List of active separatist movements in Europe: Difference between revisions
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==United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies== |
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[[File:British Isles - UK & Ireland.png|thumb|350px|The United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and Republic of Ireland (click to enlarge)]] |
[[File:British Isles - UK & Ireland.png|thumb|350px|The United Kingdom, Crown Dependencies and Republic of Ireland (click to enlarge)]] |
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[[File:Map of separatist moviments in UK.svg|thumb|direita|400px| |
[[File:Map of separatist moviments in UK.svg|thumb|direita|400px|Movements: [[United Ireland]] (purple), [[Cornwall]] (orange), [[Isle of Man]] (red), [[Scotland]] (dark blue), [[England]] (green), [[Wales]] (yellow), [[Guernsey]] (light blue), [[Jersey]] (brown).]] |
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{{See also|Cornish nationalism|Constitutional status of Cornwall|Cornish Assembly|English independence|English nationalism|Irish nationalism|Irish republicanism|Ulster nationalism}} |
{{See also|Cornish nationalism|Constitutional status of Cornwall|Cornish Assembly|English independence|English nationalism|Irish nationalism|Irish republicanism|Ulster nationalism}} |
Revision as of 12:36, 22 January 2012
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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet two criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations (sometimes called terrorist organisations)
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities
Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks union with a neighbouring country.
Azerbaijan
- Nagorno-Karabakh
- De facto state:
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[1]
- Government-in-exile:
Azerbaijan — Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh[2]
- De facto state:
Belgium
Flemish Region
- Proposed state:
Flanders
- Political parties: Lijst Dedecker, Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (EFA member), Vlaams Belang
- Proposed state:
Walloon Region
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Islamic Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Republika Srpska
- Proposed state:
Republika Srpska
- Political parties: Alliance of Independent Social Democrats, Serbian Democratic Party[3]
- Proposed state:
Herzeg-Bosnia
- Proposed state:
Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
- Proposed state:
AP Western Bosnia
- Proposed state:
AP Western Bosnia
- Political parties: Democratic People's Community
- Proposed state:
Croatia
- Secessionist movements
Republic of Serbian Krajina- Advocacy groups: Republic of Serbian Krajina Government in Exile[dubious – discuss]
- Autonomist movements
Istria County- Political parties: Istrian Democratic Assembly, Istrian Social Democratic Forum
- Proposed autonomous county/region: Istria County
Cyprus
- De facto state with partial de jure recognition:
TRNC Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Faroe Islands
- Proposed state:
Faroe Islands
- Political parties: Republican Party, People's Party, Centre Party, Self-Government Party
- Proposed state:
Finland
Åland
- Proposed state:
Åland
- Political party: Future of Åland (EFA member)
- Proposed state:
Sami
France
- Secessionist movements
Basque Country
- Political party: Abertzaleen Batasuna (AB), Batasuna, Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Parti Nationaliste Basque.
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth Advocacy groups: Egi, Gazte Abertzaleak, Iritzarri, Segi
- Militant organisation: Iparretarrak (defunct), ETA, Irrintzi
- Proposed state: Euskadi or Euskal Herria (Basque Country)
Brittany
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League
- Political party: Adsav, Emgann
- Militant organisation: Breton Revolutionary Army (ARB), Breton Liberation Front (FLB)
- Proposed state: Brittany
Corsica (Main article: Corsican nationalism)
- Political party: Corsica Libera
- Militant organisation: National Front for the Liberation of Corsica
- Proposed state:
Corsica or
Italy
Nice- Political party: Nissa Rebela
Savoy
- Political party: Savoyard League
- Gradual and eventual secession
Brittany
- Political party: Breton Party
- Autonomist movements
Alsace
- Political party: Alsace d'Abord, Nationalforum Elsass-Lothringen, Unser Land
Brittany
- Political party: Union Démocratique Bretonne (EFA member),
Corsica (Main article: Corsican nationalism)
- Political party: Partitu di a Nazione Corsa (EFA member)
- Proposed autonomous area: Corsica
- Countea de Nissa
- Political party: Nissa Rebela
Normandy
- Political party: Le Mouvement Normand
- Proposed region: Normandie (to merge the two regions of Basse-Normandie and Haute-Normandie opposed by Norman activists)[clarification needed].
