List of massacres in Sri Lanka: Difference between revisions
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The following is a list of [[massacre]]s that have occurred in [[Sri Lanka]] and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate): |
The following is a list of [[massacre]]s that have occurred in [[Sri Lanka]] and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate): |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="text-align:left; font-size:100%" |
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==Massacres in chronological order== |
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! style="background-color:#E0CEF2; vertical-align:bottom;"|Name |
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{{Main|List of attacks attributed to the LTTE|List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces|List of attacks on civilians attributed to the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna}} |
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! style="background-color:#E0CEF2; vertical-align:bottom;"|Date |
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{{Expand list|date=May 2011}} |
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! style="background-color:#E0CEF2; vertical-align:bottom;"|Location |
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<!-- Please only include massacres which resulted in 50 or more deaths – this list is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all massacres in Sri Lanka. --> |
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! style="background-color:#E0CEF2; vertical-align:bottom;"|Deaths |
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{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="font-size:100%; text-align:left;" |
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! style="background-color:#E0CEF2; vertical-align:bottom;" class="unsortable"|Notes |
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! scope=col width=200px|Massacre |
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| [[Madulla]] massacre || {{date|1817-12-09|dmy}} || [[Madulla]], [[Central Province, Sri Lanka]] || align=right|22 || <ref>{{cite web|last=Appuhamy|first=Durand |title=The Madulla massacre by the British (9th of Dec. 1817)|publisher= WWW Virtual Library Sri Lanka|url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/geo/madulla.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=British Massacres|publisher= New British Empire|url=http://newbritishempire.site11.com/british-massacres.html}}</ref> |
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! scope=col|Date |
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! scope=col|Location |
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| [[ 1818 uprising|1818 Uva-Wellassa Uprising]] massacre || {{date|1818|dmy}} || [[Uva Province]] || align=right|Unknown||Male population above 18 years in [[Uva Province|Uva]] were killed<ref name=trbn>[http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/03/11/sri-lanka-revoke-british-governor%E2%80%99s-infamous-gazette-notification Sri Lanka is to revoke British Governor’s infamous Gazette Notification], Asian Tribune, Sat, 2011-03-12. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref name=uva>[http://www.dailynews.lk/local/sumanawathie-s-success-brings-lustre-back-uva-wellassa Sumanawathie’s success brings lustre back to Uva Wellassa], Ceylon Daily News, 21st October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Keerthisinghe|first=Lakshman I. | url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/172-opinion/28002-the-british-duplicity-in-protecting-human-rights-in-sri-lanka.html| title=The British duplicity in protecting human rights in Sri Lanka | publisher=Daily Mirror | year=2013 | accessdate=2013-10-21}}</ref> |
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! scope=col|[[Districts of Sri Lanka|District]] |
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! scope=col|[[Provinces of Sri Lanka|Province]] |
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! scope=col|Death<br>toll |
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! scope=col width=175px|Perpetrators |
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! scope=col width=100px class=unsortable|Refs |
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| [[1974 Tamil conference incident|Tamil conference incident]] || {{date|1974-01-10|dmy}} || [[Jaffna]], [[Jaffna District]] || align=right|9 || <ref>{{cite book|last=Rajasingam|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|publisher=[[Asia Times]]|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DA26Df04.html|chapter=Chapter 24: Tamil militancy - a manifestation}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hoole|first=Rajan|title=Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power - Myths, Decadence & Murder|year=2001|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|isbn=955-9447-04-1|url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/CHA02.htm#_Toc527947385|chapter=Chapter 2: Antecedents of July 1983 and the Foundations of Impunity|authorlink=Rajan Hoole}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=35th anniversary of Tamil Conference victims held in Jaffna|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?artid=27980&catid=13|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=11 January 2009}}</ref> |
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| [[Great Rebellion of 1817–18|Uva-Wellassa uprising]] || align=center|{{Dts|1818|format=dmy}} || || || [[Uva Province|Uva]] || align=right|Unknown || || <ref name=trbn>[http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2011/03/11/sri-lanka-revoke-british-governor%E2%80%99s-infamous-gazette-notification Sri Lanka is to revoke British Governor’s infamous Gazette Notification], Asian Tribune, Sat, 2011-03-12. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref name=uva>[http://www.dailynews.lk/local/sumanawathie-s-success-brings-lustre-back-uva-wellassa Sumanawathie’s success brings lustre back to Uva Wellassa], Ceylon Daily News, 21st October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Keerthisinghe|first=Lakshman I. | url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/172-opinion/28002-the-british-duplicity-in-protecting-human-rights-in-sri-lanka.html| title=The British duplicity in protecting human rights in Sri Lanka | publisher=Daily Mirror | year=2013 | accessdate=2013-10-21}}</ref> |
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| [[Welikada prison massacre]] || {{date|25–27 July 1983|dmy}} || [[Welikada Prison]], [[Colombo]], [[Colombo District]] || align=right|53 || <ref>{{cite web|title=ASA/37/15/94 When Will Justice Be Done?|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA37/015/1994/en/8bff95e9-ebf9-11dd-9b3b-8bf635492364/asa370151994en.html|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=1 July 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hoole|first=Rajan|title=Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power - Myths, Decadence & Murder|year=2001|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|isbn=955-9447-04-1|url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/CHA10.htm|chapter=Chapter 10: The Welikade Prison Massacres|authorlink=Rajan Hoole}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka's Welikada prison clash leaves 27 dead|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20267735|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=10 November 2012}}</ref> |
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| Thirunelveli massacre || align=center|{{Dts|1983-07-24|format=dmy}} || [[Thirunelveli (Sri Lanka)|Thirunelveli]] || [[Jaffna District|Jaffna]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|51}} || [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]] || <ref name=NESHOR>{{cite book|title=Massacres of Tamils (1956-2008)|date=2009|publisher=[[NESOHR]]/Manitham Publications|location=[[Chennai]]|isbn=978-81-909737-0-0|page=15}}</ref> |
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| [[Kent and Dollar Farm massacres]] || {{date|1984-11-30|dmy}} || [[Mullaitivu District]] || align=right|62 || |
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| [[Welikada prison massacre]] || align=center|{{Sort|1={{Dts|1983-07-25|format=dmy}}|2=25–27 July 1983}} || [[Welikada Prison]], [[Colombo]] || [[Colombo District|Colombo]] || [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western]] || align=right|{{Nts|53}} || Sinhalese prisoners and prison guards || <ref>{{cite web|title=ASA/37/15/94 When Will Justice Be Done?|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA37/015/1994/en/8bff95e9-ebf9-11dd-9b3b-8bf635492364/asa370151994en.html|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=1 July 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Hoole|first=Rajan|title=Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power - Myths, Decadence & Murder|year=2001|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|isbn=955-9447-04-1|url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/CHA10.htm|chapter=Chapter 10: The Welikade Prison Massacres|authorlink=Rajan Hoole}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka's Welikada prison clash leaves 27 dead|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-20267735|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=10 November 2012}}</ref> |
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| [[1984 Kokkilai massacre (LTTE)|Kokilai massacre]] || {{date|1984-12-01|dmy}} || [[Kokilai]], [[Mullaitivu District]] || align=right|11 || |
