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* [[Dai Ailian]], the "mother of Chinese modern dance"
* [[Dai Ailian]], the "mother of Chinese modern dance"
* [[Lee Ya-Ching]], pioneering aviator and actress
* [[Lee Ya-Ching]], pioneering aviator and actress

== Worldwide Cantonese conference ==

A conference focusing on those who are Cantonese origin from around the globe with attend the conference. More than 3,000 people of Cantonese origin from 38 countries and regions and 300-plus organizations are attending the three-day First Global Con-ference of the Cantonese. Exploring the feelings of provincialism, reform and of innovation of Cantonese people. Awards will be presented to the Top Ten Outstanding Cantonese Figures and Top Ten Outstanding Cantonese<ref>http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-11/13/content_17103104.htm</ref>

Through thousands of years of hard work, Cantonese-origin people have made great achievements all over the world, and the Lingnan culture has been widely spread to become a major branch of traditional Chinese heritage. <ref>http://www.newsgd.com/gdnews/content/2015-04/13/content_122064709.htm</ref>


== Cantonese influence on the Xinhai Revolution ==
== Cantonese influence on the Xinhai Revolution ==

Revision as of 03:02, 5 August 2017

Cantonese
廣府人
广府人
Gwóngfú Yàhn
Cantonese women in traditional Qing-era attire, 1896.
Regions with significant populations
China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong and Macau), Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia), Western world (United States, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand)
Languages
Cantonese, Taishanese and other Yue languages (parent tongues), Southwestern Mandarin, Vietnamese, Malay (both Malaysian and Indonesian), Hong Kong English
Religion
Predominantly Chinese folk religions (which include Taoism, Confucianism, ancestral worship) and Mahayana Buddhism. Minorities: Christianity, Atheism, Freethought; others.
Related ethnic groups
Hong Kong people, Macanese people, Taishanese people, other Han Chinese groups
some population totals are based on speaker counts and may not reflect the total population with ancestry

Template:Contains Chinese text

Cantonese people
Traditional Chinese廣府人
Simplified Chinese广府人
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese廣東人
Simplified Chinese广东人

The Cantonese people (simplified Chinese: 广府人; traditional Chinese: 廣府人; Yale: Gwóngfú Yàhn; Jyutping: gwong2 fu2 jan4; lit. people of Guangfu) are Han Chinese people originating from or residing in the provinces of Guangdong and eastern Guangxi (together known as Liangguang), in mainland China. The term "Cantonese people" is often synonymous with the Punti people (本地人; bún déi yàhn). They are also referred to as "Hoa" in Vietnam, "Kongfu" in Malaysia and "Konghu" in Indonesia.[2]".

The Cantonese people were historically responsible for establishing the Cantonese language's usage in Hong Kong during the early migration to the colonial era. Today, Hong Kong and Macau are the only regions in the world where Cantonese is the official spoken language; most people in Guangdong and eastern Guangxi, as elsewhere in Mainland China, speak Standard Mandarin as a second language to Cantonese. There are currently around 9 million Cantonese speakers overseas.[3]

Taishanese people (四邑廣東人) may also be considered as Cantonese, but speak Taishanese (台山話), a different variant of Yue Chinese.

There have been a number of influential Cantonese figures throughout history, such as Yuan Chonghuan, Bruce Lee, Ching Shih, Lee Shau-kee, Ho Ching and Flossie Wong-Staal.

History

Pre-19th century: History of Liangguang

Further information: Nanyue and Southward expansion of the Han Dynasty
Nanyue (Nàhm Yuht) Kingdom.

Until the 19th century, Cantonese history was largely the history of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces. What is now Guangdong, and later Guangxi, was first brought under Qin influence by a general named Zhao Tuo, who later founded the kingdom of Nanyue in 204 BC.[4][5][6][7][8] The Nanyue kingdom went on to become the strongest Baiyue state in China, with many neighboring kingdoms declaring their allegiance to Nanyue rule. Zhao Tuo took the Han territory of Hunan and defeated the Han dynasty's first attack on Nanyue, later annexing the kingdom of Minyue in the East and conquering Âu Lạc, Northern Vietnam, in the West in 179 BC.[9]

