

On 6 August, a protest was held, initially peacefully, beginning at Broadwater Farm and finishing at Tottenham police station.[30] The protest was organised by friends and relatives of Duggan to make a request for justice for the family.[2][31][32] The group of some 200 people that marched on the police station included local residents, community leaders, and Duggan family members who were demanding to speak with a senior local police officer. They stayed in front of the police station hours longer than they originally planned because the police refused to speak with them. According to eyewitnesses, a younger and more aggressive crowd arrived at the scene around dusk, some of whom were carrying weapons. Violence erupted on the rumour that police had attacked a 16-year-old girl.[1][12]

Causes

Various opinions have been expressed in the press and elsewhere, suggesting possible contributory factors to the unrest; these include the following:

Incidents

Saturday, 6 August

Tottenham and Tottenham Hale

A firefighter douses a blaze in Tottenham during the aftermath of the initial riot
Rioters facing police on the evening of 6 August 2011

A series of disturbances by people in Tottenham followed the protest march on 6 August. Attacks were carried out on police cars, a double-decker bus and local businesses and homes from around 22:30. Police vans and officers from the Territorial Support Group attended the scene of disorder on Tottenham High Road. Stores were looted by rioters after windows were smashed.[46] A number of people were left homeless.[47] Fireworks, petrol bombs and other missiles were also thrown at police.[2] Twenty-six officers were injured, including one who sustained head injuries. Firefighters experienced difficulty reaching a burning building due to the disorder.

A BBC News correspondent said his news crew and satellite vehicle came under attack from youths throwing missiles.[48] Some news crews left the scene due to the threat of violence. A Mail on Sunday photographer was beaten and mugged.[citation needed] The police had set up a cordon around Tottenham police station and a nearby group of BBC and Sky journalists. Some of the police were on horseback.[30]

A gang of youths burned down Tottenham's post office at 22:15. Rioters threw bottles at a car in which a family of three, including a baby, were taking shelter after being forced to flee their burning home.[47]

The violent clashes were followed by the looting of Tottenham Hale retail park, which continued until dawn without intervention by the police.[1]

Wood Green

At 20:00, the rioting had spread to Wood Green, but some riot police were on hand.[47]

Sunday, 7 August

Wood Green

There was further disorder in neighbouring Wood Green, two miles (3 km) away, during the early hours of 7 August, when widespread looting broke out[49] in which around 100 youths targeted high-street game shops, electrical stores and clothing chains.[50] Others ransacked local shops on Wood Green High Road.[51] A family-run jeweller was among the retailers affected.[52]

Again, the police did not intervene to stop the looting.[1]

The mostly Turkish and Kurdish shop owners along Wood Green, Turnpike Lane and Green Lanes, were said to have formed local 'protection units' around their shops.[51]

Enfield and Ponders End

On Sunday evening, 7 August, violent disturbances erupted in Enfield, to the north of Tottenham, among heavy presence of riot police.[53]

Enfield Town centre, Enfield Town Park and alleyways between there and the Palace Garden shopping centre were being guarded by police. A heavy police presence was seen outside Enfield Town railway station where people arriving were being searched for security reasons.[54]

Riot police had arrived in Enfield Town by the afternoon of 7 August as several small groups of hooded youngsters arrived in cars, buses and trains. Around 100 people were waiting in small groups in the vicinity of Enfield Town station in Southbury Road.[3]

Some disorder sparked from around 5:30; a police car in Church Street was pelted with bricks.[55] HMV's branch in Church Street was amongst the other shops that were reportedly attacked.[56] A police helicopter hovered over the area to monitor events.[3]

At around 19:00, police tackled a group of around thirty youths to push them back onto Southbury Road towards the junction with Great Cambridge Road. Police dogs were also deployed at the scene.[56] Similar action drove back approximately 50 people along Southbury Road via Queens Street, after a preceding clash with hooligans outside a nearby supermarket.[57]

At 19:30, both Metropolitan Police officers and reinforcements from Kent Police turned Enfield into a cordoned off "sterile area" and began to tackle the local disturbances.[58] These included robberies of the Enfield Retail Park.

The scenes of Enfield were "reminiscent of Tottenham, though smaller."[53]

Brixton

Six fire engines tackled a blaze at a Foot Locker shoe shop in Brixton.[59][60] Riot police and youths clashed near a local Currys store that was broken into during disturbances in Brixton.[58] Speaking to The Daily Telegraph, a local resident described "hundreds" of men and women entering the electrical store and emerging with TVs and other electrical goods.[61] Upon police arriving, the looters attacked, throwing rocks and the contents of bins at officers.[61] A branch of Halfords was targeted and looted by youths.[61]

One Brixton resident said: “People were coming to Brixton from outside the area. I was getting out of Brixton Tube last night about 22:30 and going up the escalator when about 10 teenagers ran up the escalator and pushed me to one side.”[62] By 11:57, both Tesco and Foot Locker were targeted by looters. Lambeth Council’s leader, Councillor Steve Reed said the mobs in Streatham "They were looters not rioters"[63] Looting had spread to Brixton in the evening.[64]

Other areas

  • Islington: The windscreen of a police vehicle was smashed out as groups of youths caused a disturbance in Islington during the night of 7 August.[59]
  • Oxford Circus: Overnight, the evening's violence spread to Oxford Circus, central London, as about 50 youths gathered, and damaged some local property.[58][65]
  • Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire:Looters and rioters attacked two police cars and two jewellers in Waltham Cross High Street at around 21:50. A specialist public order unit was sent to the area, along with sections of the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Police Dog Unit.[66]
  • Streatham: the T-Mobile, JD Sports and other shops were ransacked. Councillor Mark Bennett said the owner of one store in Streatham High Road was hospitalised after a mob attacked the shop.[62]
  • Dalston: Looting was reported at Kingsland shopping centre in Dalston including JD Sports and Foot Locker.[67]
  • Denmark Hill: A gangland fight broke out at King's College Hospital at about 8.30 pm, where two victims of a minor stabbing had been admitted earlier.[67]
  • Leyton: Looting at Currys in Leyton Mills retail park and bicycle shop Bike Shack.[68]