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| [[1984 Mannar massacre|Mannar massacre]] || {{date|1984-12-04|dmy}} || Murunkan, [[Mannar District]] || align=right|107 – 150 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 1|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report1/Chapter1.htm#_Toc517801526|work=Report 1: January 1989|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=January 1989}}</ref><ref name=HRW>{{cite book|title=Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights|year=1995|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|isbn=1-56432-152-5|page=91|url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/communal/|editor=Cynthia Brown}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mannar human rights activist Fr Mary Bastian remembered|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=10878|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=6 January 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marks|first=Thomas|title=Maoist Insurgency Since Vietnam|year=1996|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0-7146-4606-7|page=197}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Soldiers in Sri Lanka Are Reported to Kill 85|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/06/world/soldiers-in-sri-lanka-are-reported-to-kill-85.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]/[[Associated Press]]|date=6 December 1984}}</ref> |
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| [[Kent and Dollar Farm massacres]] || align=center|{{Dts|1984-11-30|format=dmy}} || || [[Mullaitivu District|Mullaitivu]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|62}} || [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] || |
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| [[1985 Valvettithurai massacre|Valvettithurai massacre]] || {{date|1985-05-12|dmy}} || [[Valvettithurai]], [[Jaffna District]] ||align=right|46 – 70|| <ref name=HRW/><ref>{{cite book|last=Hoole|first=Rajan|title=Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power - Myths, Decadence & Murder|year=2001|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|isbn=955-9447-04-1|page=214|url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/Content.htm|authorlink=Rajan Hoole}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 4|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report2/Chapter4.htm#_Toc517977886|work=Report 2: March end 1989|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=March 1989}}</ref> |
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| [[1984 Manal Aru massacres|Manal Aru massacres]] || align=center|{{Sort|1={{Dts|1984-12-01|format=dmy}}|2=1-4 December 1984}} || [[Manal Aru]] || [[Mullaitivu District|Mullaitivu]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|185}}-{{Nts|208}}+ || [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]] || <ref>{{cite news|last1=Sabaratnam|first1=T.|title=The ignored side of Balraj story|url=http://www.thebottomline.lk/2008/05/28/asiseeit_col.htm|work=[[The Bottom Line (Sri Lanka)]]|date=28 May 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080530091649/http://www.thebottomline.lk/2008/05/28/asiseeit_col.htm|archivedate=30 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Janaka Perera|url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2008/10/33220_space.html|publisher=LankaNewspapers.com|date=7 October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC16Df02.html|chapter=Chapter 31: Indira Gandhi - a casualty of terror}}</ref><ref name=SabaratnamII23>{{cite book|last1=Sabaratnam|first1=T.|title=Pirapaharan: Volume Two|publisher=Ilankai Tamil Sangam|url=http://www.sangam.org/articles/view2/?uid=633|chapter=Chapter 23: Manal Aru becomes Weli Oya}}</ref><ref name=NESHOR/> |
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| [[Anuradhapura massacre]] ||{{date|1985-05-14|dmy}} || [[Anuradhapura]], [[Anuradhapura District]] || align=right|146 || <ref name=BBC040900>{{cite news|title=Timeline of the Tamil conflict|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/51435.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=4 September 2000}}</ref><ref name=TG021107>{{cite news|last=Sturcke|first=James|title=Conflict in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/02/jamessturcke|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 November 2007}}</ref> |
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| [[1984 Mannar massacre|Mannar massacre]] || align=center|{{Dts|1984-12-04|format=dmy}} || Murunkan || [[Mannar District|Mannar]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|107}}-{{Nts|150}} || [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Report No. 1 - Chapter 2|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report1/Chapter2.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=January 1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mannar human rights activist Fr Mary Bastian remembered|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=10878|work=[[TamilNet]]|date=6 January 2004}}</ref><ref name=Brown>{{cite book|editor1-last=Brown|editor1-first=Cynthia|title=Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights|date=1995|publisher=[[Human rights Watch]]|isbn=1-56432-152-5|url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/communal/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Marks|first=Thomas|title=Maoist Insurgency Since Vietnam|year=1996|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0-7146-4606-7|page=197}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Soldiers in Sri Lanka Are Reported to Kill 85|url=http://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/06/world/soldiers-in-sri-lanka-are-reported-to-kill-85.html|work=[[New York Times]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=6 December 1984}}</ref> |
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| [[Kumudini boat massacre]] || {{date|1985-05-15|dmy}} || Sea off [[Jaffna District]] || align=right|23 || <ref>{{cite book|last=Rajasingam|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|publisher=[[Asia Times]]|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC23Df05.html|chapter=Chapter 32: Limbo between war and peace}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Somasundaram|first=Daya|title=Scarred Minds: The Psychological Impact of War on Sri Lankan Tamils|year=1998|publisher=[[Sage Publications]]|isbn=0-7619-9267-7|page=310}}</ref> |
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| [[1984 Kokkilai massacres|Kokkilai massacres]] || align=center|{{Dts|1984-12-15|format=dmy}} || Several locations || [[Mullaitivu District|Mullaitivu]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|131}} || [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]] || <ref name=NESHOR/> |
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| [[Akkaraipattu massacre]] || {{date|1986-02-19|dmy}} || [[Akkaraipattu]], [[Ampara District]] || align=right|80 || <ref>{{cite book|title=Dealing with Diversity: Sri Lankan Discourses on Peace and Conflict|year=2004|publisher=[[Netherlands Institute of International Relations]]|isbn=90-5031-091-5|page=118|author=George Frerks|author2=Bart Klem }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Hawksley|first=Humphrey|title=Massacre in Akkaraipattu|url=http://www.tamilnation.co/indictment/indict041.htm|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]/Tamil Nation|date=22 February 1986|authorlink=Humphrey Hawksley}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean|year=1985|publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]|page=363}}</ref> |
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| Mulliyavalai massacre || align=center|{{Dts|1985-01-16|format=dmy}} || Mulliyavalai || [[Mullaitivu District|Mullaitivu]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|52}} || [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]] || <ref name=NESHOR/> |
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| [[Air Lanka Flight 512]] || {{date|1986-05-03|dmy}} || [[Bandaranaike International Airport|BIA]], [[Katunayake]], [[Gampaha District]] || align=right|21 || <ref>{{cite web|title=3 May: 1986: Bomb kills 21 in Sri Lanka|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/3/newsid_2481000/2481291.stm|work=On This Day|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> |
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| [[Vadakkandal massacre]] || align=center|{{Dts|1985-01-30|format=dmy}} || Vadakkandal || [[Mannar District|Mannar]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|52}} || [[Sri Lanka Air Force|Air Force]], [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]] || <ref name=NESHOR/> |
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| [[Prawn farm massacre]] /<br>Kokkadichcholai massacre || {{date|1987-01-27|dmy}} || [[Kokkadichcholai]], [[Batticaloa District]] || align=right|83 || <ref name=UTHR83>{{cite web|title=Chapter 3: The Kokkadichcholai Massacre & After|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report8/chapter3.htm|work=Report 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=28 August 1991}}</ref><ref name=McConnell/><ref>{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|publisher=[[Asia Times]]|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC30Df04.html|chapter=Chapter 33: India shows its hand}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gharavi|first=Hamid G.|title=Arbitration under Bilateral Investment Treaties, American Arbitration Association’s A.D.R.J. and Mealey’s Int. Arb. Report|url=http://www.salans.com/FileServer.aspx?oID=371&lID=0|publisher=[[Salans]]|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071024082119/http://www.salans.com/FileServer.aspx?oID=371&lID=0|archivedate=24 October 2007|date=May 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McGowan|first=William|title=Only Man Is Vile: The Tragedy of Sri Lanka|year=1992|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|isbn=0-374-22652-0|pages=243–244}}</ref> |
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| [[Aluth Oya massacre]] || {{date|1987-04-17|dmy}} || [[Habarana]], [[Anuradhapura District]] || align=right|127 || <ref name=UNHRC090894>{{cite web|title=Letter sent by the Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka to the Centre for Human Rights|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/6bdc202089eb97848025671a00590c8c?OpenDocument|publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]]|date=9 August 1994}}</ref><ref name=a>[http://articles.latimes.com/1987-04-20/news/mn-1229_1_tamil-rebels Tamils Kill 18 Near Site of Massacre], Los Angeles Times, April 20, 1987</ref><ref name=b>[http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/06/29/fea10.asp Gory carnage of killing innocent civilians-Chronology of Ltte Terror - Part 30], Daily News</ref> |
