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{{flagdeco|India}} [[Narendra Modi]] <br>([[Prime Minister of India]])<br>{{flagdeco|India}} [[Rajnath Singh]] ([[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister of India]])<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India).svg|size=30px}} [[Bipin Rawat]] ([[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]])<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg|size=30px}} [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]] ([[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]])<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg|size=30px}} [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]] (GOC-in-C, [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]])
{{flagdeco|India}} [[Narendra Modi]] <br>([[Prime Minister of India]])<br>{{flagdeco|India}} [[Rajnath Singh]] ([[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister of India]])<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Chief_of_Defence_Staff_(India).svg|size=30px}} [[Bipin Rawat]] ([[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]])<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg|size=30px}} [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]] ([[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]])<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Indian_Army.svg|size=30px}} [[Yogesh Kumar Joshi]] (GOC-in-C, [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]])
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|China}} [[Xi Jinping]]<br>([[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|CCP General Secretary]] & [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission|CMC Chairman]])<ref name="xi's titles"/><br/>{{flagdeco|China}} [[Xu Qiliang]]<br>([[Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission|CMC Vice Chairman]])<br/>{{flagdeco|China}} [[Zhang Youxia]]<br>([[Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission|CMC Vice Chairman]])
| commander2 = {{flagdeco|China}} [[Xi Jinping]]<br>([[General Secretary of the Communist Party of China|CCP General Secretary]] & [[Chairman of the Central Military Commission|CMC Chairman]])<ref name="xi's titles"/><br/>{{flagdeco|China}} [[Xu Qiliang]]<br>([[Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission|CMC Vice Chairman]])<br/>{{flagdeco|China}} [[Zhang Youxia]]<br>([[Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission|CMC Vice Chairman]])
| casualties1 = 20 killed<ref name="20soldiers">{{cite news |title=India says 20 soldiers killed on disputed Himalayan border with China |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/16/india-says-soldiers-killed-on-disputed-himalayan-border-with-china |author=Michael Safi and Hannah Ellis-Petersen |date=16 June 2020 |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref><br>76 injured (10 May)<ref name="CNN">{{cite news |title=Chinese and Indian soldiers engage in 'aggressive' cross-border skirmish |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/11/asia/china-india-border-dispute-intl-hnk/index.html |author1=Vedika Sud |author2=Ben Westcott |date=11 May 2020 |newspaper=[[CNN]] |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512041538/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/11/asia/china-india-border-dispute-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=12 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Neha |title=Over 5000 Chinese Soldiers Intrusion in the Indian Territory |url=https://thepolicytimes.com/over-5000-chinese-soldiers-intrusion-in-the-indian-territory/ |accessdate=4 June 2020 |work=The Policy Times |date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604035937/https://thepolicytimes.com/over-5000-chinese-soldiers-intrusion-in-the-indian-territory/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| casualties1 = 20 killed<ref name="20soldiers">{{cite news |title=India says 20 soldiers killed on disputed Himalayan border with China |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/16/india-says-soldiers-killed-on-disputed-himalayan-border-with-china |author=Michael Safi and Hannah Ellis-Petersen |date=16 June 2020 |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref><br>4+ injured<ref name="CNN">{{cite news |title=Chinese and Indian soldiers engage in 'aggressive' cross-border skirmish |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/11/asia/china-india-border-dispute-intl-hnk/index.html |author1=Vedika Sud |author2=Ben Westcott |date=11 May 2020 |newspaper=[[CNN]] |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512041538/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/11/asia/china-india-border-dispute-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=12 May 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chauhan |first1=Neha |title=Over 5000 Chinese Soldiers Intrusion in the Indian Territory |url=https://thepolicytimes.com/over-5000-chinese-soldiers-intrusion-in-the-indian-territory/ |accessdate=4 June 2020 |work=The Policy Times |date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604035937/https://thepolicytimes.com/over-5000-chinese-soldiers-intrusion-in-the-indian-territory/ |archive-date=4 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| casualties2 = 43 killed and injured (15 June; per Asian News International)<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-china-face-off-ladakh-lac-chinese-casualties-pla-1689714-2020-06-16 China suffered 43 casualties during face-off with India in Ladakh: Report]</ref><br>"Dozens" dead (15 June; per the Guardian)<ref name="20soldiers"/><br>5 killed, 11 injured (15 June; per Global Times; retracted)<ref>[https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/india-china-ladakh-clash-5-dead-11-chinese-pla-injured-clash-with-indian-army-626622 LAC face-off: Global Times says can't confirm exact numbers on casualty]</ref><br>7 injured (10 May)<ref name="CNN"/>
| casualties2 = 5 killed(confirmed from both sides till now) <ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-china-face-off-ladakh-lac-chinese-casualties-pla-1689714-2020-06-16 China suffered 43 casualties during face-off with India in Ladakh: Report]</ref><ref name="20soldiers"/><br>18+ injured <ref name="CNN"/>
Additional 43 killed (Indian claim)<ref>{{cite| url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1272927922177765376?s=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite| url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1272933625655209984?s=19}}</ref>
| campaignbox =
| campaignbox =
| notes =
| notes =