Savoy
- Political party: Savoyard League
Occitania
- Political party: Partit de la Nacion Occitana, Partit Occitan (EFA member), Iniciativa per Occitània, Anaram au Patac, Hartèra
- Rearrangement of regions
- Picardie (region), activists are the Picard people. The French government regional committee had planned to subdivide the region and give each one of the 3 departements to neighbouring regions of Champagne-Ardenne, Ile-de-France and Nord Pas-de-Calais. The Picard people are divided on this proposal. [citation needed]
- Several regions want to be divided into newer ones, notably in the Midi-Pyrenees and Alpes-Cote de Azur. [citation needed]
Georgia
Abkhazia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)- De facto state:
Republic of Abkhazia
- De facto state:
Armenians in Samtskhe-Javakheti
- Proposed autonomous area: Javakhk autonomous region
- Advocacy groups: Javakhk, United Javakhk Democratic Alliance, Virk[6][7]
- Proposed autonomous area: Javakhk autonomous region
South Ossetia
- De facto state:
Republic of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
Germany
Bavaria
- Political party: Bavaria Party (EFA member)[8]
- Frisia (see Netherlands)
- Lower Saxony, Baden-Württemberg, Saarland and East Germany (the former German Democratic Republic 1949-90) - autonomous movements to expand sovereign powers as Länder or states, in agreement when they joined Prussia (1815 or 1870) and/or Federal Republic of Germany (1955 or 1990). [citation needed]
Italy
Padania
Aosta Valley
Piedmont
- Political parties: Lega Nord Piemont
Lombardy
- Political parties: Lega Lombarda, Lega Alleanza Lombarda, Lombard Independentist Front
Insubria
- Advocacy groups: Domà Nunch[9]
Trentino
South Tyrol
- Political parties: South Tyrolean People's Party, Union for South Tyrol, The Libertarians, South Tyrolean Freedom, Political Movement Ladins, Democratic Party of South Tyrol, Lega Nord Sud Tirolo
- Militant organisations: South Tyrolean Liberation Committee
Veneto
- Movement: Venetism
- Political parties: Liga Veneta, North-East Project, Liga Veneta Repubblica, Venetians in Movement, Venetian National Party, Venetian People's Unity, Veneto State
- File:Bandiera Friuli-VG.jpg Friuli-Venezia Giulia
- Political parties : Lega Nord Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Friuli Movement, Giulian Front, Front Furlan
- File:Bandiera Liguria.jpg Liguria
- Political party: Lega Nord Liguria, Ligurian Independentist Movement
Emilia
- Political parties: Lega Nord Emilia
Romagna
- Political parties: Lega Nord Romagna
Tuscany
- Political parties: Lega Nord Toscana
- File:Bandiera Marche.jpg Marche
- Political parties: Lega Nord Marche
- File:Bandiera Umbria.jpg Umbria
- Political parties: Lega Nord Umbria
Sardinia
- Political parties: Sardinia Nation, Sardinian Action Party, Independence Republic of Sardinia, To the Left for Independence
Sicily
- Political parties: Movement for the Independence of Sicily, Sicilian Alliance, Sicilian People's Party, Sicilian National Front
- Advocacy groups: Terra e Liberazione
Southern Italy
- Political parties: Movement for Autonomy, Federalist Alliance, Lega Sud Ausonia, Southern Action League
Lithuania
Samogitia
- Political party: Samogitian Party
Latgalia (with neighbouring Latvia, northernmost Belarus and westernmost Russia).- Political party: Latgalian People's Party [citation needed]
Macedonia
Illyrida
- Political party: Democratic Party of Albanians
- Status: Continued unrest within Albanian-majority areas of Macedonia[10]
Moldova
Transnistria
- Status: De facto state[11]
Gagauzia
- Status: autonomy region state
Montenegro
Sandžak[12]
- Proposed state:
Sandžak (merging with Serbian part of Sandžak)
- Political parties: Party of Democratic Action
- Proposed state:
Bay of Kotor-Kotor Ulcinj Serbs of Montenegro
Netherlands
Frisia
- Political party: Frisian National Party, (EFA member)
- Status: Democratic movement seeking greater autonomy for Frisian-speaking people in Fryslân[15]
Norway
Poland
Upper Silesia
- Political party: Silesian Autonomy Movement[16]
Romania
- File:Szekely.gif Székely Land: Székely autonomy initiatives
- Political organisation: Szekler National Council[17]
Russia
North Caucasus
Adygea[citation needed]
Chechnya
- Militant organisation: Chechen separatists; though recently Ramzan Kadyrov, the Russian-appointed leader of the Chechen Republic within Russia has also made statements seeming to support broad autonomy,[18] criticising Russian attempts to make a "North Caucasus" district[18] inviting back separatist leader Akhmad Zakayev,[19]
- Proposed state: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
Dagestan
Ingushetia
Kabardino-Balkaria
Karachay-Cherkessia
North Ossetia-Alania[citation needed]
Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetia
- Proposed state: Caucasian Emirate (claimed successor to Ichkeria)
- Circassia
- Movement: Circassian Congress; Circassian Youth Initiative; Adyge Djegi
- Proposed state: Circassia, including all regions historically included in Circassia and/or inhabited by Circassians (note: this includes Adygea as well as large parts of Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachey-Cherkessia, Krasnodar Krai, and Stavropol' Krai)
- Balkar and Karachay peoples
- Movement: Various nationalist organisations in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia
- Goals: Firstmost, the establishment of autonomy for the Karachai and Balkars, rather than in biethnic republics where they must share power with Russians and Circassians (division of Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia into smaller units, also popular for Circassian nationalists). Then, the unification of Karachay and Balkar units is advocated by some but not all nationalists (see Balkar and Karachai nationalism)
Other regions
Tatarstan
- Political party: All-Tatar Public Center
- Proposed state: Tatarstan, Idel-Ural
Kalmykia
Udmurtia
- Movement: the Udmurt Counsel [sic] is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- Proposed state: Udmurtia
Siberia
East Prussia
- Proposed state: East Prussia (comprises Kaliningrad Oblast)
Karelia
- Proposed state: East Karelia or reunification with North Karelia and South Karelia and the formation of united Karelia
Ingria
- Proposed state: Ingria (comprises Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast)
Chuvashia
- Proposed state: Chuvashia
Komi Republic
- Proposed state: Komi Republic
Mari El
- Proposed state: Mari El
Mordovia
- Proposed state: Mordovia
Bashkortostan
- Proposed state: Bashkortostan
Serbia
Vojvodina; proposed larger level of Autonomy
- Political parties: The League of Vojvodina Social Democrats, Reformists of Vojvodina, Vojvodina's Party
Northern Vojvodina; proposed autonomous region: Hungarian Regional Autonomy
Sandžak[20]
- Proposed state:
Sandžak (merging with Montenegro's part of Sandžak)
- Political parties: Party of Democratic Action
- Proposed state:
Preševo Valley[21]
Kosovo
Spain
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Separatismos_na_Espanha.svg/300px-Separatismos_na_Espanha.svg.png)
Basque Country (autonomous community) and
Navarre (Main article: Basque nationalism)
- Political parties: Partido Nacionalista Vasco (member of the European Democratic Party), Eusko Alkartasuna (EFA member), Aralar, Nafarroa Bai, Basque Nationalist Action, Batasuna (illegalised due to terrorism support), Bildu
- Trade union: Euskal Langileen Alkartasuna, Langile Abertzaleen Batzordeak
- Youth Advocacy groups: EGI, Gazte Abertzaleak, Iratzarri, Segi
- Militant organisation: Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) (disbanded)
- Proposed state: Basque Country (greater region) – Euskal Herria
Catalonia,
the Balearic Islands and
the Valencian Community, known alternatively as Valencian Country (Main articles: Catalan independentism, Catalan nationalism and Valencian nationalism)
- Civil Organization: Sobirania i Progrés, Plataforma pel Dret de Decidir, Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes, Deu Mil en Xarxa per l'Autodeterminació.
- Advocacy groups: Catalunya Acció, Free Catalonia, Moviment de Defensa de la Terra, Reagrupament.
- Youth Advocacy groups: Maulets, Coordinadora d'Assemblees de Joves de l'Esquerra Independentista, Joventuts d'Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, Endavant, Sindicat d'Estudiants dels Països Catalans, Joventut Nacionalista de Catalunya, Negres Tempestes.
- Political parties (pro-Catalan Countries): Candidatura d'Unitat Popular (in the Catalan Countries), Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (in Catalonia, Balearic Islands, and Northern Catalonia; called Esquerra Republicana del País Valencià in the Valencian Community) (EFA member), Estat Català (only based in Catalonia), Solidaritat Catalana per la Independència, Democràcia Catalana.
- Political parties (based in the Balearic Islands): Partit Socialista de Mallorca-Entesa Nacionalista (in Majorca), Entesa de l'Esquerra de Menorca (in Minorca).
- Political parties (based in the Valencian Community): Esquerra Republicana del País Valencià, Bloc Nacionalista Valencià, Coalició Compromís.
- Political parties (autonomist): Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya, Unió Democràtica de Catalunya (in Catalonia only); Unió Mallorquina (in Majorca only).
- Proposed state: Catalan Countries – Països Catalans (Valencian nationalists propose either a dependent state within the Catalan Countries, or a separate state).