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| [[1985 Trincomalee massacres|Trincomalee massacres]] || align=center|{{Sort|1={{Dts|1985-05|format=dmy}}|2=May-September 1985}} || Several places || [[Trincomalee District|Trincomalee]] || [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] || align=right|{{Nts|280}}+ || [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]], [[Home Guard (Sri Lanka)|Home Guards]], [[Sri Lanka Navy|Navy]] || <ref name=NESHOR/><ref>{{cite web|title=Special Report No. 26 - Can the East be won through Human Culling?|url=http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport26.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=3 August 2007}}</ref> |
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| [[Central Bus Station bombing]] || {{date|1987-04-21|dmy}} || [[Colombo]], [[Colombo District]] || align=right|116 || |
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| [[1985 Valvettithurai massacre|Valvettithurai massacre]] || align=center|{{Dts|1985-05-12|format=dmy}} || [[Valvettithurai]] || [[Jaffna District|Jaffna]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|46}}-{{Nts|70}} || [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]] || <ref name=NESHOR/><ref name=Brown/><ref>{{cite web|title=Report No. 2 - Chapter 4|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report2/Chapter4.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=March 1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hoole|first1=Rajan|authorlink1=Rajan Hoole|title=Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence and Murder|date=2001|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/|page=214|isbn=955-9447-04-1}}</ref> |
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| [[Aranthalawa massacre]] || {{date|1987-06-02|dmy}} || Aranthalawa, [[Ampara District]] || align=right|33 || |
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| [[Anuradhapura massacre]] ||align=center|{{Dts|1985-05-14|format=dmy}} || [[Anuradhapura]] || [[Anuradhapura District| Anuradhapura]] || [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central]] || align=right|{{Nts|146}} || [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] || <ref name=BBC040900>{{cite news|title=Timeline of the Tamil conflict|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/51435.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=4 September 2000}}</ref><ref name=TG021107>{{cite news|last=Sturcke|first=James|title=Conflict in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/nov/02/jamessturcke|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 November 2007}}</ref> |
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| [[Jaffna hospital massacre]] || {{date|21–22 October 1987|dmy}} || [[Jaffna]], [[Jaffna District]] || align=right|68 – 70 || 50 injured |
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| [[1985 Muttur massacre|Muttur massacre]] || align=center|{{Sort|1={{Dts|1985-11-08|format=dmy}}|2=8-11 November 1985}} ||[[Muttur (Sri Lanka)|Muttur]] || [[Trincomalee District|Trincomalee]] || [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] || align=right|{{Nts|30}}-{{Nts|100}} || [[Sri Lanka Air Force|Air Force]], [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]], [[Sri Lanka Navy|Navy]] || <ref name=NESHOR/> |
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| [[1989 Valvettiturai massacre|Valvettiturai massacre]] || {{date|2–3 August 1989|dmy}} || [[Valvettiturai]], [[Jaffna District]] || align=right|64 || 43 injured |
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| [[Akkaraipattu massacre]] || align=center|{{Dts|1986-02-19|format=dmy}} || [[Akkaraipattu]] || [[Ampara District|Ampara]] || [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] || align=right|{{Nts|80}} || [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]] || <ref>{{cite book|last1=Frerks|first1=George|last2=Klem|first2=Bart|title=Dealing with diversity: Sri Lankan Discourses on Peace and Conflict|publisher=[[Netherlands Institute of International Relations]]|year=2004|isbn=90-5031-091-5|page=118}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hawksley|first1=Humphrey|authorlink1=Humphrey Hawksley|title=Massacre in Akkaraipattu|url=http://www.tamilnation.co/indictment/indict041.htm|work=[[The Guardian]]/Tamil Nation|date=22 February 1986}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean|publisher=[[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]]|year=1985|page=363}}</ref> |
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| [[1990 massacre of Sri Lankan Police officers|Sri Lankan Police officers massacre]] || {{date|1990-06-11|dmy}} || [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka]] || align=right|600 – 774 || <ref>{{cite news|last=Somarathne|first=Rasika|title=Recalling ‘the saddest day in Lankan Police history’|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/06/11/sec01.asp|newspaper=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)]]|date=11 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Killing of 774 policemen|url=http://www.rivira.lk/2011/06/12/ranabima.htm|newspaper=[[Rivira]]|date=12 June 2011|language=Sinhala}}</ref> |
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| [[Prawn farm massacre]] / Kokkadichcholai massacre || align=center|{{Dts|1987-01-27|format=dmy}} || [[Kokkadichcholai]] || [[Batticaloa District|Batticaloa]] || [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] || align=right|{{Nts|83}} || [[Sri Lanka Police Service|Police]] ([[Special Task Force|STF]]) || <ref>{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC30Df04.html|chapter=Chapter 33: India shows its hand}}</ref><ref name=McConnell>{{cite journal|last=McConnell|first=D.|year=2008|title=The Tamil people's right to self-determination|journal=[[Cambridge Review of International Affairs]]|volume=21|issue=1|pages=59–76|url=http://www.informaworld.com/index/790622093.pdf|accessdate=25 March 2008|doi=10.1080/09557570701828592}}</ref><ref name=UTHRR8C3>{{cite web|title=Report No. 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War - Chapter 3: The Kokkadichcholai Massacre & After|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report8/chapter3.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=28 August 1991}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Gharavi|first=Hamid|title=Arbitration under Bilateral Investment Treaties, American Arbitration Association’s A.D.R.J. and Mealey’s Int. Arb. Report, May 1998|publisher=[[Salans]]|date=1 May 1998|url=http://www.salans.com/FileServer.aspx?oID=371&lID=0|accessdate=19 July 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20071024082119/http://www.salans.com/FileServer.aspx?oID=371&lID=0|archivedate=24 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=McGowan|first=William|title=Only Man Is Vile: The Tragedy of Sri Lanka|publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux|year=1992|pages=243–244|isbn=0-374-22652-0}}</ref> |
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| [[Kalmunai massacre]] || {{date|1990-06-12|dmy}} || [[Kalmunai]], [[Ampara District]] || align=right|160 – 250 || <ref>{{cite book|last=Rajasingam|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|publisher=[[Asia Times]]|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DF22Df04.html|chapter=Chapter 45: War continues with brutality}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 2: Reports|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report7/chapter2.htm#i|work=Report 7: The Clash of Ideologies and the Continuing Tragedy in the Batticaloa and Amparai Districts|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=8 May 1991}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 9: The East : Looking Back|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report5/chapter9.htm|work=Report 5: August - A Bloody Stalemate|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=10 September 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Briefing 1: Human rights and The Issues of War and Peace|url=http://www.uthr.org/Briefings/Briefing1.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=August 1992}}</ref> |
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| [[Aluth Oya massacre]] || align=center|{{Dts|1987-04-17|format=dmy}} || [[Habarana]] || [[Anuradhapura District|Anuradhapura]] || [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central]] || align=right|{{Nts|127}} || [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] || <ref name=UNHRC090894>{{cite web|title=Letter sent by the Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka to the Centre for Human Rights|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/6bdc202089eb97848025671a00590c8c?OpenDocument|publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]]|date=9 August 1994}}</ref><ref name=a>[http://articles.latimes.com/1987-04-20/news/mn-1229_1_tamil-rebels Tamils Kill 18 Near Site of Massacre], Los Angeles Times, April 20, 1987</ref><ref name=b>[http://archives.dailynews.lk/2009/06/29/fea10.asp Gory carnage of killing innocent civilians-Chronology of Ltte Terror - Part 30], Daily News</ref> |
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| [[ |
| [[Kattankudy mosque massacre]] || {{date|1990-08-03|dmy}} || [[Kattankudy]], [[Batticaloa District]] || align=right|147 || <ref>{{cite news|title=147 Muslims Massacred by Tamil "Tigers" in Sri Lanka|newspaper=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=4 August 1990}}</ref> |
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| [[Eastern University massacre]] /<br>Vantharamulai campus massacre || {{date|1990-09-05|dmy}} || [[Batticaloa]], [[Batticaloa District]] || align=right|158 || <ref name=AI300694>{{cite web|title=ASA 37/015/1994 Sri Lanka: When will justice be done?|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA37/015/1994/en/8bff95e9-ebf9-11dd-9b3b-8bf635492364/asa370151994en.html|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=30 June 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 4: The Refugee Camp at the Eastern University, Vantharumoolai|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report7/chapter4.htm#h|work=Report 7: The Clash of Ideologies and the Continuing Tragedy in the Batticaloa and Amparai Districts|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=8 May 1991}}</ref><ref name=HRW2002>{{cite web|title=World Report 2002: Sri Lanka|url=http://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k2/asia10.html|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> |