The greatly expanded Nanyue kingdom included the territories of modern-day Guangdong, Guangxi and Northern Vietnam (Annam), with the capital situated at modern-day Guangzhou. The native peoples of Liangguang remained under Baiyue control until the Han dynasty in 111 BC, following the Han–Nanyue War. However, it was not until subsequent dynasties such as the Jin Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty that major waves of Han Chinese began to migrate into Guangdong and Guangxi. Waves of migration and subsequent intermarriage meant that existing populations of both provinces were displaced, but some native groups like the Zhuangs still remained. The Cantonese often call themselves "people of Tang". This is because of the inter-mixture between native and Han immigrants in Guangdong and Guangxi reached a critical mass of acculturation during the Tang dynasty, creating a new local identity among the Liangguang peoples.[10]

During the 4th–12th centuries, Han Chinese people from North China's Yellow River valley migrated and settled in the South of China. This gave rise to peoples including the Cantonese themselves, Hakkas, Hoklos and the Wu peoples, whose ancestors migrated from Henan and Shandong, to areas of southeastern coastal China such as Chaozhou, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou during the Tang dynasty.[11] There have been multiple migrations of Han people into Southeastern and Southern China throughout history.[12]

The origin of the Cantonese people is thus said to be Northern Chinese peoples that migrated to Guangdong and Guangxi while it was still inhabited by Baiyue peoples.[13] During Wang Mang's reign in the Han dynasty (206BC-220AD), there were influxes of Han Chinese migrants into Guangdong and Guangxi, western coast of Hainan, Annam (now Northern Vietnam) and eastern Yunnan.[14]

19th–20th century: Turmoil and migration

Cantonese bazaar during Chinese New Year at the Grant Avenue, San Francisco, circa 1914. Names of shops are in Cantonese and there are 4 daily newspapers printed in the Cantonese language at that time, as there is already significant number of Cantonese peoples who have been there for generations.

During the early 1800s, conflict occurred between Cantonese and Portuguese pirates in the form of the Ningpo massacre after the defeat of Portuguese pirates.[15] The First (1839–1842) and Second Opium Wars (1856–1860) led to the loss of China's control over Hong Kong and Kowloon, which were ceded to the British Empire. Macau also became a Portuguese settlement. Between 1855 and 1867, the Punti-Hakka Clan Wars caused further discord in Guangdong. The third plague pandemic of 1855 broke out in Yunnan and spread to the Liangguang region via Guangxi, killing thousands and spreading via water traffic to nearby Hong Kong and Macau.

The turmoil of the 19th century, followed by the political upheaval of the early 20th century, compelled many residents of Guangdong to migrate overseas in search of a better future. Up until the second half of the 20th century, the majority of overseas Chinese emigrated from two provinces of China; Guangdong and Fujian. As a result, there are today many Cantonese communities throughout the world, including in North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, East Africa the United Kingdom, and the Pacific Islands, with Chinatowns commonly being established by Cantonese communities. There have been a large number of interracial marriages between Cantonese men and women from other nations, as most of the migrants from Guangdong were men. Resultantly, there are many Eurasians with Cantonese ancestry,[16] for example Nancy Kwan, born to a Cantonese father and Scottish mother is a well-known Hollywood actress in the 1960s; and influential martial artist Bruce Lee, who was born to a Cantonese father and a half-Chinese, half-Caucasian mother.

Unlike the migrants from Fujian, who mostly settled in Southeast Asia, many Cantonese emigrants also migrated to the Western Hemisphere, particularly the United States and Canada. Many Cantonese immigrants into the United States became railroad labourers, while many in South America were brought in as coolies. Cantonese immigrants in California participated in the California Gold Rush and the Australian gold rushes of 1854 onwards, while Chinese in Hawaii found employment in sugar plantations as contract labourers. These early immigrants variously faced hostility and a variety of discriminatory laws, including the prohibition of Chinese female immigrants. The relaxation of immigration laws after World War II allowed for subsequent waves of migration to the United States from both mainland China and Hong Kong. As a result, Cantonese continues to be widely used by Chinese communities of Guangdong and Hong Kong origin in the Western hemisphere, and has not been supplanted by Standard Chinese. A large proportion of the early migrants also came from the Siyi region of Guangdong and spoke Taishanese. The Taishan variant is still spoken in American-Chinese communities, by the older population as well as by more recent immigrants from Taishan.