- Proposed flag: Estelada
Galicia (Main article: Galician nationalism)
- Political party: Bloque Nacionalista Galego (Galician Nationalist Block) (autonomist) (EFA member), NÓS-Unidade Popular (WE-Popular Unity) (independentist), Frente Popular Galego (Galician Popular Front) (independentist), Partido Galeguista (The Galician Party), Terra Galega Galician Coalition (Centrist nationalist Party)
- Youth Advocacy groups: Galiza Nova, AGIR, CAF
- Militant organisation: Resistência Galega
- Proposed state: Galician Republic
Andalusia (Main article: Andalusian nationalism)
- Political parties (autonomist): Partido Andalucista, Partido Socialista Andaluz, Bloque Andaluz de Izquierdas, Partido Comunista del Pueblo Andaluz
- Political parties (secessionist): Nación Andaluza, Asamblea Nacional de Andalucia
- Youth movement: Jaleo!!!, Juventudes Andalucistas
- Proposed state: Andalusia
Aragon
- Political party (autonomist): Chunta Aragonesista (EFA member)
- Political party (secessionist): Estau Aragonés, Tierra Aragonesa
- Advocacy groups: Puyalón
- Youth movement: Astral, Chobenalla Aragonesista, A Enrestida
- Proposed state: Aragon
Asturias (Main article: Asturian nationalism)
- Political parties (autonomist): Partíu Asturianista, URAS
- Political parties (secessionist): Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana (EFA member), Bloque por Asturies, Andecha Astur
- Youth movements: Darréu, UNA-Mocedá , Fai!
- Trade Unions: CSI, SUATEA, Frenti Estudiantil d'Asturies
- Other pro-independence organisations: Sofitu
- Proposed state: Socialist Republic of Asturias
- Proposed flag: Asturina
Cantabria
- Political party: Conceju Nacionaliegu Cántabru
- Youth movement: Regüelta (Revolt)
- Trade union: Intersindical Cántabra
- Proposed state: Cantabria
- Proposed flag: Lábaro
Canary Islands (Main article: Canarian nationalism)
- Political parties: Coalición Canaria
- Proposed state: Canary Islands
Castile (Main article: Castilian nationalism)
- Political parties (autonomist): Tierra Comunera
- Political parties (secessionist): Izquierda Castellana, Movimiento Popular Castellano,
- Youth movement: YESCA
- Proposed state: Castile
- Proposed flag: Pendón Morado, Pendón Estrellado
León
- Political parties: Unión del Pueblo Leonés (UPL or Leonese People's Union), Partido Regionalista del País Leonés (PREPAL), Unión del Pueblo Salmantino (UPS), Partido Carlista del Reino de León (PC)
- Proposed state: País Llïonés - Leonese Country (Conceyu Xoven)
- Proposed autonomous region: Comunidad Autónoma de León - Autonomous Community of León (UPL, PREPAL, UPS, PC)
- Civil organisations: Ciudadanos del Reino de Leon (CCRRLL), Ciudadanos Zamoranos (CCZZ)
- Youth movements: Conceyu Xoven (Young Council)
- Principal Article: Leonese regionalist movement
Sweden
Sami
Scania
- Political party: Scania Party
Switzerland
- Internal secessionism
Jura[22]
- Political party: Mouvement Indépendantiste Jurassien (Jurassian Independentist Movement),[23] Mouvement Autonomiste Jurassien(Jurassian Autonomist Movement), Groupe Bélier (Youth activists movement)
Turkey
Kurdish people- Proposed state:
Kurdistan[24]
- Political party: Peace and Democracy Party (BDP)
- Militant organisation: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)
- Proposed state:
Ukraine
Crimea (the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People is a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- File:Rusyn flag.png Carpathian Ruthenia: Congress of Carpathian Ruthenians
United Kingdom and Crown Dependencies
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/British_Isles_-_UK_%26_Ireland.png/350px-British_Isles_-_UK_%26_Ireland.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Map_of_separatist_movements_in_the_British_Isles.svg/400px-Map_of_separatist_movements_in_the_British_Isles.svg.png)
- Proposed state:
Cornwall
- Political party: Cornish National Party
- Militant organisation: Cornish National Liberation Army
- Proposed autonomous area:
Cornwall
- Political parties: Mebyon Kernow – Party for Cornwall (EFA member), Cornish Green Party
- Advocacy groups: Cornish Constitutional Convention, Cornwall 2000, Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament, Tyr Gwyr Gweryn[25][26]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
England
- Political parties: One England, English Radical Alliance, England First Party[27]
- Advocacy groups: English National Liberation Association[28]
- Proposed autonomous area:
England
- Political parties: English Democrats Party, UKIP[29]
- Advocacy groups: Campaign for an English Parliament
- Proposed state:
Gibraltar
- Proposed state:
Gibraltar
- Political party: Progressive Democratic Party
- Proposed state:
Guernsey
Isle of Man
- Proposed state:
Isle of Man
- Political parties: Mec Vannin, Liberal Vannin
- Advocacy groups: Celtic League
- Proposed state:
Northern Ireland
- Proposed state:
Ulster
- Political parties: Ulster Third Way
- Militant organisations: Some elements within the Ulster Defence Association