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| [[1990 Batticaloa massacre|Batticaloa massacre]] / [[Sathurukondan massacre]] || {{date|1990-09-09|dmy}} || [[Batticaloa]], [[Batticaloa District]] || align=right|184 || <ref name=AI300694/><ref>{{cite book|last=Hoole|first=Rajan|title=Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power - Myths, Decadence & Murder|year=2001|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|isbn=955-9447-04-1|pages=378-397|url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/Content.htm|authorlink=Rajan Hoole}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West|year=2008|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-23240-2|page=121|editor=Rachel Fell McDermott}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 2: Batticaloa & Amparai Districts|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report8/chapter2.htm#c|work=Report 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=28 August 1991}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Caron|first=Cynthia|title=Floundering Peace Process: Need to Widen Participation|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|date=15–21 March 2003|volume=38|issue=11|pages=1029–1031|url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/4413336}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Patricia|title=The Ocean of Stories ; Children's Imagination, Creativity, and Reconciliation in Eastern Sri Lanka|year=2001|publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies|isbn=955-580-076-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lankan Tamil rebels commemorate civilian killings in eastern town|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-107266313.html|newspaper=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref> |
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| [[1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre|Kokkadichcholai massacre]] || {{date|1991-06-12|dmy}} || [[Kokkadichcholai]], [[Batticaloa District]] || align=right|152 || <ref name=AI300694/><ref name=HRW2002/><ref name=UTHR83/><ref>{{cite web|title=Report 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report8/chapter3.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=28 August 1991}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Disappearances and political crisis: Human Rights crisis of the 1990s, A manual for action|year=1994|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|isbn=90-6463-095-X|pages=16–22}}</ref><ref name=McConnell>{{cite journal|last=McConnell|first=D.|title=The Tamil people's right to self-determination|journal=[[Cambridge Review of International Affairs]]|year=2008|volume=21|issue=1|pages=59–76|doi=10.1080/09557570701828592|url=http://www.informaworld.com/index/790622093.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jayawardena|first=Kishali Pinto|title=Recognizing some valuable lessons: The Krishanthi case in retrospect|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/980719/news5.html|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=19 July 1998}}</ref> |
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| [[Jaffna hospital massacre]] || align=center|{{Sort|1={{Dts|1987-10-21|format=dmy}}|2=21–22 October 1987}} || [[Jaffna]] || [[Jaffna District|Jaffna]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|68}}-{{Nts|70}} || [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|IPKF]] || |
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| [[ |
| [[Palliyagodella massacre]] || {{date|1991-10-15|dmy}} || Palliyagodella, [[Polonnaruwa District]] || align=right|109 || <ref name=TG021107/><ref name=UNHRC090894/> |
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| [[ |
| [[Polonnaruwa massacre]] || {{date|1992-04-29|dmy}} || Muthugal and Karapola, [[Polonnaruwa District]] || align=right|87 || <ref name=AI300694/><ref>{{cite web|title=ASA 37/010/1992 Sri Lanka: Deliberate killings of Muslim and Tamil villagers in Polonnaruwa|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA37/010/1992/en/65e45807-ed90-11dd-95f6-0b268ecef84f/asa370101992en.html|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=31 May 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 7: Massacres in Polonnaruwa District|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report11/chapter7.htm|work=Report 11: Land, Human rights & The Eastern Predicament|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=15 April 1993}}</ref> |
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| [[ |
| [[Mylanthanai massacre]] || {{date|1992-08-09|dmy}} || [[Mylanthanai]], [[Batticaloa District]] || align=right|35 || <ref name=AI300694/><ref>{{cite news|title=Soldiers acquitted in Sri Lanka|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2515295.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=26 November 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jury finds Mylanthanai massacre accused not guilty|url=http://brcslproject.gn.apc.org/slmonitor/November02/acqui.html|publisher=British Refugee Council: Sri Lanka Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Special Report No. 16: Child Conscription and Peace: A Tragedy of Contradictions|url=http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport16.htm#_Toc35700799|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=18 March 2003}}</ref> |
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| [[Jaffna lagoon massacre]] / Kilaly massacre || {{date|1993-01-02|dmy}} || [[Jaffna Lagoon]], [[Jaffna District]] || align=right|35 – 100 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter 0: Special Feature : Massacre in the Jaffna Lagoon|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report10/chapter0.htm|work=Report 10: Rays of Hope Amidst Deepening Gloom|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=15 January 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amnesty International Report 1994 - Sri Lanka|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AMNESTY,ANNUALREPORT,LKA,,3ae6a9f444,0.html|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]/[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fernando|first=Shamindra|title=Navy demolishes Tiger boats|newspaper=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)]]|date=5 January 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Bendigt|title=Human Rights in Developing Countries - Yearbook|year=1994|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|isbn=90-6544-845-4|page=368}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rajasingam|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|publisher=[[Asia Times]]|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DH17Df01.html|chapter=Chapter 53: The Kilaly massacre}}</ref> |
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| [[Kattankudy mosque massacre]] || align=center|{{Dts|1990-08-03|format=dmy}} || [[Kattankudy]] || [[Batticaloa District| Batticaloa]] || [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] || align=right|{{Nts|147}} || [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=147 Muslims Massacred by Tamil "Tigers" in Sri Lanka|newspaper=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|date=4 August 1990}}</ref> |
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| [[Kallarawa massacre]] || {{date|1995-05-25|dmy}} || [[Kallarawa]], [[Trincomalee District]] || align=right|42 || |
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| [[Eastern University massacre]] / Vantharamulai campus massacre || align=center|{{Dts|1990-09-05|format=dmy}} || [[Batticaloa]] || [[Batticaloa District|Batticaloa]] || [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] || align=right|{{Nts|158}} || [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]] || <ref name=AI300694>{{cite web|title=ASA 37/015/1994 Sri Lanka: When will justice be done?|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/184000/asa370151994en.pdf|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=30 June 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Report No. 7: The Clash of Ideologies and the Continuing Tragedy in the Batticaloa and Amparai Districts - Chapter 4: The Refugee Camp at the Eastern University, Vantharumoolai|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report7/chapter4.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=8 May 1991}}</ref><ref name=HRW2002>{{cite web|title=World Report 2002 - Events of 2001 : Sri Lanka|url=http://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k2/asia10.html|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> |
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| [[Navaly church bombing]] || {{date|1995-07-09|dmy}} || [[Navaly]], [[Jaffna District]] || align=right|125 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: Stop Killing Civilians|url=http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1995/Srilanka.htm|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=July 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka Human Rights Practices, 1995|url=http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/democracy/1995_hrp_report/95hrp_report_sasia/SriLanka.html|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|date=March 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Somasundaram|first=D.|title=Abandoning jaffna hospital: Ethical and moral dilemmas|journal=[[Medicine, Conflict and Survival]]|year=1997|volume=13|issue=4|pages=333–347|doi=10.1080/13623699708409357}}</ref> |