Monday, 8 August

London

By 07:59, the Metropolitan Police Commander Christine Jones said: "This is a challenging situation with small pockets of violence, looting and disorder breaking out on a number of boroughs."[69] Jewellery stores across Tottenham, Enfield and Wood Green have all suffered break-ins, Professional Jewellers reported.[52] The Victoria line was closed between Stockwell and Brixton "due to civil unrest", according to London Underground.[64] Angel, Islington, Stoke Newington and Wood Green were in police lockdown.[64] All 32 boroughs of London have been placed on riot alert.[70]

Enfield and Ponders End

On the morning of 8 August, several shops in Enfield Town and in the nearby A10 retail park were vandalised and looted, and there were reports of two vehicles set on fire.[58] A large crowd of youths moved westwards, toward nearby Ponders End and wrecked a local Tesco.[71] Hundreds of riot police and canine units arrived with vans and charging at groups of teenagers until they disappeared into local side streets, smashing cars and shop windows on the way.[71][59] Looting had spread to Enfield.[64] A large Sony distribution centre was set alight and the fire destroyed the building.[72]

Walthamstow and Walthamstow Central
Bank workers observe the destruction caused in the early hours of the morning

Over 30 youths wrecked and looted shops, including a branch of BHS, in Walthamstow Central on the morning of 8 August.[58] Looting had spread to Walthamstow.[64] A Santander branch had been broken into. A Barclays cash machine had been ripped right out of the bank.

Chingford Mount

Three police officers hospitalised after being hit by a fast-moving vehicle in Chingford Mount, Waltham Forest, at 00.45 on 8 August. The officers had started making arrests after a shop was in the process of being looted by youths.[59]

Hackney
Burnt out and vandalised car in Hackney

Sporadic skirmishes were reported to have occurred between police and groups of young people in the area around Mare Street, Hackney.[73] There are also reports of petrol bombs being thrown and youths throwing bottles and contents of bins. Some bins have also been set on fire. Disturbances on-going in Hackney as the mounted and riot police charge retreating gangs.[64] Cars were on fire.[64]

Croydon
Stand-off between rioters and police in Croydon

Police closed the entire area around West Croydon station on the evening of 8 August. Bricks, bottles and stones were thrown at police, and an Argos store was broken into and looted. A large furniture store, House of Reeves, which had been in Croydon since 1867,[74][75] was set alight and burned to the ground.[76][77][78][79] Arsonists struck later that night and destroyed another building in the Reeves Corner district of Croydon. [74] A Sky News satellite van came under attack in Croydon. [74]

Ealing

Some Ealing businesses were asked by police to close at 5pm.[80] On Ealing Broadway a group of 200 people[74] attacked police cars[81] and vandalised and looted shops.[74]

Later on around Haven Green, by Ealing Broadway tube station, cars and a bus were set alight and many other cars vandalised,[80] shops had their windows smashed and a supermarket was looted[82] and nearby residential properties were burgled.[83] Near Ealing Green several more shops were looted[84] and several cars torched[84] and a supermarket set alight with petrol bombs.[83] Rioters attempting to vandalise two pubs in this area were dissuaded by the customers and staff.[85] Later on hundreds of young people looted shops in West Ealing.[86] The was also minor trouble in Ealing Green. [74]

Elsewhere in London
File:Riot Police, Walworth Road, Elephant and Castle, London.jpg
Riot police assemble at Walworth Road in Elephant and Castle, Southwark, London, after rioters destroy several stores
File:Looters and onlookers outside Foot Locker, Walworth Road, Elephant and Castle, London.jpg
Rioters and looters on Walworth Road crowd the entrance to a heavily damaged store
Rioters attempt to loot from a cycle shop in Chalk Farm, Camden
  • Streatham: Sporadic night time riots in Streatham.[87]
  • Islington: Sporadic night time riots in Islington.[87]
  • Clapham Junction: Windows of most shops on Lavender Hill and St. John's Road smashed; many looted; one shop destroyed by fire.[88] The Debenhams store was looted that night.[74]
  • Camden: Minor overnight disturbances broke out. The police dispersed them.[citation needed]
  • Harlesden: Shops looted in the town centre and a jewellery shop in Harrow Road[74][89]
  • Peckham: A 171 bus and a shop were set on fire. A police helicopter was overhead.[64] A fire was started at a shop adjoining a Greggs bakery.[87]
  • Bethnal Green: Running battles with police occurred in Bethnal Green.[64]
  • Chelsea: Looters broke into an antiques store in King's Road.[67]
  • Lewisham: Sporadic rioting occurred in Lewisham that evening, but it was quickly defeated by riot police.[90]
  • Barnet: About 60 youths were chased off by riot police after looting shops in Barnet in the night. [87][91] Minor disturbances occurred at the Brent Cross shopping centre.[92]
  • Notting Hill: Diners at a restaurant (the two Michelin-starred Ledbury) were attacked and robbed by a group.[93]
  • Woolwich: Disturbances overnight. A shop, a restaurant and a police vehicle were set alight. Several other buildings were also damaged. A jeweller's was also looted.[94][95]
  • Sutton: Criminal damage reported to businesses on the High Street and in the Rose Hill, as well as the looting of a local convenience store.[96]
  • Lewisham: police dispersed local riots.[97]
  • Charlton: police dispersed local riots.[97]
  • Ilford: A jewellery shop was targeted and an electrical store was also broken in to. Lines of riot police protected Ilford Police Station. A man, believed to be in his late 20s, was treated by paramedics in Ilford Hill at about 7.30pm. One eyewitness has said the man was “intentionally” hit by a car which then drove off.[98]