Revision as of 18:02, 16 June 2020

China–India skirmishes
Part of the Sino-Indian border dispute

A Survey of India map cropped to Ladakh area. Red ink marks depict rough location of Daulat Beg Oldi Road (near the top) and Pangong Tso (near the bottom), two of the areas Chinese and Indian troops have skirmished over. Note the border in this map shows Indian claims instead of Line of Actual Control.
Date5 May 2020 – present
Location
Line of Actual Control (LAC),
Indo-China border
Status

Ongoing

  • Casus belli: Unresolved borders, border infrastructure development
Belligerents
 India  China
Commanders and leaders

Ram Nath Kovind
(President of India)

Narendra Modi
(Prime Minister of India)
Rajnath Singh (Defence Minister of India)
Bipin Rawat (Chief of Defence Staff)
Manoj Mukund Naravane (Chief of the Army Staff)
Yogesh Kumar Joshi (GOC-in-C, Northern Command)		 Xi Jinping
(CCP General Secretary & CMC Chairman)[1]
Xu Qiliang
(CMC Vice Chairman)
Zhang Youxia
(CMC Vice Chairman)
Units involved

File:Armed forces flag.png Indian Armed Forces

 People's Liberation Army

Casualties and losses
20 killed[2]
4+ injured[3][4]

5 killed(confirmed from both sides till now) [5][2]
18+ injured [3]

Additional 43 killed (Indian claim)[6][7]

The 2020 China–India skirmishes represent an ongoing military standoff between China and India. Since 5 May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops were reported to have engaged in aggressive action, face-offs and skirmishes at multiple locations along the Sino-Indian border, resulting in the deaths of three Indian soldiers (including an officer)[8] and five Chinese soldiers[9][10] in hand-to-hand combat, and numerous injuries on both sides. Incidents have taken place near the Pangong Lake in Ladakh and the Nathu La pass in Sikkim. In addition, face-offs are ongoing at multiple locations in eastern Ladakh, along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) that has persisted from the 1962 Sino-Indian War. Most recent of them is at the Galwan River valley, where the Chinese forces objected to Indian road construction within Indian territory.[11][12]

Amid the standoff, India has decided to move an additional ~12,000 more workers to the region to help in completing Indian infrastructure development.[13][14] The first train with over 1600 workers left Jharkhand on 14 June 2020 for Udhampur, from where they will go on to assist India's Border Roads Organization at the Sino-Indian border.[15][16] Experts say that the standoff might have resulted from pre-empitive measures on China's part in response to the Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road infrastructure project in Ladakh.[17] Extensive Chinese infrastructure development is also taking place in these disputed border regions.[18][19]

The change in status and bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir in August 2019 by the Indian government has also troubled the Chinese.[20] The growing power imbalance between the two countries is also a stated reason for Chinese assertiveness increasing, with everything else such as location of the dispute or the international ties of India, being mere details.[21] However, India and China have both maintained that there are enough bilateral mechanisms to resolve the situation through quiet diplomacy.[22][23]

Background

The border between China and India is disputed at twenty different locations. Since the 1980s, there have been over 20 rounds of talks between the two countries related to these border issues.[24] An ORF study points out that only 1% to 2% of border incidents between 2010 and 2014 received any form of media coverage.[24][25] India recorded over 660 LAC violations by the People's Liberation Army in 2019 with 108 aerial violations in the same year; a sharp spike from previous years.[26]