Cantonese influence on the Xinhai Revolution

The Xinhai Revolution of 1911 was a revolution that overthrew the last imperial dynasty of China, the Qing dynasty, and established the Republic of China. Guangdong's uprising against the Qing dynasty in 1895 let to its naming as the "cradle of the Xinhai Revolution".[17][18][19] Revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen was born in Zhongshan, Guangdong.[20][21] Hong Kong was where he developed his thoughts of revolution and was the base of subsequent uprisings, as well as the first revolutionary newspaper.[22][23] Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary army was largely made up of Cantonese, and many of the early revolutionary leaders were also Cantonese.[24]

Cultural hub

A Cantonese gentleman in Qing-era traditional attire, circa 1873–1874.

Cantonese people and their culture are centered in Guangdong, eastern Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macau.

Guangzhou (formerly known as Canton), the capital city of Guangdong, has been one of China's international trading ports since the Tang dynasty. During the 18th century, it became an important centre of the emerging trade between China and the Western world, as part of the Canton System. The privilege during this period made Guangzhou one of the top three cities in the world.[25] Operating from the Thirteen Factories located on the banks of the Pearl River outside Canton, merchants traded goods such as silk, porcelain ("fine china"), and tea, allowing Guangzhou to become a prosperous city. Links to overseas contacts and beneficial tax reforms in the 1990s have also contributed to the city's ongoing growth. Guangzhou was named a global city in 2008. The migrant population from other provinces of China in Guangzhou was 40 percent of the city's total population in 2008. Most of them are rural migrants and they speak only Mandarin.[26]

Hong Kong and Macau are two of the richest cities in the world in terms of GDP per capita and are autonomous SARs (Special Administrative Regions) that are under independent governance from China. Historically governed by the British and Portuguese empires respectively, colonial Hong Kong and Macau were increasingly populated by migrant influxes from mainland China, particularly the nearby Guangdong Province. For that reason, the culture of Hong Kong and Macau became a mixture of Cantonese and Western influences, sometimes described as "East meets West".

Hong Kong

Hong Kong native peoples include the Hakka and Tanka, who speak their own dialects. Another dialect traditionally spoken is Weitou.

Hong Kong Island was first colonised by the British Empire in 1842 with a population of only 7,450; however, it was in 1898 that Hong Kong truly became a British colony, when the British also colonised the New Territories (which constitute 86.2% of Hong Kong's modern territory). It was during this period that migrants from China entered, mainly speaking Cantonese (the prestige variety of Yue Chinese) as a common language. During the following century of British rule, Hong Kong grew into a hub of Cantonese culture, and has remained as such since the handover in 1997.

Today Hong Kong is one of the world's leading financial centres, and the Hong Kong dollar is the thirteenth most traded currency in the world.

Macau

Macau native people are known as the Tanka. A dialect similar to Shiqi (石岐話), originating from Zhongshan (中山) in Guangdong, is also spoken in the region.

Parts of Macau were first loaned to the Portuguese by China as a trading centre in the 16th century, with the Portuguese required to administrate the city under Chinese authority. In 1851 and 1864, the Portuguese Empire occupied the two nearest offshore islands Taipa and Coloane respectively, and Macau officially became a colony of the Portuguese Empire in 1887. Macau was returned to China in 1999.

By 2002, Macau had become one of the world's richest cities,[27] and by 2006, it had surpassed Las Vegas to become the world's biggest gambling centre.[28] Macau is also a world cultural heritage site due to its Portuguese colonial architecture.

Culture

Main article: Cantonese culture

The term "Cantonese" is used to refer to the native Guangdong, their language and their culture.[29]

Language

The term "Cantonese language" is sometimes used to refer to the broader group of Yue Chinese languages and dialects spoken in Guangdong and Guangxi, although it is used more specifically to describe Gwóngjāu wah (廣州話), the prestige dialect of Cantonese spoken in the City of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton). Gwóngjāu wah is the main language used for education, literature and media in Hong Kong and Macau. It is still widely used in Guangzhou, despite the fact that a considerable proportion of the city's population is made up by migrant workers from elsewhere in China that speak other Chinese languages and Mandarin.[30]

Because of its tradition of usage in music, cinema, literature and newspapers, this form of Cantonese is a cultural mark of identity that distinguishes Cantonese people from the Mainland Chinese. The pronunciation and vocabulary of Cantonese has preserved many features of the official language of the Tang dynasty with elements of the ancient Yue language.[31] Written Cantonese is very common in manhua, books, articles, magazines, newspapers, online chat, instant messaging, internet blogs and social networking websites. Anime, cartoons and foreign films are also dubbed in Cantonese. Some videogames such as Sleeping Dogs, Far Cry 4, Grand Theft Auto III and Resident Evil 6 have substantial Cantonese dialogues.