Outside London

Burnt-out cars in Liverpool

Tuesday, 9 August

Early hours

London

Daytime

Prime Minister David Cameron returned early from his holiday in Italy and chaired an emergency meeting of COBR.[113] In a statement at 11:00, Cameron announced that 16,000 police officers will be deployed in London in anticipation of further violence, with all police leave cancelled. It was also announced that Parliament will be recalled on 11 August to debate the situation.[114] Over 525 people have been arrested since the start of the disruption, and the Metropolitan Police have announced their intention to use baton rounds against rioters if necessary.[115] East Ham’s Labour MP Stephen Timms and Newham’s Mayor Sir Robin Wales praised police for their efforts that day.[116]

Newham

Gangs of youths looted and vandalised parts of East Ham, including branches of Argos, Primark, Tesco, a electrical shop and banks.[116] Stones were thrown at the Argos store in Stratford and so police intervened. The front of Stratford Centre was heavily guarded by police to prevent trouble.[116]

Bexley and Bexleyheath

The Bluewater Shopping Centre has drafted in extra police officers to deal with the potential threat of rioters. The extras police were from a riot squad. Minor scuffles had hit Bexley early that day. [97] Bexleyheath town centre was set for £270,500 facelift, which was confirmed on August 5. Bexley and Bexleyheath a well off and low crime suburb in outer London, and thus not the usual suspect for rioting.[117] The nearby Priory Centre in Dartford confirmed at this stage there were no special arrangements being implemented , but they were considering their options. [97]

Night

West Midlands County
  • Birmingham, West Bromwich and Wolverhampton: Disorderly conduct in the city centre with three people arrested.[118] Some groups tried to get into the Mailbox shopping and office centre, and the Pallisades shopping complex. [119] Police quickly dispersed a mob outside a post office in Olton. Officers wielding batons eventually dispersed the crowd by charging them, but soon after they gathered again outside a House of Fraser store, their numbers swelling to around 500. [120] Shortly after 19.00 the mob broke into and looted a nearby Tesco. The Police dispersed the 300 strong crowd using a "thunderflash" device[clarification needed][citation needed], quickly charging the crowd, but the gangs regrouped and attacked shops, including the Jobcentre in Queen Street and Burton's menswear. [120] A police station in the suburb of Handsworth was also burnt. [120]
Elsewhere

Arrests

By 9 August, 563 arrests had been made since the start of the disruption in London,[134] and 100 arrests made in Birmingham.[135]

Wednesday, 10 August

Early hours

Birmingham

Reports of shots fired at officers during the early hours.[136] In the early morning hours, Sangat TV reported that three British Pakistani men, who were on the streets to protect local businesses from looters, were killed in a hit-and-run incident.[137][138]

Ealing

A man was assaulted and robbed when he tried to remonstrate with rioters. He was taken to hospital with life threatening injuries.[139]

Elsewhere

Daytime

David Cameron chaired another emergency meeting of COBRA, mid-morning.[143] In a statement at 11:05, Cameron announced that plastic bullets had been authorised for use on the mainland in response to the riots if necessary, and contingency plans have been put in place to make water cannon avaliable at 24 hours notice.[144]

Arrests

By 08.05, police had made more than 1,100 arrests so far, 768 of them in the capital, 35 in Liverpool, 5 in Milton Keynes, 90 in Nottingham, 13 in Leicester and 19 in Bristol.[9]

A suspect was arrested for setting fire to the over 150-year-old House of Reeves store in Croydon.[145]

Coordination of attacks

There were reports that the incidents had been coordinated using a variety of communications media, including BlackBerry Messenger broadcasts.[146][147] Research In Motion, the maker of the BlackBerry, announced that they were cooperating with police.[148] The Metropolitan Police considered whether to shut down the service in an effort to hamper coordination of rioting.[149]

The police stated that some messages were posted on Twitter that were "inflammatory, inaccurate", and they were considering arresting people for inciting violence.[150] Police in Essex arrested a teenager for trying to incite a riot on Facebook,[151] West Yorkshire Police arrested a girl for a similar offence regarding Wakefield[152] and Dorset Police arrested and bailed a 23 year old man for forwarding messages concerning a planned riot in Bournemouth.[153]

Effects

A burnt-out building being doused with water. Built for the London Co-operative Society in 1930 as Union Point, the building included a Carpetright on the ground floor and many apartments on the upper storeys.

Deaths and injuries

  • A total of 111 police officers and five police dogs have been injured.[157]

Property damage

Shopkeepers put the damages in their Tottenham Hale and Tottenham branches at several million pounds.[158] In addition, the riots caused the irretrievable loss of heritage architecture.[159]

Transport

On 9 August the Croydon Tramlink was partly closed due to damage inflicted along its route.[74] Transport for London, London Overground and London Underground shut Barking, Peckham Rye and Harrow-on-the-Hill and Hackney Central stations. The train operating company, Southern trains, later announced that trains were not stopping at many stations in south London.[74] National Express stopped serving Wolverhampton and suburban stops in the Birmingham area (but not Birmingham Coach station itself) as well as Manchester (but not Manchester Airport).[160]

Sporting fixtures

Four Football League Cup games due to be played on 9 August were postponed after a request from police due to the riots. The games at Bristol City, Charlton Athletic, Crystal Palace and West Ham United were all postponed.[161][162][163] There was also uncertainty on the Third Test cricket match between India national cricket team and England cricket team, however the match was not called off.[164][165]

The international football friendly match between England and the Netherlands at Wembley Stadium due to take place on 10 August was cancelled,[162] as well as the international friendly between Ghana and Nigeria due to take place on 9 August at Vicarage Road, Watford.[166][167]

A looted Sainsbury's in Chalk Farm, Camden

Looting

Mass looting has been reported in various locations and it has been suspected that these are planned and organised. Estimated losses have been indicated to be in the region of £100m.[168] The Metropolitan Police Service has assigned 450 detectives to hunt for rioters and looters.[169] The list of photographed looters has been made available on their website.[170]