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| [[1990 Batticaloa massacre|Batticaloa massacre]] / [[Sathurukondan massacre]] || align=center|{{Dts|1990-09-09|format=dmy}} || [[Batticaloa]] || [[Batticaloa District|Batticaloa]] || [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] || align=right|{{Nts|184}} || [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]] || <ref name=AI300694/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hoole|first1=Rajan|authorlink1=Rajan Hoole|title=Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence and Murder|date=2001|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|url=http://www.uthr.org/Book/|pages=378-397|isbn=955-9447-04-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=McDermott|editor1-first=Rachel Fell|title=Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West|year=2008|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-23240-2|page=121}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Report No. 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War - Chapter 2: Batticaloa and Amparai Districts|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report8/chapter2.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=28 August 1991}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Caron|first=Cynthia|title=Floundering Peace Process: Need to Widen Participation|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=38|issue=11|pages=1029–1031|date=15 March 2003|url=http://www.jstor.org/pss/4413336|accessdate=26 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Patricia|title=The Ocean of Stories ; Children's Imagination, Creativity, and Reconciliation in Eastern Sri Lanka|year=2001|publisher=International Centre for Ethnic Studies|isbn=955-580-076-6|page=40}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-107266313.html|title=Sri Lankan Tamil rebels commemorate civilian killings in eastern town|accessdate=10 July 2007|work=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref> |
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| [[Nagerkovil school bombing]] || {{date|1995-09-22|dmy}} || [[Nagerkovil]], [[Jaffna District]]|| align=right|39 || <ref>{{cite web|title=World Report 1996: Sri Lanka|url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/WR96/Asia-08.htm|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Navy assault on fishermen|url=http://brcslproject.gn.apc.org/slmonitor/Sept2002/navy.html|publisher=British Refugee Council: Sri Lanka Monitor}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statement: Sri Lanka - Civilian well being in a time of war : A lost hope?|url=http://www.uthr.org/Statements/Civilianst.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=10 October 1995}}</ref> |
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| [[1991 Kokkadichcholai massacre|Kokkadichcholai massacre]] || align=center|{{Dts|1991-06-12|format=dmy}} || [[Kokkadichcholai]] || [[Batticaloa District|Batticaloa]] || [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] || align=right|{{Nts|152}} || [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]] || <ref name=AI300694/><ref name=McConnell/><ref name=UTHRR8C3/><ref name=HRW2002/><ref>{{cite journal|title=The Tamil people's right to self-determination|journal=[[Cambridge Review of International Affairs]]|date=1 March 2008|url=http://www.informaworld.com/index/790622093.pdf|accessdate=18 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Disappearances and political crisis: Human Rights crisis of 1990s, A manual for action|date=1994|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|isbn=90-6463-095-X|pages=16–22}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jayawardena|first1=Kishali Pinto|title=Recognizing some valuable lessons: The Krishanthi case in retrospect|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/980719/news5.html|work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=19 July 1998}}</ref> |
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| [[October 1995 Eastern Sri Lanka massacres|Eastern Sri Lanka massacres]] || {{date|1995-10-16|dmy}} || Villages in eastern Sri Lanka || align=right|120 || |
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| [[Palliyagodella massacre]] || align=center|{{Dts|1991-10-15|format=dmy}} || Palliyagodella || [[Polonnaruwa District|Polonnaruwa]] || [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central]] || align=right|{{Nts|109}} || [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] || <ref name=TG021107/><ref name=UNHRC090894/> |
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| [[Central Bank bombing]] || {{date|1996-01-31|dmy}} || [[Colombo]], [[Colombo District]] || align=right|91 || <ref name=BBC040900/> |
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| [[Polonnaruwa massacre]] || align=center|{{Dts|1992-04-29|format=dmy}} || Muthugal and Karapola || [[Polonnaruwa District|Polonnaruwa]] || [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central]] || align=right|{{Nts|87}} || [[Home Guard (Sri Lanka)|Home Guards]], [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]], [[Sri Lanka Police Service|Police]]||<ref name=AI300694/><ref>{{cite web|title=ASA 37/010/1992 Sri Lanka: Deliberate killings of Muslim and Tamil villagers in Polonnaruwa|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/192000/asa370101992en.pdf|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=31 May 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Report No. 11: Land, Human rights & The Eastern Predicament - Chapter 7: Massacres In The Polonnaruwa District|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report11/chapter7.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=15 April 1993}}</ref> |
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| [[Kumarapuram massacre]] / Trincomalee massacre /<br>Killiveddy massacre || {{date|1996-02-11|dmy}} || [[Kumarapuram]], [[Trincomalee District]] || align=right|24 || <ref>{{cite web|title=ASA 37/008/1996 Sri Lanka: Wavering commitment to human rights|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA37/008/1996/en/c81b26f3-eb01-11dd-aad1-ed57e7e5470b/asa370081996en.html|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=13 August 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Aftermath of the Kumarapuram Massacre|url=http://www.peacebrigades.org/archive/lanka/slp9603.html|publisher=[[Peace Brigades International]]|date=April 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Independent Probe Sought|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/960218/front/frontm.html#probe|newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)]]|date=18 February 1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Improving Civilian Protection in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/asia/srilanka0906/6.htm|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kumarapuram massacre victims remembered|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=11196|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=4 February 2011}}</ref> |
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| [[Dehiwala train bombing]] || {{date|1996-07-24|dmy}} || [[Dehiwala]], [[Colombo District]] || align=right|64 || |
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| [[Jaffna lagoon massacre]] /<br>Kilaly massacre || align=center|{{Dts|1993-01-02|format=dmy}} || [[Jaffna Lagoon]] || [[Jaffna District|Jaffna]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|35}}-{{Nts|100}} || [[Sri Lanka Navy|Navy]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Report No. 10: Rays of Hope Amidst Deepening Gloom - Chapter 0: Special Feature : Massacre in the Jaffna Lagoon|url=http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report10/chapter0.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=15 January 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Fernando|first1=Shamindra|title=Navy demolishes Tiger boats|work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)]]|date=5 January 1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Bendigt|title=Human Rights in Developing Countries - Yearbook|year=1994|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=90-6544-845-4|page=368}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rajasingham|first=K. T.|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DH17Df01.html|chapter=Chapter 53: The Kilaly massacre}}</ref> |
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| [[ |
| [[1998 Temple of the Tooth attack|Temple of the Tooth attack ]] || {{date|1998-01-25|dmy}} || [[Temple of the Tooth]], [[Kandy]] || align=right|17 || <ref>{{cite news|title=Eleven die in Sri Lankan temple suicide bomb|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/50366.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=25 January 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Religious ceremonies to commemorate the LTTE attack on Temple of tooth in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_09/January2565223RA.html|newspaper=Colombo Page|date=25 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nubin|first=Walter|title=Sri Lanka: Current Issues and Historical Background|year=2003|publisher=[[Nova Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-59033-573-4|page=11|url=http://books.google.lk/books?id=Iudi2JJLaUAC}}</ref> |
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| [[Tampalakamam massacre]] || {{date|1998-02-03|dmy}} || [[Tampalakamam]], [[Trincomalee District]] || align=right|8 || <ref>{{cite web|title=ASA 37/02/98 Sri Lanka: Government forces kill eight civilians - justice needed now|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA37/002/1998/en/cdc5c7bf-e80e-11dd-8472-79c56f609935/asa370021998en.html|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=3 February 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Massacre accused shot dead|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=4577|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=27 January 2000}}</ref> |
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| [[October 1995 Eastern Sri Lanka massacres|Eastern Sri Lanka massacres]] || align=center|{{Dts|1995-10-16|format=dmy}} || Various || || [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] || align=right|{{Nts|120}} || [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] || |