Arts

Bāngzi (梆子) is one of the main instruments used in Cantonese opera.

Cantonese opera also has a long tradition that may date back to the Song dynasty in the 13th century. Due to its political and economic status outside of the direct control of the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong has been a production centre of Cantonese-language entertainment in the 20th century.

Cantopop during its early glory had spread to Mainland China, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia. Well-known Cantopop singers include Andy Lau, Aaron Kwok, Joey Yung, Alan Tam, Roman Tam, Anita Mui, Danny Chan, Kelly Chen, Leslie Cheung, Jacky Cheung, Leon Lai, Sammi Cheng and Coco Lee, many of whom are of Cantonese or Taishanese origin.

The Hong Kong movie industry was the third-largest movie industry in the world (after Hollywood and Bollywood) for decades throughout the 20th century, with Cantonese-language films viewed and acclaimed around the world. Recent films include Kung Fu Hustle, Infernal Affairs and Ip Man 3.

Cuisine

Cantonese dim-sum.
Main article: Cantonese cuisine

Cantonese cuisine has become one of the most renowned types of cuisine around the world, characterised by its variety of cooking methods and use of fresh ingredients, particularly seafood.[32] One of the most famous examples of Cantonese cuisine is dim sum, a variety of small and light dishes such as har gow (steamed shrimp dumplings), siu mai (steamed pork dumplings), and cha siu bao (barbecued pork buns).

Notable figures

The following is an incomplete list of some notable figures and celebrities that are regarded as being of Cantonese origin:

Some examples of the many historical and well known figures who originate mainly from Shunde, Guangzhou, Panyu and Dongguan:[33][34]

Historical

Entertainers

Politicians

Sportspeople

  • Wong Peng Soon, A renowned male badminton player in the latter half of the 20th century
  • Patrick Chan, A world champion Chinese-Canadian male figure skater
  • Michelle Kwan, Chinese-American female figure skater and five-time world champion
  • Yi Jianlian, a 7-foot-tall Chinese basketball player for NBA, Milwaukee Bucks, New Jersey Nets, and Washington Wizards
  • Guan Weizhen, female badminton player who won three consecutive women's doubles titles at the BWF World Championships
  • Chen Xiaomin Chinese retired weightlifter, in 2000 Sydney Olympics on the women's weightlifting gold medal, also a world and Asian champion
  • Shanshan Feng, The first golfer from China to win LPGA major championship and major championship, she was ranked fifth in 2012 Women's World Golf Rankings.[37]
  • He Chong, Chinese, diver. He is the 2008 Olympic Champion gold medalist in the 3m springboard. He was unbeaten from 2006 – 2016
  • Jiang Jialiang, Table Tennis player, he won medals in Asia and world table tennis tournaments.
  • Xie Xingfang, Badminton player, she is a two-time world champion women's singles.
  • Chen Xiexia, She won three golds at the 2007 World Weightlifting Championships. The first gold medal for China in the 2008 Summer Olympics.
  • Zhang Jiewen, Gold medal in Badminton 2004 Athens
  • Lao Lishi, Gold medal in women's 10 meter synchronized platform along with Li Ting.
  • Su Bingtian, As a sprinter, he is the reigning Asian champion over 100 metres, was a semi-finalist at the 2012 Summer Olympics and a finalist at the 2015 World Championships.
  • Liang Wen-Chong, Highest ranked golfer from the People's Republic of China, the only Chinese golfer to have reached the top 100 of the Official World Golf Ranking.