Reactions

Political and legal

Following the initial disorder in Tottenham, the constituency's Labour MP David Lammy appealed for calm, saying that "true justice can only follow a thorough investigation of the facts"[171] and that Tottenham had had its "heart ripped out" by the riots.[172] He said that rioters were not representative of the local community as a whole[173] and insisted that the Independent Police Complaints Commission must fully establish the circumstances of Mark Duggan's death.[16] Streatham’s Labour MP Chuka Umunna condemned the violence in Brixton and Tottenham.[71][62][63] Umunna also called for the BlackBerry Messenger service, used by some of the rioters to coordinate their activities, to be "temporarily disabled" between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m. BST.[174]

Hackney North and Stoke Newington MP Diane Abbott called for the introduction of a curfew, while Newark MP Patrick Mercer, formerly a British Army colonel, called for the deployment of water cannons.[175] In December 2010 Theresa May, the Home Secretary, had said that the deployment of water cannon by police forces on the British mainland was an operational decision which had been "resisted until now by senior police officers."[176] On 9 August 2011, May rejected their use and said: "The way we police in Britain is not through use of water cannon. The way we police in Britain is through consent of communities." However, Ken Livingstone, the former London mayor, said "The issue of water cannon would be very useful given the level of arson we are seeing here." Scotland Yard said officers did not have any water cannon and if their use was approved they would have to be brought over from Northern Ireland.[177] Metropolitan Police deputy assistant commissioner Stephen Kavanagh confirmed that police were considering using baton rounds against rioters, not previously used by mainland police in public order operations (though they were first approved for use in England and Wales in 2001).[178]

May said: "I condemn utterly the violence in Tottenham... Such disregard for public safety and property will not be tolerated, and the Metropolitan Police have my full support in restoring order."[179] She returned to the UK from holiday early to meet with senior police officials on 8 August.

A spokesman for the Prime Minister's office added: "The rioting in Tottenham last night was utterly unacceptable. There is no justification for the aggression the police and the public faced, or for the damage to property."[179]

The deputy prime minister Nick Clegg later said that the riots were "completely unacceptable" and described the rioters as "needless and opportunistic".[180][181]

London's mayor, Boris Johnson, who cut short a holiday in Canada to return to the UK on 9 August, said: "I'm appalled at the scenes of violence and destruction in Tottenham"[173] whilst his deputy Kit Malthouse told a Sky News reporter that "criminal elements were to blame for the trouble."[173]

The Deputy Assistant Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police, Steve Kavanagh, has stated that the amount of officers deployed tripled between 6 and 7 August.[182] Prime Minister David Cameron condemned the "sickening scenes of people looting, vandalising, thieving, robbing" and told rioters "You will feel the full force of the law. And if you are old enough to commit these crimes, you are old enough to face the punishment."[183] Croydon Central MP Gavin Barwell called the damage caused in the London Borough of Croydon "sickening".[184]

In a strongly worded criticism of what he deems to be a misplaced "hyper-sensitivity about race", dating back to the Macpherson Report of 1999, Civitas director David Green attributed the reluctance by police to use force to a fear of disciplinary action. He said that "officers in charge of a riot think it safer to wait for orders from the top".[185]

Press

The Sun called the scenes "shameful" and lamented that "[w]ith the London Olympics less than a year away, our reputation is being damaged at the worst moment." It added: "This is anarchy, pure and simple. And it presents a serious threat to life and property."[186]

The Daily Telegraph's editorial said: "What we have experienced in London and elsewhere since Saturday night is a wholly new phenomenon: violent disorder whose sole intent is criminal... In such circumstances, there can be only one response if the law-abiding majority is to be protected: the thugs must be taught to respect the law of the land the hard way."[187]

The Guardian called on the public to back the police: "... Britain's 2011 riots have become a defining contest between disorder and order. In that contest, important caveats notwithstanding, there is only one right side to be on. The attacks, the destruction, the criminality and the reign of fear must be stopped. The rule of law in the cities of Britain must not only be defended against delinquent destruction. It must also be enforced."[188]

In its 9 August leading article, The Independent said the police's handling of Mark Duggan's death "looks to have been poor," and that there is "context of mistrust of the police here." The paper added that "it is spurious to draw a connection between that disaffection [by the inner-city youth] and specific outbreaks of violence of the sort we have seen in recent days."[189]

Public

Many people called for the government to urge the police to deploy anti-riot methods often used outside Britain, such as water cannon and baton rounds, the use of which has long been resisted by senior police commanders and politicians.[190][191][192] A third of respondants in a YouGov poll supported the use of 'live bullets'.[193]

Tens of thousands of users of social networking sites coordinated clean-up operations of their local shopping areas and streets. Social media sites Twitter and Facebook were also used for reporting information on the riots and for a voluntary citizens' operation to clear up riot-hit areas, notably via the #RiotCleanUp hashtag, with tens of thousands following the @riotcleanup Twitter account.[194][195][196] In Clapham Junction, dozens of volunteers carrying brooms turned out to assist with clean-up efforts.[197] On Facebook, over 900,000 people joined a group entitled 'Supporting the Met Police against the London rioters'.[198] Many of the looters have not bothered to cover their faces as they raided electrical stores, sports shops and off-licences. Some have even posed for a picture afterwards, proudly showing off their haul and posting the images on social-networking sites.[199]

Some shop owners and locals indicated they wanted to defend their shops and other local property themselves due to a lack of police presence in certain areas. On the 8th and 9th of August, there were instances of people from Muslim communities (Bangladeshi, Kurdish, Pakistani, Somali, and Turkish) chasing down masked youths in several areas of North and East London, including Tower Hamlets, Green Street, Hackney, and Haringey.[200][201][202][203] On the 9th, several other communities did the same, including locals in Enfield,[200] Eltham,[203] and the Sikh communities in Southall,[200] East Ham, Ilford, and Romford.[204] Sangat TV and Sikh Channel urged their viewers to protect Sikh temples, after criminals attacked one in Birmingham.[205] On Amazon.com, sales of baseball bats and truncheons increased significantly overnight.[203] While such actions have been compared to vigilantism,[200][203] deputy assistant commissioner Stephen Kavanagh stated: "We are already seeing a community kickback. People are angry. This is their neighbourhoods that are at stake."[203]