There is "no publicly available map depicting India’s version of the LAC", the official boundary for India is as seen on Survey of India maps.[27] For China the LAC is mostly the claim line in the Ladakh region, but in the north-east of India, China claims Arunachal Pradesh.[27] A report by diplomat Shyam Saran in 2013 was claimed to have revealed that India had lost 640 km2 (~247 mi2) due to "area denial" by Chinese patrolling,[28] however Saran had later declined the claims about any loss of territory or Chinese incursion.[29] Despite the disputes, skirmishes and standoffs, not a single shot has been fired between the two countries along the border for over 50 years.[30]

The last major standoff between China and India at Doklam in 2017 lasted 73 days.[31][32] Since then, China has increased military presence in the Tibetan plateau region, bringing in Type 15 tanks, Harbin Z-20 helicopters, CAIG Wing Loong variants and vehicle-mounted howitzers.[a][33] The Ngari Gunsa Airport has also been expanded with Shenyang J-16s and J-11s fighter jets stationed. The airport is 200 kilometres from Pangong Tso, Ladakh.[33][18]

Causes

Multiple reasons have been cited as the triggers for these skirmishes. MIT professor Taylor Fravel said that China is responding to India's infrastructure development in Ladakh, such as the Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road. He also added that it is a show of strength for China amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, which originated in Wuhan and has damaged both the Chinese economy and its diplomatic relationships.[34]

Wang Shida of China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations linked the current border tensions to India's decision to abrogate Article 370 and change the status of Jammu and Kashmir in 2019.[20] Pravin Sawhney reasons out the same, adding Amit Shah's declaration in parliament that Aksai Chin was part of the Ladakh union territory would have also irked the Chinese.[35] Siddiq Wahid also points to the bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir in 2019, adding that senior Bharatiya Janta Party ministers till as recently as May 2020 still claim that all that now remains is for India to regain Gilgit-Baltistan.[36] Indian diplomat Gautam Bambawale also stated that New Delhi's moves in August 2019 related to Jammu and Kashmir irked Beijing.[36]

Raja Mohan, Director of the Institute of South Asian Studies at the National University of Singapore writes that the growing power imbalance between China and India is the main cause of the dispute, with everything else such as location of the dispute or international ties of India, being mere detail.[21] India's former ambassador to China Ashok Kantha said that these skirmishes are part of a growing Chinese assertiveness in both the Indo-China border and the South China sea.[34] Indian diplomat Phunchok Stobdan points to the occurrence of a larger strategic shift and that India should be alert to it.[37]

Retired Indian Army General Syed Ata Hasnain said that the skirmishes are a means of strategic messaging to China's neighbours in a post-COVID world, and to make India prioritize the Himalayan sector over the maritime Indian Ocean region, which is more vulnerable for the Chinese.[38]

Pangong Tso incidents

Part of Pangong Tso/ Bangong Co with the Chinese (pink) and Indian (red) claim lines. The area in the middle is disputed area.[b] Visible also is Khurnak Fort and Sirijap camping ground.
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
3km
2miles
Spangmik
19
Merak
18
Sirijap
Indian post
10
ITBP post
Declared
Chinese
border point
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Northern shore of the Pangong Lake[39]
with "fingers" – mountain spurs jutting into the lake[40]

The first standoff began on 5 May when Indian and Chinese soldiers clashed at Pangong Tso, which is a lake that extends from India to the Tibetan Autonomous Region, China, with the LAC passing through it.[41][42] A video shows soldiers from both nations engaged in fistfights and stone-pelting along the Line of Actual Control.[43] On 10/11 May, another clash had taken place.[44] The last time such an incident occurred was also at Pangong Tso in August 2017.[45] A number of soldiers on both sides had sustained injuries. Indian media reported that around 72 Indian soldiers were injured in the confrontation at Pangong Tso and some had to be flown to hospitals in Leh, Chandi Mandir and Delhi.[46]

After the conflict, several Chinese military helicopters were spotted flying near the Indian border at least twice. India then deployed several Sukhoi Su-30MKI jets to the area, although whether this was due to the Chinese actions remains unclear. It was wrongfully reported that the Chinese helicopters had violated Indian airspace repeatedly.[47] The Government of India later rectified and stated that the Chinese helicopters did not actually invade India's airspace.[48] The Indian media though reported that the Chinese approached Indian soldiers with "sticks" and "clubs with barbed wires" during a stand-off in the area.[49]