Businesspeople

  • Raymond, Thomas, and Walter Kwok, brothers whose property business makes them the fourth richest in Hong Kong[38]
  • Stanley Ho, Hong Kong and Macanese business magnate
  • Lui Che-woo, real estate and hospitality magnate at one time the second richest man in Asia
  • Cheng Yu-tung, Hong Kong billionaire
  • Tang Yiu Hong Kong billionaire businessman, the founder of shoe and sportswear retailer Belle International
  • Mei Quong Tart, nineteenth-century merchant and personality in Sydney
  • Charles Sew Hoy, merchant and gold-dredging pioneer in New Zealand
  • Loke Yew, businessman and philanthropist in British Malaya
  • Chin Gee Hee, merchant and railway entrepreneur
  • Lee Shau-kee, real estate tycoon and owner of Henderson Land Development, the 4th world richest person in world before the handover of HK in 1997
  • Steven Lo, businessman and football team manager
  • Jimmy Lai, founder of Giordano
  • Ho Ching, First Lady of Singapore and 59th most powerful woman in the world in 2014 . "100 most influential men and women" who shaped the world by TIME magazine. The same magazine ranked her third in the list of most powerful women in business (outside the United States).[39][40] Similarly in 2007, business magazine Forbes ranked her third in its annual list of the world's most powerful women. In 2011, Ho was included in the ‘50 Most Influential’ ranking by Bloomberg Markets magazine.[41][41]
  • He Xiangjian (Chinese: 何享健; pinyin: Hé Xiǎngjiàn, born October 1942) is the co-founder of Midea, one of China's largest appliance makers.
  • Zhang Zhidong (Chinese: 张志东, born 1972), also known as Tony Zhang, is a Chinese businessman, co-founder, former CTO and second-largest individual shareholder of Tencent, a Chinese internet company.
  • Yang Huiyan (Simplified Chinese: 杨惠妍, Traditional Chinese: 楊惠妍, Pinyin: Yáng Huìyán; born 1981) is the majority shareholder (55%) of Country Garden Holdings.[2] She is the richest woman in Asia.[3]
  • Lawrence Ho, Hong Kong businessman, chairman and CEO of Melco International, the chairman and CEO of Melco Crown Entertainment

Martial artists

  • Wong Fei-hung, martial artist in the Qing dynasty, the subject of numerous films and television series
  • Yip Man, martial artist and teacher of Bruce Lee; inspired the Ip Man film series, among other biographical adaptations
  • Chan Heung, founder of Choy Li Fut
  • Donnie Yen, martial artist and actor, a World Wushu champion medalist and was the highest paid actor in Asia
  • Bruce Lee, one of the most influential martial artists of all time. Is one of the "100 most influential people" in history and in the 20th century. He is considered to be the world most influential martial artist icon, the UFC president, Dana White considers Bruce Lee to be the " father of modern mix martial arts." He was born to a Cantonese father and mother of Eurasian origin.

Academics

Mathematician

  • Liu Junxian – Mathematician, director of China Mathematical Society.
  • Yum-Tong Siu – Yum-Tong Siu is the William Elwood Byerly Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University. Siu is a prominent figure in the mathematics of several complex variables, is the William Elwood Byerly Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University. Siu is a prominent figure in the mathematics of several complex variables

Other notable figures

Worldwide Cantonese conference

A conference focusing on those who are Cantonese origin from around the globe with attend the conference. More than 3,000 people of Cantonese origin from 38 countries and regions and 300-plus organizations are attending the three-day First Global Con-ference of the Cantonese. Exploring the feelings of provincialism, reform and of innovation of Cantonese people. Awards will be presented to the Top Ten Outstanding Cantonese Figures and Top Ten Outstanding Cantonese[43]

Through thousands of years of hard work, Cantonese-origin people have made great achievements all over the world, and the Lingnan culture has been widely spread to become a major branch of traditional Chinese heritage. [44]

Cantonese influence on the Xinhai Revolution

The Xinhai Revolution of 1911 was a revolution that overthrew the last imperial dynasty of China, the Qing dynasty, and established the Republic of China. Guangdong's uprising against the Qing dynasty in 1895 let to its naming as the "cradle of the Xinhai Revolution".[45][18][46] Revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen was born in Zhongshan, Guangdong.[47][48] Hong Kong was where he developed his thoughts of revolution and was the base of subsequent uprisings, as well as the first revolutionary newspaper.[49][50] Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary army was largely made up of Cantonese, and many of the early revolutionary leaders were also Cantonese.[51]