Police

The Metropolitan Police Service announced the initiation of Operation Withern, an investigation into the events leading up to and during the riots.[206][58]

According to a statement by the Metropolitan Police Service, it was being led by Detective Superintendent John Sweeney of the Metropolitan Police Service, with detectives from the Homicide and Serious Crime Command, specialist investigators from the Public Order Branch, and police support staff.[207]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Lewis, Paul (7 August 2011). "Tottenham riots: a peaceful protest, then suddenly all hell broke loose". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  2. ^ a b c d "Tottenham in flames as protesters riot". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  3. ^ a b c "Tension builds in Enfield Town as small groups arrive in area". Enfield Independent. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  4. ^ a b Bracchi, Paul (8 August 2011). "Violence, drugs, a fatal stabbing and a most unlikely martyr". Daily Mail (in British English). London: Associated Newspapers. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  5. ^ a b "Violence, rioting and looting breaks out across England". BBC News. 9 August 201. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  6. ^ "Chapeltown shooting: Police tackle 'pockets of disorder'". BBC News. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  7. ^ a b "Cars set alight during disturbances in Medway towns". BBC News. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  8. ^ "Unrest spreads to Leeds and Birmingham". Channel4.com. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  9. ^ a b Sam Jones, Helen Clifton and Martin Wainwright (8 July 2011). "UK riots: London violence spreads to cities across England | UK news | guardian.co.uk". Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  10. ^ Danica Kirka & Jill Lawless. "UK PM Recalls Parliament as London Continues to Burn". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  11. ^ "Question Time to discuss UK riots". Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  12. ^ a b c Jackson, Peter (7 August 2011). "London riots: Tensions behind unrest revealed" (in British English). BBC Television Centre, White City, London, UK: BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011. Rioting has again erupted on the streets of Tottenham almost 26 years after the Broadwater Farm riot. But what lies beneath the latest violent outburst in this chequered corner of north London?{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  13. ^ "Kingsley Burrell death: March to police HQ, Birmingham". BBC. 2 July 2011.
  14. ^ Millward, David (7 August 2011). "Tottenham riot rekindles memories of unrest in the 1980s". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  15. ^ "Tottenham anarchy: Grim echo of 1985 Broadwater farm riot". Daily Mail. UK. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  16. ^ a b Lammy, David (7 August 2011). "Tottenham riot: The lesson of Broadwater Farm". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  17. ^ Fletcher, Martin. "The Sad Truth Behind London Riots". NBC News.
  18. ^ "Ian Burrell, "How gangs have taken the place of parents in urban ghettoes", ''Independent'', 10 August 2011". Independent.co.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  19. ^ Thompson, Damian. "Damien Thompson, "London riots: This is what happens when multiculturalists turn a blind eye to gang culture", ''Daily Telegraph'', 8 August 2011". Blogs.telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  20. ^ a b Power, Nina (8 August 2011). "There is a context to London's riots that cannot be ignored". Guardian.
  21. ^ "Deaths in police custody since 1998: 333; officers convicted: none". Guardian. 3 December 2010.
  22. ^ "OECD: UK has worse social mobility record than other developed countries". Guardian. 10 March 2010.
  23. ^ a b "Man dead and police officer hurt in Tottenham shooting". BBC News. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  24. ^ Camber, Rebecca (7 August 2011). "Mark Duggan shot by police in back of London cab after an alleged shootout". Daily Mail. UK. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  25. ^ Vasagar, Jeevan (9 August 2011). "Mark Duggan did not shoot at police, says IPCC". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  26. ^ Laville, Sandra (5 August 2011). "Man shot dead by police in north London during attempted arrest". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  27. ^ "The Independent Police Complaints Commission has just announced that there is no evidence". The Guardian. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  28. ^ a b Sandra Laville; Paul Lewis; Vikram Dodd; Vikram Dodd (7 August 2011). "Doubts emerge over Duggan shooting as London burns". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  29. ^ Gabbatt, Adam (4 August 2011). "London disturbances - Sunday 7 August | UK news | guardian.co.uk". Guardian. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  30. ^ a b Bolesworth, Sarah (7 August 2011). "Tottenham in flames as riot follows protest". The Observer. London. Retrieved 7 August 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "Tottenham police shooting: Dead man was minicab passenger". BBC News. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  32. ^ "Tottenham riots are a disgrace, says MP". Channel4.com. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  33. ^ Hemming, Jon; Ambrogi, Stefano (8 August 2011). "Riots spread on third night of violence". Reuters. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  34. ^ Croft, Adrian (8 August 2011). "Spending cuts, police blamed for London riot". Vancouver Sun.
  35. ^ "More than 200 thugs arrested in London riots". MSN.
  36. ^ David Lammy (7 August 2011). "Tottenham riot: The lesson of Broadwater Farm". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  37. ^ Somaiya, Ravi (7 August 2011). "London Sees Twin Perils Converging to Fuel Riot". New York Times.
  38. ^ Riddell, Mary (8 August 2011). "London riots: the underclass lashes out". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  39. ^ "Economics behind Britain's riots?". UPI. Washington. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  40. ^ Conway, Ed (10 August 2011). "Can Economic Factors Explain The Riots?". Sky News. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  41. ^ Apps, Peter (10 August 2011). "London riots point to much wider risks of youth unrest". Reuters. London. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  42. ^ Topping, Alexandra (8 August 2011). "Looting 'fuelled by social exclusion'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  43. ^ "Rioting spirals out of control". London Evening Standard. 8 August 2011.