Sikkim incidents

According to Indian media reports, on 10 May, the spat began when the Chinese intruded into the Muguthang Valley and shouted to the Indian troops: "This is not your land, this is not Indian territory... so just go back". Following this, an Indian Army lieutenant punched the Chinese major on his nose, making him bleed.[50] The other Indian troops present pulled back the lieutenant quickly.[50] Several troops numbering 11 men were left slightly injured in the encounter, of which 7 were Chinese soldiers and 4 were Indian ones, according to CNN's Indian affiliate CNN-News18.[3][51][52] Press Trust of India reported that the incident involved 150 soldiers; stones were also thrown.[31]

Following the incident, the lieutenant involved, who was a third-generation military recruit, was called back from the area.[44] An Indian army eastern command spokesman said that the matter was "resolved after 'dialogue and interaction' at a local level" and that "temporary and short-duration face-offs between border-guarding troops do occur as boundaries are not resolved. Troops resolve such issues mutually as per established protocols".[31][32] China did not share details about the incident, with the Chinese Ministry of National Defense not confirming the happening of the incident either.[53] The Chinese foreign ministry though stated "Chinese soldiers were always upholding peace and tranquility along the border".[53]

Eastern Ladakh incidents

Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
45km
30miles
Karakash River
Karakash
Karakash River
Chip Chap River
Chip Chap
River
Chip Chap River
Raki Nala
Raki Nala
Galwan River
Galwan
River
Galwan River
Changchenmo River
Chang Chenmo
Changchenmo River
Shyok River flowing north
Shyok River flowing north
Shyok River flowing south
Shyok River flowing south
Shyok River flowing north
Shyok
River
Shyok River flowing north
Shyok River flowing north

River
Shyok River flowing north
Hot Springs
Hot Springs
Hot Springs
Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO)
DBO
Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO)
Qizil Langar
Qizil
Langar
Burtsa Gongma
Burtsa
Gongma
Murgo
Murgo
Murgo
Sultan Chhushku village
Sultan
Chhushku
Mandaltang village
Mandaltang
Mundro village
Mundro
Chhumed village
Chhumed
Shyok village
Shyok
Darbuk
Darbuk
Darbuk
Eastern Ladakh locations
Map
About OpenStreetMaps
Maps: terms of use
3km
2miles
Chinese border point
Declared
Chinese
border point
Galwan tributary
stream
Galwan River
Galwan
Galwan River
Galwan
Darbuk-Shyok-DBO Road
DS-DBO
Road
Darbuk-Shyok-DBO Road
KM 120
Indian
post
Joining Shyok River
Shyok
bed
Galwan River at the Line of Actual Control[54]

The Indian Express reported on 21 May that the Chinese troops had entered the Indian territory in the Galwan River valley, citing objections to Indian road construction within (undisputed) Indian territory. The road under construction is said to branch off from the Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road and lead into the Galwan valley.[c] "The Chinese have moved troops to the area, pitched 70–80 tents and parked heavy vehicles and monitoring equipment, not very far from the Indian side," said the report.[55]

A later report on 24 May said that the Chinese soldiers had crossed into the Indian territory at three places: Hot Springs, Patrolling Point 14 and Patrolling Point 15. At each of these places, around 800–1000 Chinese soldiers are reported to have crossed over for about 2–3 km, pitching tents and deploying heavy vehicles and monitoring equipment. It added that Indian troops have also been deployed in the area at a distance of 300–500 metres.[12][11]

According to EurAsian Times, the Chinese have a huge build-up including military-style bunkers, new permanent structures, military trucks, and road-building equipment. It quoted an Indian official calling it "the most dangerous situation since 1962".[56] The Hindu quoted officials as stating that the stand of China is not tenable. "This amounted to a change in the status quo and would not be acceptable to India in any manner."[57] Business Standard reported on 30 May that thousands of Chinese soldiers were "consolidating their positions, digging defences needed to repel Indian attacks". It stated that there are about 18 guns in support of the Chinese troops at Pangong Tso, and about 12 guns supporting PLA troops in the Galwan valley. Indian troops had taken up position to block any further ingress by PLA troops to the Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road.[58]