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| [[Lionair Flight 602]] || {{date|1998-09-29|dmy}} || off the cost of [[Mannar District]] || align=right|55 || <ref>{{cite news|last=Mehta|first=Ashok K.|title=More than ever, Eelam seems a reality now|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/apr/04lanka.htm|newspaper=[[Rediff.com]]|authorlink=Ashok K. Mehta|date=April 2000}}</ref> |
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| [[Central Bank bombing]] || align=center|{{Dts|1996-01-31|format=dmy}} || [[Colombo]] || [[Colombo District|Colombo]] || [[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western]] || align=right|{{Nts|91}} || [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] || <ref name=BBC040900/> |
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| [[ |
| [[Gonagala massacre]] || {{date|1999-09-18|dmy}} || Gonagala, [[Ampara District]] || align=right|50 || |
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| [[Bindunuwewa massacre]] || {{date|2000-10-25|dmy}} || Bindunuwewa, [[Badulla District]] || align=right|26 || <ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: Ethnic Violence Escalates|url=http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2000/10/31/sri-lanka-ethnic-violence-escalates|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=1 November 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Special Report No: 19 The Curse of Impunity Part I Bindunuwewa, the Thin End of the Wedge of Impunity|url=http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport19.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=12 June 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ASA 37/031/2000 Sri Lanka: Open letter to Sri Lanka's President on the killing of 26 detainees|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA37/031/2000/en/bf5057df-dd18-11dd-8595-5f956bd70248/asa370312000en.html|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=27 October 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: The Bindunuwewa Massacre and Sri Lanka's defective justice system|url=http://www.humanrights.asia/news/ahrc-news/AS-57-2005/?searchterm=Bindunuwewa|publisher=[[Asian Human Rights Commission]]|date=30 May 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=25 killed in detention centre massacre|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=5522|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=25 October 2000}}</ref> |
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| [[Lionair Flight 602]] || align=center|{{Dts|1998-09-29|format=dmy}} || Sea || [[Mannar District|Mannar]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|55 }} || [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] || <ref>{{cite news|last=Mehta|first=Ashok K.|title=More than ever, Eelam seems a reality now|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2000/apr/04lanka.htm|newspaper=[[Rediff.com]]|authorlink=Ashok K. Mehta|date=April 2000}}</ref> |
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| [[Mirusuvil massacre]] || {{date|2000-12-20|dmy}} || [[Mirusuvil]], [[Jaffna District]] || align=right|8|| <ref>{{cite news|title=New panel to probe Mirusuvil massacre|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2005/03/050306_mirusuvil.shtml|newspaper=[[BBC]] Sinhala|date=6 March 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Child soldiers:Understanding the context|url=http://www.epidemio-ufpel.org.br/proesf/Anaclaudia/Somasundaram.pdf|publisher=[[BMJ]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mirusuvil mass grave|url=http://brcslproject.gn.apc.org/slmonitor/december2000/miru.html|publisher=British Refugee Council: Sri Lanka Monitor}}</ref> |
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| [[Gonagala massacre]] || align=center|{{Dts|1999-09-18|format=dmy}} || Gonagala || [[Ampara District|Ampara]] || [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern]] || align=right|{{Nts|50}} || [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] || |
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| [[2006 Trincomalee massacre|Trincomalee massacre]] || {{date|2006-01-02|dmy}} || [[Trincomalee]], [[Trincomalee District]] || align=right|5|| <ref>{{cite web|title=Special Report No. 30: Unfinished Business of the Five Students and ACF Cases – A Time to call the Bluff|url=http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/Spreport30.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=1 April 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Extra judicial killings: Is the State complacent?|url=http://www.nation.lk/2006/07/23/newsfe3.htm|newspaper=[[The Nation (Sri Lanka)]]|date=23 July 2006|author=Gihan Indraguptha|author2=Santhush Fernando}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: Protect Witnesses in Trincomalee Killings|url=http://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2006/06/26/sri-lanka-protect-witnesses-trincomalee-killings|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=29 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil journalist gunned down in Trincomalee after covering paramilitary abuses|url=http://en.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=16252|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|date=24 January 2006}}</ref> |
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| [[Kebithigollewa massacre]] || align=center|{{Dts|2006-06-15|format=dmy}} || Kebithigollewa || [[Anuradhapura District|Anuradhapura]] || [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central]] || align=right|{{Nts|66}} || [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] || |
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| [[Gomarankadawala massacre]] || {{date|2006-04-23|dmy}} || Gomarankadawala, [[Trincomalee District]] || align=right|6 || |
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| [[Chencholai bombing]] || align=center|{{Dts|2006-08-14|format=dmy}} || [[Mullaitivu]] || [[Mullaitivu District|Mullaitivu]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|61}} || [[Sri Lanka Air Force|Air Force]] ||<ref name="mc1">{{cite news | url =http://news.monstersandcritics.com/southasia/article_1190181.php/61_girls_killed_in_airstrike_8_dead_in_Colombo_blast__2nd_Roundup_ | title =61 girls killed in airstrike, 8 dead in Colombo blast (2nd Roundup)| work =|publisher = Monsters and Critics|date = 14 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article1219476.ece | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Sri Lankan army warns children can be targets | first=Justin | last=Huggler | date=2006-08-16 | accessdate=2010-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4794827.stm | work=BBC News | title=Dispute over Sri Lanka air raids | date=2006-08-15 | accessdate=2010-05-08}}</ref><ref> |
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[http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sri_lanka_35357.html Sri Lankan schoolgirls killed ]</ref> |
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| [[Allaipiddy massacre]] || {{date|2006-05-13|dmy}} || [[Allaipiddy]], [[Jaffna District]] || align=right|13 || <ref>{{cite web|title=ASA 37/014/2006 Sri Lanka: Amnesty International condemns killings of civilians|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA37/014/2006/en/26cd8f07-d42f-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/asa370142006en.html|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|date=16 May 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Special Report No. 23: The Choice between Anarchy and International Law with Monitoring|url=http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport23.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=7 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Luthra|first=Dumeetha|title=Sri Lanka villagers flee massacre|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5000920.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=20 May 2006}}</ref> |
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| [[2006 Digampathana bombing|Digampathana bombing]] / Habarana massacre || align=center|{{Dts|2006-10-16|format=dmy}} || Digampathaha || [[Matale District|Matale]] || [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|Central]] || align=right|{{Nts|92}}-{{Nts|103}} || [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]] || |
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| [[Kebithigollewa massacre]] || {{date|2006-06-15|dmy}} || Kebithigollewa, [[Anuradhapura District]] || align=right|66 || |
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| Ponnambalam Memorial Hospital bombing || align=center|{{Sort|1={{Dts|2009-02-05|format=dmy}}|2=5-6 February 2009}} || Near [[Puthukkudiyiruppu (Mullaitivu)|Puthukkudiyiruppu]] || [[Mullaitivu District|Mullaitivu]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|75}} (up to) || || <ref name="HRW2">{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka: Repeated Shelling of Hospitals Evidence of War Crimes|url=http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/05/08/sri-lanka-repeated-shelling-hospitals-evidence-war-crimes|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=8 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="ICG">{{cite web|title=Asia Report N°191 - WAR CRIMES IN SRI LANKA|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/191%20War%20Crimes%20in%20Sri%20Lanka.ashx|publisher=[[International Crisis Group]]|date=17 May 2010}}</ref><ref name="State">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/131025.pdf|title=Report to Congress on Incidents During the Recent Conflict in Sri Lanka|date=22 October 2009|publisher=[[Department of State]]}}</ref> |
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| [[Pesalai Church attack]] || {{date|2006-06-17|dmy}} || [[Pesalai]], [[Mannar District]] || align=right|6 || <ref>{{cite news|last=Rodrigo|first=Poorna|title=Probe on Pesalai church attack|url=http://archives.dailymirror.lk/2006/06/23/front/01.asp|newspaper=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]]|date=23 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lankan forces 'target church'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5091320.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=18 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Vella|first=Danielle|title=Catholic church attacked; bishop accuses navy|url=http://www.nationalcatholicreporter.org/globalpers/gp062006.htm|newspaper=[[National Catholic Reporter]]/[[AsiaNews]]|date=20 June 2006}}</ref> |