See also

References

  1. ^ David P Brown (31 August 2011). "Top 100 Languages by Population". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  2. ^ Chinese Overseas: Comparative Cultural Issues. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 92–93.
  3. ^ Yangchen Wanbao 2008
  4. ^ Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, section 112.
  5. ^ Huai Nan Zi, section 18
  6. ^ Zhang & Huang, pp. 26–31.
  7. ^ Zhang and Huang, pp. 196–200; also Shi Ji 130
  8. ^ Records of the Grand Historian, section 97 《《史記·酈生陸賈列傳》
  9. ^ Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0-313-29622-7.
  10. ^ Ramsey, S. Robert (1987). The Languages of China. Princeton University Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 0-691-06694-9.
  11. ^ Sow-Theng Leong; Tim Wright; George William Skinner (1997). Migration and Ethnicity in Chinese History: Hakkas, Pengmin, and Their Neighbors. Stanford University Press. pp. 78–. ISBN 978-0-8047-2857-7.
  12. ^ Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7.
  13. ^ Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt; Wolfgang Schluchter; Björn Wittrock. Public Spheres and Collective Identities. Transaction Publishers. pp. 213–4. ISBN 978-1-4128-3248-9.
  14. ^ Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7.
  15. ^ Zhidong Hao (2011). Macau History and Society (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 67. ISBN 988-8028-54-5. Retrieved 4 November 2011. There was indeed a group of Portuguese who became pirates, called "Macau ruffians," or policemen who turned bad, along with "Manila-men" from the Philippines and escaped African slaves. Their fleet attacked "the Cantonese ships when they could get them at an advantage, and murdered their crews with circumstances of great atrocity."55 They were destroyed in Ningbo by a fleet of Chinese pirates with the support of the local Chinese government and other Europeans.
  16. ^ "UK Chinese". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  17. ^ "Nation, Governance, and Modernity in China". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  18. ^ a b Langmead, Donald. [2011] (2011). Maya Lin: A Biography. ABC-CLIO publishing. ISBN 0313378533, 9780313378539. pg 5–6.
  19. ^ 1010. "辛亥革命研究專家章開沅："廣東是革命搖籃"". Retrieved 6 May 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  20. ^ Saltwater City: An Illustrated History of the Chinese in Vancouver By Paul Yee [1]
  21. ^ F_467. "Chinese community in Houston marks centenary of 1911 Revolution". Retrieved 6 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Hong Kong public libraries Leisure and Cultural Services Department
  23. ^ "香港为何成辛亥革命摇篮_时政频道_新华网". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  24. ^ Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor By Elizabeth J. Perry [2]
  25. ^ "Top 10 Cities of the Year 1800". About.com. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  26. ^ Branigan, Tania (2010-07-25). "Protesters gather in Guangzhou to protect Cantonese language". The Guardian. London.
  27. ^ Macau has become known as the 'Las Vegas of the Far East'. Papers by Cindia Ching-Chi [3]
  28. ^ Barboza, David (2007-01-23). "Macao Surpasses Las Vegas as Gambling Center". The New York Times.
  29. ^ Unity and diversity: local cultures and identities in China By David Faure [4]
  30. ^ "Migrants In Guangzhou". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  31. ^ South China Morning Post. [2009] (2009). 11, October. "Linguistic heritage in peril". By Chloe Lai.
  32. ^ Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People. p. 281.
  33. ^ http://gcontent.oeeee.com/7/92/792c7b5aae4a79e7/Blog/907/fbe93b.html
  34. ^ http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/-people--llc/1026987674
  35. ^ http://www.thewayofthepirates.com/pirate-life/10-pirate-captains.php
  36. ^ Lily Xiao Hong Lee, A. D. Stefanowska, Clara Wing-chung Ho – 2003 – 387 pages
  37. ^ "Women's World Golf Rankings". Rolex Rankings. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  38. ^ "Thomas & Raymond Kwok". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-07-05.
  39. ^ "Ho Ching, world's 3rd most powerful woman". Today. 1 September 2007.
  40. ^ Jim Rogers (3 May 2007). "Ho Ching – The TIME 100". Time. Retrieved 2007-05-05.
  41. ^ a b "Bloomberg Markets Most Influential 50". Bloomberg. 8 September 2011.
  42. ^ Robert Simon Jr. (October 28, 2007). "Top 100 living geniuses". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  43. ^ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-11/13/content_17103104.htm
  44. ^ http://www.newsgd.com/gdnews/content/2015-04/13/content_122064709.htm
  45. ^ "Nation, Governance, and Modernity in China". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  46. ^ 1010. "辛亥革命研究專家章開沅："廣東是革命搖籃"". Retrieved 6 May 2016. {{cite web}}: |author= has numeric name (help)
  47. ^ Saltwater City: An Illustrated History of the Chinese in Vancouver By Paul Yee [5]
  48. ^ F_467. "Chinese community in Houston marks centenary of 1911 Revolution". Retrieved 6 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  49. ^ Hong Kong public libraries Leisure and Cultural Services Department
  50. ^ "香港为何成辛亥革命摇篮_时政频道_新华网". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  51. ^ Shanghai on Strike: The Politics of Chinese Labor By Elizabeth J. Perry [6]

Further reading

  • David Faure; Helen F. Siu (1995). Down to earth: the territorial bond in South China. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2435-7.
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