  44. ^ "London riots: Military could be brought in". TVNZ. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  45. ^ "How rioting spread around England". BBC News. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  46. ^ Laville, Sandra (7 August 2011). "Tottenham riot: 'very volatile' situation contained, for now". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  47. ^ a b c Phillips, Rhodri; Flynn, Brian (8 August 2011). "Dad Stephen Seeman Tottenham riot mob tried to torch car with baby inside". The Sun. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  48. ^ "BBC satellite truck damaged in riots". BBC News. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  49. ^ "Riots, fires break out in North London". MSNBC. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  50. ^ Lewis, Paul (7 August 2011). "Tottenham riot: Sustained looting follows night of violence". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  51. ^ a b "Police lose control of streets shop owners form local "protection units"". The London Daily News. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  52. ^ a b "Jewellers targeted in London riots - Watch News". Watchshop.com. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  53. ^ a b Lewis, Paul (7 August 2011). "Trouble spreads to Enfield – and this time it was organised". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  54. ^ "Heavy police presence in Enfield Town Centre, but no rioting". Enfield Independent. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  55. ^ "Police car trashed by Enfield Town rioters". Enfield Independent. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  56. ^ a b "Clashes between rioters and police in Enfield Town (From Enfield Independent)". The Independent. UK. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  57. ^ Hardiman, David (7 August 2011). "Shops targeted by rioters in Enfield Town, says witness". Enfield Independent. London. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  58. ^ a b c d e f Sam Jones, Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor and Ben Quinn (8 July 2011). "London riots spread south of Thames". Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 August 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  59. ^ a b c d "Theresa May returns to UK as London riots spread – Channel 4 News". Channel4.com. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  60. ^ "Brixton looting: Video shows unrest". London 24.
  61. ^ a b c Ward, Victoria (8 August 2011). "Brixton riots: looters hit Currys, Foot Locker and Halfords". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  62. ^ a b c "Looters cause chaos in Streatham and Brixton". Yourlocalguardian.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  63. ^ a b "UPDATE: Lambeth Council leader "They were looters not rioters". (From Streatham Guardian)". Streathamguardian.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  64. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gabbatt, Adam (8 August 2011). "London riots: the third night – live coverage". The Guardian.
  65. ^ AP. "News / International : Police arrest 160 people for London riots". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  66. ^ "Cheshunt & Waltham News | Arrests after Waltham Cross riots". Hertfordshiremercury.co.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  67. ^ a b c Lydall, Ross (8 August 2011). "Mob rule in the capital". The Evening Standard. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  68. ^ "London riots - Monday's events as they happened". The Guardian. 8 August 2011.
  69. ^ "Rioting spreads to south London in Streatham and Brixton (From Your Local Guardian)". Yourlocalguardian.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  70. ^ "London boroughs on alert after third night of violence". The Guardian. 9 August 2011.
  71. ^ a b c Sam Jones, Paul Lewis, Matthew Taylor and Ben Quinn (8 July 2011). "London riots spread south of Thames". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 8 August 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  72. ^ Hardiman, David. Massive fire at Enfield warehouse in Solar Way. Enfield Independent. Accessed 9 August 2011.
  73. ^ "London riots: Violence erupts for third day". BBC.
  74. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lydall, Ross (9 August 2011). "Shock and anger as city awakes to worst scenes since the Blitz". Evening Standard. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  75. ^ "Family's Croydon furniture store destroyed in riots". The Independent. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  76. ^ Riot fallout hits Croydon Croydon Guardian, 8 August 2011
  77. ^ "Home Secretary condemns rioting". The Independent. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  78. ^ "LIVE UPDATES: Riot fallout hits south London, Croydon (From This Is Local London)". Thisislocallondon.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  79. ^ "BBC News - London riots". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  80. ^ a b Bradbury, Poppy (8 August 2011). "Police lockdown Ealing Broadway after cars and buses set on fire". Ealing Gazette. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  81. ^ Bax, Steve (9 August 2011). "Ealing reporter attacked during night of violence". Ealing Gazette. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  82. ^ "Ealing riots: A timeline of the violence and looting". Metro. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  83. ^ a b Randhawa, Kiran (9 August 2011). "Marauding gangs used chaos as cover for housebreaking | News". The Evening Standard. London. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  84. ^ a b "Owner of looted shop slams police". The Independent. London: INM. 9 August 2011. ISSN 0951-9467. OCLC 185201487. Retrieved 9 August 2011. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  85. ^ Degun, Gurjit (9 August 2011). "Riots: Customers come to the rescue of Ealing pub". Morning Advertiser. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  86. ^ Conti, Juan Pablo (9 August 2011). "Britain's entertainment industry not immune to riots". Rapid TV News. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  87. ^ a b c d "London riots spiral out of control". Belfast Telegraph. Belfast. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  88. ^ Bryant, Miranda (09 August 2011). "I left Paris because it wasn't safe... now this is a war zone". Evening Standard. Retrieved 10 August 2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  89. ^ "Harlesden traders attacked as looters attempt to storm their shops". Willesden & Brent Times.
  90. ^ "More Violence In London And Now Birmingham". Sky.
  91. ^ "Witness saw police chase 60-strong group through Mays Lane, Barnet (From Times Series)". Times-series.co.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  92. ^ "FA to follow police advice over England game - International, Football". The Independent. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  93. ^ "Looters attack diners at Michelin-starred Ledbury". London Evening Standard. 9 August 2011.
  94. ^ Soteriou, Marina (8 August 2011). "Woolwich riots: pub, bank and police car on fire". Bexley Times. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  95. ^ Soteriou, Marina (9 August 2011). "London riots: the aftermath in Woolwich". Bexley Times. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  96. ^ "Shops close in Sutton amid rumours of disturbances". Sutton Guardian. 9 August 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  97. ^ a b c d "Riot police patrol Bluewater". Kentonline.co.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  98. ^ "Looting in Ilford as violence spreads". Ilford Recorder. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  99. ^ "Police arrest 87 as rioting and looting erupts in Birmingham". BBC News. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  100. ^ "Riots erupt in Birmingham: Police make 130 arrests". BBC Online. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  101. ^ "PM: 16,000 police to tackle riots". Harrow Observer. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  102. ^ a b PM David Cameron returning as London riots spread to Birmingham, Liverpool and Bristol. Belfast Telegraph. Accessed 9 August 2011.