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| [[2006 Trincomalee massacre of NGO workers|Trincomalee massacre of NGO workers]] /<br>[[Muttur massacre]] || {{date|2006-08-04|dmy}} || [[Muttur]], [[Trincomalee District]] || align=right|17 || <ref>{{cite news|last=Reddy|first=B. Muralidhar|title=15 NGO workers killed|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/08/stories/2006080808521200.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Huggler|first=Justin|title=Europe accuses Sri Lankan army of assassinating aid workers|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/europe-accuses-sri-lankan-army-of-assassinating-aid-workers-414060.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=31 August 2006}}</ref> |
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| [[St. Philip Neri Church shelling]] || {{date|2006-08-13|dmy}} || [[Allaipiddy]], [[Jaffna District]] || align=right|15 – 36 || <ref>{{cite journal|last=Reoch|first=Richard|title=The Killing Match|journal=[[Amnesty International]] Magazine|date=Winter 2006|volume=32|issue=4|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081111062340/http://www.amnestyusa.org/amnesty-magazine/winter-2006/the-killing-match/page.do?id=1105573}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Special Report No. 25: From Welikade to Mutur and Pottuvil: A Generation of Moral Denudation and the Rise of Heroes with Feet of Clay|url=http://www.uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport25.htm|publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]]|date=31 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Church Shelled In Government Attack On LTTE In Jaffna|url=http://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/2006/08/14/church-shelled-in-government-attack-on-ltte-in-jaffna&post_id=27802|newspaper=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]]|date=14 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hell in the north: church and children's home destroyed|url=http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Hell-in-the-north:-church-and-children%27s-home-destroyed-6949.html|newspaper=[[AsiaNews]]|date=14 August 2006}}</ref> |
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| [[Mullivaikkal Hospital bombings]] || align=center|{{Sort|1={{Dts|2009-04-23|format=dmy}}|2=23 April-12 May 2009}} || [[Mullivaikkal]] || [[Mullaitivu District|Mullaitivu]] || [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern]] || align=right|{{Nts|100}}+ || [[Sri Lanka Air Force|Air Force]], [[Sri Lanka Army|Army]] ||<ref name="HRW2"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Hospital 'hit by Sri Lankan army' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8030605.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=2 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Paton Walsh|first=Nick|title='Sri Lankan army hits hospital'|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/politics/international_politics/sri+lankan+army+hits+hospital/3121567|newspaper=[[Channel 4 News]]|date=2 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='64 civilians killed in Sri Lanka hospital attack'|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/srilanka/5262754/64-civilians-killed-in-Sri-Lanka-hospital-attack.html|newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=2 May 2009|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8045135.stm | title =Sri Lanka war zone hospital 'hit' | publisher = [[BBC News]] | accessdate= 31 May 2009 | date = 12 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/8502775 | title =Doctor says 49 killed in Sri Lanka hospital attack | publisher = [[The Guardian]] | accessdate= 31 May 2009 | date = 12 May 2009 | location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/49-killed-in-Lanka-hospital-shelling/articleshow/4513061.cms | title =49 patients killed as shell hits Lanka hospital | publisher = [[The Times of India]] | accessdate= 31 May 2009 | date = 12 May 2009}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> |
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| [[Chencholai bombing]] || {{date|2006-08-14|dmy}} || [[Mullaitivu]], [[Mullaitivu District]] || align=right|61 || <ref>{{cite news|title=61 girls killed in airstrike, 8 dead in Colombo blast|url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/southasia/news/article_1190181.php/61_girls_killed_in_airstrike_8_dead_in_Colombo_blast_2nd_Roundup|newspaper=[[Monsters and Critics]]|date=14 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Huggler|first=Justin|title=Sri Lankan army warns children can be targets|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article1219476.ece|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=16 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dispute over Sri Lanka air raids|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4794827.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=15 August 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Li|first=Kun|title=Sri Lankan schoolgirls killed and injured amid escalating violence|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sri_lanka_35357.html|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|date=16 August 2006}}</ref> |
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| [[2006 Digampathana bombing|Digampathana bombing]] / Habarana massacre || {{date|2006-10-16|dmy}} || Digampathaha, [[Matale District]] || align=right|92 – 103 || |
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| [[Vaharai bombing]] / [[Vaharai shelling]] || {{date|2006-11-07|dmy}} || [[Kathiraveli]], [[Batticaloa District]] || align=right|45 || <ref>{{cite news|title=Lanka army 'kills 45 civilians'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6128094.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=8 November 2006}}</ref> |
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| [[Massacre at Thandikulam|Thandikulam massacre]] || {{date|2006-11-19|dmy}} || Thandikulam, [[Vavuniya District]] || align=right|5 || <ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka to open road to Jaffna|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6164268.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=20 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Soldier, PC arrested in Thandikulam killing|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/11/27/sec06.asp|newspaper=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)]]|date=27 November 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka Troops Kill 5 Youths, Monitors Say|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/20/world/asia/20lanka.html?fta=y|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 November 2006}}</ref> |
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| [[Padahuthurai bombing]] / Illuppaikadavai bombing || {{date|2007-01-02|dmy}} || Illuppaikadavai, [[Mannar District]] || align=right|15 || <ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka raid 'kills civilians'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/6224121.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=2 January 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=War of words and figures as press gets less access to the field|url=http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-war-of-words-and-figures-as-press-05-01-2007,20349.html|publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|date=5 January 2007}}</ref> |
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| [[Mullivaikal Hospital bombing]] || {{date|2009-05-12|dmy}} || [[Mullivaikkal]], [[Mullaittivu District]] || align=right|49 || <ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka war zone hospital 'hit'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8045135.stm|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=12 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nessman|first=Ravi|title=Doctor says 49 killed in Sri Lanka hospital attack|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/8502775|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]/[[Associated Press]]|date=12 May 2009}}</ref> |
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| [[2012 Welikada prison riot|Welikada prison riot]] || {{date|9–10 November 2012|dmy}} || [[Welikada Prison]], [[Colombo]], [[Colombo District]] || align=right|53 || <ref>{{cite news|last=Jayakody|first=Pradeep|title=Welikada Prison Riot|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news/infographics/23654-welikada-prison-riot-.html|newspaper=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]]|date=21 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka troops accused of prison 'massacre'|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/11/201211118575299402.html|newspaper=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=11 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Probe sought in Sri Lankan prison 'massacre'|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2012/11/11/sri-lanka-prison-massacre-probe-urged.html|newspaper=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]/[[Associated Press]]|date=11 November 2012}}</ref> |
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<!-- Please only include massacres which resulted in 50 or more deaths – this list is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all massacres in Sri Lanka. --> |
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==See also== |
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* [[List of attacks on civilians attributed to the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist|4}} |
{{Reflist|4}} |
Revision as of 05:20, 16 August 2015
The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Sri Lanka and its predecessors (numbers may be approximate):
See also
References
- ^ Appuhamy, Durand. "The Madulla massacre by the British (9th of Dec. 1817)". WWW Virtual Library Sri Lanka.