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)-run newspaper Global Times blamed India for the stand-off claiming that India had "illegally constructed defence facilities across the border into Chinese territory in the Galwan Valley region". Long Xingchun, a senior research fellow at the Beijing Foreign Studies University wrote that the border friction was "not caused by accident". "India has been clearly and definitely aware that the Galwan Valley region is Chinese territory."[59]

Chinese President Xi Jinping[d] on 26 May urged the military "to think about worst-case scenarios" and "scale up battle preparedness". He said that the COVID-19 pandemic brought a profound impact on the global landscape and China's security and development. He ordered the military to think about worst-case scenarios and scale up training and battle preparedness.[59]

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has reviewed the current situation in Ladakh with National Security Adviser Ajit Doval and the Chief of Defence Staff Bipin Rawat on 26 May.[60]

The Chinese Ambassador to India as well as a Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman made statements on 27 May 2020 to the effect that the overall situation is stable.[61] However, news reports continued stating that thousands of Chinese solders were be moving into the disputed regions in Ladakh, prompting India to deploy several infantry battalions from the provincial capital of Leh, with reinforcements from Kashmir.[62][63]

On 15 June, while de-escalation process was in progress in the Galwan Valley,[64] three Indian soldiers including an officer (a Colonel) were killed in hand to hand combat with the PLA, reportedly involving stones and batons, though no shots were fired.[8][65] 5 Chinese soldiers were reportedly killed and 11 injured.[66]

Ongoing Indian infrastructure construction

Amid the standoff, India decided to move an additional ~12,000 more workers to the region to help in complete Indian road projects.[13][14] The labourers will reach Ladakh between 15 June and 5 July.[15] Notably experts have said that India building infrastructure along the border was a cause for the standoff in the first place.[17] The first train with over 1600 workers left Jharkhand on 14 June 2020 for Udhampur, from where they will go on to assist India's Border Roads Organization at the Sino-Indian border.[15][16]

Strategic diplomacy

See also: Second Cold War

India's foreign secretary Harsh Vardhan Shringla called on the Chinese ambassador to India Sun Weidong after the first fist-off took place on 5–6 May 2020 at Pangong Tso.[67] Following this Ajit Doval is reported to have talked to Yang Jieche.[67] In a press conference on 28 May, Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson for India Anurag Srivastava maintained that there are enough bilateral mechanisms for India and China to solve border disputes diplomatically.[68][22] These agreements encompass:[68]

Five bilateral treaties between India and China to address border disputes

  • 1993: Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas
  • 1996: Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People's Republic of China on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas
  • 2005: Protocol on the Modalities for the Implementation of Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the India-China Border Areas
  • 2012: Establishment of a Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs
  • 2013: Border Defence Cooperation Agreement between India and China

However some current critics say that these agreements are "deeply flawed".[69]

Border personnel meeting (BPM) points have seen rounds of military talks in May–June, first between colonels, followed by brigadier-level-talks and then finally more than three rounds by major general-rank officers, the last on 2 June.[70][71] All these talks were unsuccessful. Some Indian military sources say India is still unclear with what China wants, "When one wants to stall the process, absurd demands are made… Issues are raised which they know we can’t concede".[70] On 6 June 2020, Lieutenant General level talks took place between India and China in Chushul-Moldo.[70][72] India was represented by the commander of Leh-headquartered XIV Corps, while the Chinese side by the commander of the Tibet Military District (South Xinjiang Military Region) Maj Gen Liu Lin.[73][72]

Prior to talks on 6 June 2016 at lieutenant general level, the Chinese state-owned Global Times reiterated,[74]

" [...] China firmly adheres to a peaceful resolution of border disputes. We have no reason to make India our enemy [...] But China will not give up any inch of territory. Once India makes a strategic misjudgment and nibbles away at China’s territory, China will never condone it. China is bound to make strong countermeasures. We believe India knows very well that China will not be at a disadvantage in any China-India military operations along the border area."

— Chinese state-owned media[74]

Internationally, President Donald Trump, on 27 May 2020, offered that America mediate between China and India, however both countries rejected the offer, with Chinese state-owned Global Times also warning India not to side with the United States.[75][76][77]

We have informed both India and China that the United States is ready, willing and able to mediate or arbitrate their now raging border dispute. Thank you!