  103. ^ "Scottish youths arrested over Facebook 'riot' messages". BBC.
  104. ^ "Police deal with disorder in Liverpool". BBC News. 9 August 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  105. ^ Further riots in London as violence spreads across England. Accessed 9 August 2011
  106. ^ "England Riots". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  107. ^ "Aussies caught up in frenzy of London riots". Herald Sun. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  108. ^ "Shops looted as rioters hit Camden Town and Chalk Farm". Camden New Journal. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  109. ^ Hodgkinson, David. "Aftermath of Camden riots - London". Demotix.com. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  110. ^ a b "Colliers Wood lootings at the Tandem Centre: the aftermath". Yourlocalguardian.co.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  111. ^ "Looters mow down police officer in Wembley". Willesden & Brent Times.
  112. ^ Writer, Staff (9 August 2011). "UK riots: Trouble means more road closures for travellers on journey home". The Daily Mirror. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  113. ^ "David Cameron chairs emergency Cobra meeting after third night of riots". The Guardian. 9 August 2011.
  114. ^ "England riots". BBC. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  115. ^ "London and UK riots day three aftermath: live coverage". 9 August 2011. Police have disclosed that live baton rounds - non-lethal plastic bullets - may be deployed tonight. Deputy Assistant Commissioner Steve Kavanagh of the Metropolitan police told our crime correspondent, Sandra Laville: "If we need to, we will do so." He said 525 people have been arrested since rioting began on Saturday, and about 100 have been charged.
  116. ^ a b c Grainger, Colin (9 August 2011). "Damage on the streets of Newham in copy-cat attacks". London 24. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  117. ^ "Bexleyheath town centre set for £270,500 facelift (From News Shopper)". Newsshopper.co.uk. 5 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  118. ^ Update on disorder in West Midlands - Tuesday 9 August 7.45pm. West Midlands Police. Accessed 9 August 2011.
  119. ^ a b "UK riots: disorder spreads to Manchester and West Midlands | UK news". The Guardian. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  120. ^ a b c Britten, Nick (31 May 2011). "UK riots: fear in the air in Birmingham as mobs roam streets". Telegraph. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  121. ^ a b "Shops smashed and BBC cameraman attacked in Salford". BBC News. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  122. ^ om een reactie te plaatsen!. "‪Manchester Riots 7‬‏". YouTube. Retrieved 10 August 2011.[dead link]
  123. ^ om een reactie te plaatsen!. "‪Manchester Riots- overhead view of looting on Oldham Street‬‏". YouTube. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  124. ^ om een reactie te plaatsen!. "‪Manchester Riot Shocking Footage Youth Sets Fire To Miss Selfridge Store Caught On Camera‬‏". YouTube. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  125. ^ om een reactie te plaatsen!. "‪Manchester Riots 2011, Market Street, miss selfridge's‬‏". YouTube. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  126. ^ "UK police station fire bombed". Nine News. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  127. ^ "Three Nottingham police stations attacked by gangs". BBC News. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  128. ^ "London riots and UK unrest: fourth night live updates". The Guardian. 8 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  129. ^ "Police warn public to stay away from Birkenhead town centre as rioting escalates". Wirral Globe. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  130. ^ "London riots and UK unrest: fourth night live updates". The Guardian. 8 September 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
  131. ^ By by Clare Semke Published on Tue Aug 09 10:41:58 BST 2011. "Police bid to track down Twitter riot taunters - East Hampshire - The News". Portsmouth.co.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  132. ^ "Cambridgeshire Constabulary". Cambs.police.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  133. ^ "Wakefield teenager arrested for riot 'invite'". BBC News. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  134. ^ "UK riots: Trouble erupts in English cities". BBC News. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  135. ^ "BBC News - Riots erupt in Birmingham: Police make 130 arrests". Bbc.co.uk. 6 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  136. ^ "Video: Riots Spread Across England After Unrest In London: Birmingham, Liverpool, Gloucester All Hit | UK News | Sky News". News.sky.com. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  137. ^ Killalea, Debra. "Live - Vigilantes on the streets as anarchy grips UK". News Limited. Retrieved 10 August 2011. {{cite news}}: Text "News.com.au" ignored (help)
  138. ^ a b "Three Asian men struck by car and killed in hit-and-run attack 'as they protected their neighbourhood from rioters'". Daily Mail. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  139. ^ a b "London riots 2011: Man beaten in Ealing fighting for life but no one knows who he is | Mail Online". Dailymail.co.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  140. ^ a b c d e f g h i Sam Jones, Helen Clifton and Martin Wainwright (8 July 2011). "UK riots: London violence spreads to cities across England | UK news | guardian.co.uk". Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  141. ^ "x | Home | Sky News". News.sky.com. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  142. ^ "Car set on fire in Washington - two arrests". northumbria.police.uk. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  143. ^ Watt, Nicholas (9 August 2011). "David Cameron to convene second Cobra meeting on London riots". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  144. ^ "UK PM David Cameron says contingency plans for water cannon have been put in place". Associated Press. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  145. ^ "Man held over Croydon blaze - HOME". ITN.co.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  146. ^ Paul Lewis (8 August 2011). "London riots – live blog". The Guardian. UK.
  147. ^ Josh Halliday (8 August 2011). "London riots: how BlackBerry Messenger played a key role". The Guardian. UK.
  148. ^ Josh Halliday (8 August 2011). "London riots: BlackBerry to help police probe Messenger looting 'role'". The Guardian. UK.
  149. ^ "BlackBerry messenger 'curfew' considered to hinder rioting - Channel 4 News". Channel4.com. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  150. ^ London riots: Twitter users face arrest for inciting looters. The Telegraph. 8 August 2011.
  151. ^ Essex Police make Facebook 'riot incitement' arrest. BBC News.