- Proposed state:
Ireland
- Political parties: Sinn Féin, Social Democratic and Labour Party, Republican Sinn Féin, Irish Republican Socialist Party
- Militant organisations: Irish Republican Armies
- Advocacy group: Celtic League
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Scotland
- Political parties: Scottish National Party (EFA member), Scottish Green Party, Scottish Socialist Party, Communist Party of Scotland, Scottish Democratic Alliance (irridentist in regards to Berwick-upon-Tweed),[31] Solidarity
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Wales
- Political parties: Plaid Cymru (EFA member), Forward Wales, Wales Green Party, Llais Gwynedd, Cymru Annibynnol
- Militant organisations: Free Wales Army, Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru, Meibion Glyndwr
- Advocacy groups: Cymuned, Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg, Celtic League
- Proposed state:
Wessex
- Proposed autonomous area:
Wessex
- Political parties: Wessex Regionalist Party[32]
- Advocacy group: Wessex Constitutional Convention
- Proposed autonomous area:
Yorkshire
- Proposed autonomous area:
Yorkshire
- Advocacy group: Yorkshire Ridings Society
- Proposed autonomous area:
See also
- Lists of active separatist movements
- List of historical separatist movements
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
- List of micro-regional organizations
Notes and references
Notes:
a. | ^ Template:Kosovo-note |
References:
- ^ "Nagorno Karabagh Republic: History and Current Reality". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
- ^ "Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno Karabakh". Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh and Shusha Executive Power Authority. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
- ^ Armed Peacekeepers in Bosnia. DIANE Publishing. 2004. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4289-1020-1.
- ^ Maxmilián Strmiska. "Rise and Fall of Moravian Regionalist Parties". The International Institute of Political Science. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
- ^ a b c "Sámi fly their flag in Helsinki". thisisFINLAND.
- ^ "Russia's Javakhk Diaspora demands autonomous region status for Samtskhe-Javakhk". Times.am. Retrieved 28 February 2010.
- ^ "US State Department and Javakhk: The WikiLeaks Cables Part I". Asbarez. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
- ^ "Bayernpartei". Bayernpartei. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "Domà Nunch Official website".
- ^ "Grueski victorious in violence-marred Macedonia polls". B92. 2 June 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ^ "The Transnistria "Republic" and illegal arms export". EuropeFront. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ^ Zukorlić: Autonomija Sandžaka sve izvesnija | Aktuelno | Novosti.rs
- ^ http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/ci/story/3/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD/22265/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.html
- ^ http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/ci/story/3/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD/22265/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0.html
- ^ "FNP program for the Provincial Elections 2007". Frisian National Party. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ^ "Silesian Autonomy Movement". Silesian Autonomy Movement. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
- ^ "Szekler National Council website". Szekler National Council. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
- ^ a b DMITRY SHLAPENTOKH (3 December 2009). "The Kremlin's renegade puppet in Chechnya". The Japan Times.
- ^ Shlapentokh, Dmitry (3 December 2009). "?". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ Zukorlić: Autonomija Sandžaka sve izvesnija | Aktuelno | Novosti.rs
- ^ http://www.mondo.rs/v2/tekst.php?vest=79742 [dead link]
- ^ Farimah Daftary, Stefan Troebst (2003), Radical ethnic movements in contemporary Europe, p. 192
- ^ MIJ
- ^ Pike, John (21 May 2004). "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
- ^ "Cornish Nation".
- ^ Professor Mark Stoyle, The Cornish: A Neglected Nation? 17 February 2011
- ^ Brief Manifesto, England First Party website. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
- ^ English National Liberation Association / English Republicans
- ^ Section 5: Solutions -Economic, Legal and Political Measures Restoring Britishness: UKIP Policy, UK Independence Party. Retrieved 6 April 2010. Template:WebCite
- ^ Pierce, Andrew (19 April 2007). "Guernsey to discuss severing link with UK". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 May 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Scotland's National Borders, Scottish Democratic Alliance. Retrieved 8 April 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "UK Electoral Commission". Government of UK. Retrieved September 2011.
{{cite web}}
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