— U.S. President Donald Trump, Twitter[78]

US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo also raised the issue in a podcast, saying "these are the kind of actions that authoritarian regimes take and they have a real impact".[79] Elliot Engel, chief of the US House Foreign Affairs Committee, also expressed concern with the situation, adding "China is demonstrating once again that it is willing to bully its neighbours".[80] Australia and a "worried" Russia[e] have said that the issue should be solved bilaterally between India and China.[81][82][83]

On 2 June, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Donald Trump discussed the India-China border situation.[84] On the same day the Indian Foreign Secretary also updated and discussed the situation with the Russian Ambassador to India Nikolay R. Kudashev.[85]

At the initiative of Russia, on 22 June, there will be virtual talks between RIC (Russia – India – China).[86] The RIC trilateral was scheduled for March but delayed due to COVID-19.[86] While this will be the first interaction between the foreign ministers of China, Wang Yi, and India, S Jaishankar, since the start of the current border dispute, other issues such as regional cooperation and security, COVID-19, Afghanistan and the INSTC corridor are expected to be discussed.[67][87]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ As reported by Global Times, an affiliate of People's Daily
  2. ^ The delineation of boundaries on this map must not be considered authoritative
  3. ^ The Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road is the first border road constructed by India in the Shyok River valley. Started in 2000, it was completed recently in April 2019.
  4. ^ Xi Jinping is holding the positions of CCP General Secretary, Central Military Commission chairman and Chinese President, making him the Paramount leader of China.[1]
  5. ^ Russian Deputy Chief of Mission (DCM) in Delhi Roman Babushkin

References

  1. ^ a b Li, Nan (26 February 2018). "Party Congress Reshuffle Strengthens Xi's Hold on Central Military Commission". The Jamestown Foundation . Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2020. Xi Jinping has introduced major institutional changes to strengthen his control of the PLA in his roles as Party leader and chair of the Central Military Commission (CMC)...
  2. ^ a b Michael Safi and Hannah Ellis-Petersen (16 June 2020). "India says 20 soldiers killed on disputed Himalayan border with China". Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  3. ^ a b c Vedika Sud; Ben Westcott (11 May 2020). "Chinese and Indian soldiers engage in 'aggressive' cross-border skirmish". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  4. ^ Chauhan, Neha (26 May 2020). "Over 5000 Chinese Soldiers Intrusion in the Indian Territory". The Policy Times. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  5. ^ China suffered 43 casualties during face-off with India in Ladakh: Report
  6. ^ https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1272927922177765376?s=19 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1272933625655209984?s=19 {{citation}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ^ a b "India soldiers killed in clash with Chinese forces". BBC News. 16 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  9. ^ Navashree Nandini (16 June 2020). "India-China Faceoff: Chinese mouthpiece silent on casualties; its journalists say 5 dead". Republic. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  10. ^ Navashree Nandini (16 June 2020). "Indian Army Colonel & two Jawans martyred in violent faceoff with Chinese troops at Ladakh". Republic. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  11. ^ a b Philip, Snehesh Alex (24 May 2020). "Chinese troops challenge India at multiple locations in eastern Ladakh, standoff continues". The Print. Archived from the original on 27 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
  12. ^ a b Sushant Singh, Chinese intrusions at 3 places in Ladakh, Army chief takes stock Archived 30 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The Indian Express, 24 May 2020.
  13. ^ a b Singh, Rahul; Choudhury, Sunetra (31 May 2020). "Amid Ladakh standoff, 12,000 workers to be moved to complete projects near China border". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  14. ^ a b "Amid border tension, India sends out a strong message to China". Deccan Herald. 1 June 2020. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  15. ^ a b c Kumar, Rajesh (14 June 2020). "CM flags off train with 1,600 workers for border projects | Ranchi News – Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  16. ^ a b "Special Train Carrying Construction Workers For BRO Work in Ladakh Reaches J&K's Udhampur". News18. PTI. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ^ a b "Indian border infrastructure or Chinese assertiveness? Experts dissect what triggered China border moves". The Indian Express. 26 May 2020. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  18. ^ a b "China starts construction activities near Pangong Lake amid border tensions with India". Business Today. 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
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Further reading

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