  152. ^ Cite error: The named reference police1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  153. ^ "Man bailed over Bournemouth 'riot mobile message'". BBC News. 10 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  154. ^ "A young man shot in his car". The Guardian. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  155. ^ "Shot man dies after London rioting". Belfast Telegraph. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  156. ^ Wardrop, Murray (10 August 2011). "London riots: YouTube crime victim a Malaysian student". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  157. ^ "UK riots: Hundreds of arrests around the country as yobs find new targets". Daily Mirror. 10/08/2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  158. ^ "'Like The Blitz': Riot Eyewitnesses React". Sky News. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  159. ^ Inglis, Lucy (8 August 2011). "The destruction of Tottenham's buildings isn't just a sentimental loss". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  160. ^ "Coach Service Update. // National Express Coach". Nationalexpress.com. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  161. ^ "West Ham-Aldershot Carling Cup tie postponed on police advice". BBC Sport. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  162. ^ a b "London riots hit sports fixtures". BBC Sport. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  163. ^ "Charlton-Reading Carling Cup match called off". BBC Sport. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  164. ^ "London riots continue, Birmingham test in jeopardy". NDTV. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  165. ^ "Test set to begin despite riots". Cricinfo. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  166. ^ "Ghana versus Nigeria friendly in Watford called off". 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  167. ^ "Four Carling Cup ties postponed". 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  168. ^ Alison Lock. "Insurers say London riot losses "well over £100m" | City A.M". City A.M. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  169. ^ Sandra Laville, crime correspondent. "London riots: 450 detectives in hunt for looters | UK news". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  170. ^ "Metropolitan Police Service - Disorder Suspects Wanted". Met.police.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  171. ^ "David Lammy Appeals for Calm after Tottenham Riots". Huffington Post. USA. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  172. ^ "Tottenham riot: burned out shops may contain dead bodies, MP David Lammy warns". Telegraph. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  173. ^ a b c Sparrow, Andrew (7 August 2011). "Politicians condemn Tottenham riots". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  174. ^ "UK riots". BBC News. 9 August 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  175. ^ Siddique, Haroon (9 August 2011). "Theresa May urged to send in water cannon to tackle riots". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  176. ^ Porter, Andrew (12 December 2010). "Police could use water cannon to disperse rioters, Theresa May says". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  177. ^ Whitehead, Tom (9 August 2011). "London riots: Theresa May rejects calls for water cannon". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  178. ^ Sanchez, Raf; Holehouse, Matthew; Willis, Amy (9 August 2011). "London and UK riots: live". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  179. ^ a b "London riots: Police patrol streets after violence". BBC News. 7 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  180. ^ "Nick Clegg: Riots 'completely unacceptable'". BBC.
  181. ^ "London violence: "needless opportunistic theft"". Herald de Paris. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  182. ^ Rojas, John Paul (8 August 2011). "London riots: Met admits too few officers deployed – Telegraph". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK: TMG. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Retrieved 8 August 2011. {{cite news}}: Text "London]]" ignored (help)
  183. ^ "UK riots: Trouble erupts in English cities". Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  184. ^ Your Local Guardian. "Riot Fall Out Hits Croydon". Retrieved 08/08/2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  185. ^ David Green (9 August 2011). "Lions led by donkeys: why the police 'had it coming'". Sydney Morning Herald.
  186. ^ Template:Cite article
  187. ^ Template:Cite article
  188. ^ Template:Cite article
  189. ^ Template:Cite article
  190. ^ Tom Whitehead, and Andrew Hough (8 August 2011). "London riots: send in water cannon to clear streets, Theresa May told". The Daily Telegraph.
  191. ^ "Kenyans take shelter from London riots". Capital FM News, Kenya. 9 August 2011.
  192. ^ Siddique, Haroon (9 August 2011). "Theresa May urged to send in water cannon to tackle riots". The Guardian.
  193. ^ Wilson, Graeme. "Use LIVE bullets, say 33% in Sun poll | The Sun |News". The Sun. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  194. ^ "Wombles Needed: How To Help With The Riot Cleanup". Londonist. 11 August 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  195. ^ "BBC News - Twitter and Facebook users arrange London riot clean-up". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2011.
  196. ^ Bradshaw, Tim (28 July 2011). "Twitter users unite for riot clean-up". FT.com. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  197. ^ "Locals Co-ordinate Riot Clean-Up Squads". Sky.
  198. ^ "Supporting the Met Police against the London rioters". Facebook. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  199. ^ "UK riots: What turns people into looters?". Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  200. ^ a b c d Jerome Taylor (10 August 2011). "Vigilantes join 16,000 police on capital's streets". The Independent.
  201. ^ "Muslim residents protect their communities". MuslimMatters.org. 8 August 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  202. ^ Martin Beckford, James Hall, Christopher Williams, David Millward (9 August 2011). "London riots: residents fight back". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 10 August 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  203. ^ a b c d e Peter Beaumont, Jasmine Coleman and Sandra Laville (10 August 2011). "London riots: 'People are fighting back. It's their neighbourhoods at stake'". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  204. ^ "Hundreds of Sikh Londoners take to the streets to keep peace in various towns of London | Global Sikh News". Sikhsangat.org. Retrieved 10 August 2011.
  205. ^ "Sangat TV switches to Birmingham riots coverage". BizAsia. 9 August 2011.
  206. ^ "London riots: Met Police launch major investigation". BBC News. 7 August 2011.
  207. ^ Statements following disorder in Tottenham, Metropolitan Police Service, 7 August 2011

External links

Wikinews has related news:
External images
image icon Images of the Tottenham riot on 6 August 2011 (BBC)
image icon Map of the Tottenham riot on 6 August 2011 (Google Maps)
image icon Tottenham Riots: Torched houses, cars in London violence aftermath (YouTube)
image icon Damage at Leyton Mills Currys last night (TwitPic)

Media related to 2011 riots in the United Kingdom at Wikimedia Commons

51°35′27″N 0°04′12″W / 51.5909°N 0.0700°W / 51.5909; -0.0700

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2011_England_riots&oldid=444056715"