- ^ "British Massacres". New British Empire.
- ^ Sri Lanka is to revoke British Governor’s infamous Gazette Notification, Asian Tribune, Sat, 2011-03-12. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ Sumanawathie’s success brings lustre back to Uva Wellassa, Ceylon Daily News, 21st October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
- ^ Keerthisinghe, Lakshman I. (2013). "The British duplicity in protecting human rights in Sri Lanka". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
- ^ Rajasingam, K. T. "Chapter 24: Tamil militancy - a manifestation". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Asia Times.
- ^ Hoole, Rajan (2001). "Chapter 2: Antecedents of July 1983 and the Foundations of Impunity". Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power - Myths, Decadence & Murder. University Teachers for Human Rights. ISBN 955-9447-04-1.
- ^ "35th anniversary of Tamil Conference victims held in Jaffna". TamilNet. 11 January 2009.
- ^ "ASA/37/15/94 When Will Justice Be Done?". Amnesty International. 1 July 1994.
- ^ Hoole, Rajan (2001). "Chapter 10: The Welikade Prison Massacres". Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power - Myths, Decadence & Murder. University Teachers for Human Rights. ISBN 955-9447-04-1.
- ^ "Sri Lanka's Welikada prison clash leaves 27 dead". BBC News. 10 November 2012.
- ^ "Chapter 1". Report 1: January 1989. University Teachers for Human Rights. January 1989.
- ^ a b Cynthia Brown, ed. (1995). Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights. Human Rights Watch. p. 91. ISBN 1-56432-152-5.
- ^ "Mannar human rights activist Fr Mary Bastian remembered". TamilNet. 6 January 2004.
- ^ Marks, Thomas (1996). Maoist Insurgency Since Vietnam. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN 0-7146-4606-7.
- ^ "Soldiers in Sri Lanka Are Reported to Kill 85". The New York Times/Associated Press. 6 December 1984.
- ^ Hoole, Rajan (2001). Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power - Myths, Decadence & Murder. University Teachers for Human Rights. p. 214. ISBN 955-9447-04-1.
- ^ "Chapter 4". Report 2: March end 1989. University Teachers for Human Rights. March 1989.
- ^ a b "Timeline of the Tamil conflict". BBC News. 4 September 2000.
- ^ a b Sturcke, James (2 November 2007). "Conflict in Sri Lanka". The Guardian.
- ^ Rajasingam, K. T. "Chapter 32: Limbo between war and peace". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Asia Times.
- ^ Somasundaram, Daya (1998). Scarred Minds: The Psychological Impact of War on Sri Lankan Tamils. Sage Publications. p. 310. ISBN 0-7619-9267-7.
- ^ George Frerks; Bart Klem (2004). Dealing with Diversity: Sri Lankan Discourses on Peace and Conflict. Netherlands Institute of International Relations. p. 118. ISBN 90-5031-091-5.
- ^ Hawksley, Humphrey (22 February 1986). "Massacre in Akkaraipattu". The Guardian/Tamil Nation.
- ^ IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1985. p. 363.
- ^ "3 May: 1986: Bomb kills 21 in Sri Lanka". On This Day. BBC.
- ^ a b "Chapter 3: The Kokkadichcholai Massacre & After". Report 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War. University Teachers for Human Rights. 28 August 1991.
- ^ a b McConnell, D. (2008). "The Tamil people's right to self-determination" (PDF). Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 21 (1): 59–76. doi:10.1080/09557570701828592.
- ^ Rajasingham, K. T. "Chapter 33: India shows its hand". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Asia Times.
- ^ Gharavi, Hamid G. (May 1998). "Arbitration under Bilateral Investment Treaties, American Arbitration Association's A.D.R.J. and Mealey's Int. Arb. Report". Salans. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007.
- ^ McGowan, William (1992). Only Man Is Vile: The Tragedy of Sri Lanka. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 243–244. ISBN 0-374-22652-0.
- ^ a b "Letter sent by the Permanent Representative of Sri Lanka to the Centre for Human Rights". United Nations Human Rights Council. 9 August 1994.
- ^ Tamils Kill 18 Near Site of Massacre, Los Angeles Times, April 20, 1987
- ^ Gory carnage of killing innocent civilians-Chronology of Ltte Terror - Part 30, Daily News
- ^ Somarathne, Rasika (11 June 2011). "Recalling 'the saddest day in Lankan Police history'". Daily News (Sri Lanka).
- ^ "Killing of 774 policemen". Rivira (in Sinhala). 12 June 2011.
- ^ Rajasingam, K. T. "Chapter 45: War continues with brutality". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Asia Times.
- ^ "Chapter 2: Reports". Report 7: The Clash of Ideologies and the Continuing Tragedy in the Batticaloa and Amparai Districts. University Teachers for Human Rights. 8 May 1991.
- ^ "Chapter 9: The East : Looking Back". Report 5: August - A Bloody Stalemate. University Teachers for Human Rights. 10 September 1990.
- ^ "Briefing 1: Human rights and The Issues of War and Peace". University Teachers for Human Rights. August 1992.
- ^ "147 Muslims Massacred by Tamil "Tigers" in Sri Lanka". Xinhua News Agency. 4 August 1990.
- ^ a b c d e "ASA 37/015/1994 Sri Lanka: When will justice be done?". Amnesty International. 30 June 1994.
- ^ "Chapter 4: The Refugee Camp at the Eastern University, Vantharumoolai". Report 7: The Clash of Ideologies and the Continuing Tragedy in the Batticaloa and Amparai Districts. University Teachers for Human Rights. 8 May 1991.
- ^ a b "World Report 2002: Sri Lanka". Human Rights Watch.
- ^ Hoole, Rajan (2001). Sri Lanka: The Arrogance of Power - Myths, Decadence & Murder. University Teachers for Human Rights. pp. 378–397. ISBN 955-9447-04-1.
- ^ Rachel Fell McDermott, ed. (2008). Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West. University of California Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-520-23240-2.
- ^ "Chapter 2: Batticaloa & Amparai Districts". Report 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War. University Teachers for Human Rights. 28 August 1991.
- ^ Caron, Cynthia (15–21 March 2003). "Floundering Peace Process: Need to Widen Participation". Economic and Political Weekly. 38 (11): 1029–1031.
- ^ Lawrence, Patricia (2001). The Ocean of Stories ; Children's Imagination, Creativity, and Reconciliation in Eastern Sri Lanka. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. ISBN 955-580-076-6.
- ^ "Sri Lankan Tamil rebels commemorate civilian killings in eastern town". Xinhua News Agency.
- ^ "Report 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War". University Teachers for Human Rights. 28 August 1991.
- ^ Disappearances and political crisis: Human Rights crisis of the 1990s, A manual for action. Amnesty International. 1994. pp. 16–22. ISBN 90-6463-095-X.
- ^ Jayawardena, Kishali Pinto (19 July 1998). "Recognizing some valuable lessons: The Krishanthi case in retrospect". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka).
- ^ "ASA 37/010/1992 Sri Lanka: Deliberate killings of Muslim and Tamil villagers in Polonnaruwa". Amnesty International. 31 May 1992.
- ^ "Chapter 7: Massacres in Polonnaruwa District". Report 11: Land, Human rights & The Eastern Predicament. University Teachers for Human Rights. 15 April 1993.
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